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MikeGil_2017G-_鱼类的社交生活有可能协助我们拯救珊瑚礁吗？_
Who here is fascinated by life under the sea? 在座有谁觉得海中的生命很迷人？
Fantastic . 好极了。
Fantastic:奇异的,空想的
Now, what did we just do? 我们刚刚做了什么？
Let's dissect this for a second. 咱们先来分析一下这件事。
dissect:vt.切细;仔细分析;vi.进行解剖;进行详细分析;
The simple action of an individual raising a hand led many others to do the same. 一个人举起手的这种简单动作, 让许多其他人都跟着做。
individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的;
Now, it's true that when individuals in a social network have common priorities , it's often beneficial to copy one another. 的确,若在社交网路中的个人 有共同的优先顺序, 仿效彼此通常是有益处的。
individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); priorities:n.优先事项;优先权;重点;(priority的复数) beneficial:adj.有益的,有利的;可享利益的;
Think back to grade school and dressing like the cool kids made you "cool." 回想小学时代,跟那些酷孩子 穿得很像就能让你「很酷」。
grade school:na.(美)小学;
But copying behavior is also common in wild animals. 但,仿效行为在野生动物中 也是很常见的。
For example, some birds copy the alarm calls of other birds to spread information about approaching predators . 比如,有些鸟会仿效 其他鸟的警告叫声, 来散播关于食肉动物靠近的警讯。
approaching:v.靠近,接近;接洽;建议;要求;(approach的现在分词) predators:n.捕食性动物;实行弱肉强食的人(或机构);掠夺者;(predator的复数)
But could copying behavior in wild animals affect entire ecosystems that we humans depend on? 但,野生动物的仿效行为有没有可能 影响我们人类仰赖的整个生态系统？
ecosystems:n.生态系统(ecosystem的复数);
I was led to this question while studying coral reefs , which support millions of people through fisheries and tourism here in Africa and around the world. 当我在研究珊瑚礁时, 这个问题浮现出来, 数百万人赖以为生的珊瑚礁, 从渔業到旅游業, 在非洲这里以及全世界都是如此。
coral:n.珊瑚;珊瑚虫;adj.珊瑚的;珊瑚色的; reefs:n.礁石(reef的复数形式); v.收帆; fisheries:n.渔业;渔场(fishery的复数);捕鱼术;渔业公司;
But coral reefs depend on fish that perform a critical job by eating algae . 但,珊瑚礁要仰赖鱼类 执行极重要的工作:吃掉水藻。
perform:v.表演;执行;履行;演出;工作,运转(好/不好); critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的; algae:n.[植]藻类;[植]海藻;
Because if left unchecked , these algae can kill coral and take over entire coral reefs, a costly change that is difficult or impossible to reverse . 因为若不受约束, 这些水藻会害死珊瑚, 且占据整个珊瑚礁, 造成很难改变 或无法逆转的高昂代价。
unchecked:adj.未经核对的;未加抑制的; take over:接管;继承;接收;接任;接替; costly:adj.昂贵的;代价高的; reverse:n.反面; v.颠倒; adj.相反的;
So to understand how fish may prevent this, 所以,为了了解 鱼类如何预防这现象,
I spy on them while they're eating algae, which can be difficult for them to do in open parts of the reef exposed to predators, some of which, on rare occasion, appear to realize I'm watching them. 我监视牠们, 观察牠们吃水藻, 这对牠们来说可能蛮困难的, 因为当牠们在珊瑚礁的开放区域时, 会暴露在食肉动物的危机下, 极罕见地,有些食肉动物 显然知道我在看牠们。
exposed:adj.无遮蔽的; v.暴露; (expose的过去分词和过去式)
(Laughter) （笑声）
So clearly, clearly, for reef fish, dining out can be scary. 所以,很显然,对珊瑚礁鱼类而言, 外出用餐是挺可怕的。
dining:n.吃饭;v.吃饭;进餐;用饭;(dine的现在分词)
But I wanted to understand how these fish do their job in risky situations. 但我想要了解这些鱼类如何在危险的 情境中进行这项工作。
So my colleagues and I put massive video camera stands in a coral reef to remotely monitor entire feeding grounds that produce a lot of algae but are exposed to predators. 所以我和同事架设了 巨大的摄影机脚架, 架在一个珊瑚礁上, 让我们从远端监视整片就食地, 这里有许多水藻, 但也暴露在食肉动物的危险中。
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的; video camera:n.摄像机; remotely:adv.遥远地;偏僻地;(程度)极微地,极轻地;
And this perspective from above shows us the feeding behavior and precise movements of many different fish, shown here with colored dots. 从上面看的这个视角, 能呈现出多种不同鱼类的就食行为 及精确的移动路线, 这些有颜色的点表示鱼类。
perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的; precise:adj.准确的;确切的;精确的;明确的;
And by analyzing thousands of fish movements to and from feeding grounds, we discovered a pattern. 藉由分析数千笔鱼类移动的资料, 包括前往就食地以及在该处的移动, 我们发现了一个模式。
analyzing:adj.分析的;v.分析(analyze的现在分词);
These fish, despite being from different species and not swimming in schools, were copying one another, such that one fish entering these dangerous feeding grounds could lead many others to do the same. 这些鱼类,尽管是不同种, 且没有成群移动, 牠们仍然会仿效彼此, 当一条鱼进入了危险的就食地时, 可能会造成其他鱼类跟进。
despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; species:n.[生物]物种;种类;
And fish stayed for longer and ate more algae when they were surrounded by more feeding fish. 且当被更多来就食的鱼类围绕时, 牠们就会待得更久、吃得更多。
Now, this could be happening because even simple movements by individual fish can inadvertently communicate vital information. 会发生这种现象, 可能是因为单一条鱼的简单动作 会不经意地传递出重要资讯。
inadvertently:adj.非故意地,无心地; vital:adj.至关重要的;生死攸关的;有活力的;
For example, if even one fish sees a predator and flees , this can alert many others to danger. 比如,即使是一条鱼 看见食肉动物并逃跑, 这动作就会警告其他鱼有危险出现。
flees:vi.逃走;消失,消散;vt.逃跑,逃走;逃避; alert:n.警报; adj.警觉的; v.向…报警;
And a fish safely entering feeding grounds can show others that the coast is clear . 而一条鱼安全地进入就食地, 就能让其他鱼知道这里没有危险。
the coast is clear:危险已过;道路畅通;
So it turns out that even when these fish are different species, they are connected within social networks which can provide information on when it's safe to eat. 所以,结果发现, 即使这些鱼类属于不同种, 牠们仍然在社交网路中连结在一起, 这个网路能提供何时 可以安心去就食的资讯。
And our analyses indicate that fish simply copying other fish in their social network could account for over 60 percent of the algae eaten by the fish community , 我们的分析指出,被鱼群吃掉的 水藻中,超过六成都是被 在鱼类的社交网路中单纯仿效 其他鱼的那些鱼给吃掉的,
analyses:n.分析;解析;分解;梗概(analysis的复数形式); indicate:v.表明;显示;象征;暗示; account for:对…负有责任;对…做出解释;说明…的原因;导致;(比例)占; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
and thus could be critical to the flow of energy and resources through coral reef ecosystems. 因此,对于珊瑚礁生态系统中的 能量与资源的流动, 这些鱼是很重要的。
resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数);
But these findings also suggest that overfishing , a common problem in coral reefs, not only removes fish, but it could break up the social network of remaining fish, which may hide more and eat less algae because they're missing critical information. 但这些发现也显示出,过度捕捞是 珊瑚礁的常见问题, 不仅会造成鱼类消失, 也会破坏剩下鱼类的社交网路, 导致牠们更常隐藏起来, 吃的水藻更少, 因为牠们得不到重要的资讯。
findings:n.调查发现;判决;裁决;(finding的复数) overfishing:n.渔捞过度;vt.过度捕捞(overfish的现在分词);
And this would make coral reefs more vulnerable than we currently predict . 这会让珊瑚礁比我们 目前所预测的更脆弱。
vulnerable:adj.易受攻击的,易受…的攻击;易受伤害的;有弱点的; currently:adv.当前;一般地; predict:v.预报;预言;预告;
So remarkably , fish social networks allow the actions of one to spread to many and could affect entire coral reefs, which feed millions of us and support the global economy for all of us. 所以,显然鱼类社交网路 能将一条鱼的行为散播给许多条鱼, 且可能影响到整个珊瑚礁, 这个喂养数百万人、 全球经济都赖以为生的珊瑚礁。
remarkably:adv.非常;极为;格外;出乎意料地 global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; economy:n.经济;节约;理财;
Now, our discovery points us towards better ways to sustainably manage coral reefs, but it also shows us, we humans are not just affected by the actions of other humans, 我们的发现,为我们 指出了更好的方式, 来永续地管理珊瑚礁, 但也让我们知道, 我们人类并不只受到 其他人的行为所影响,
sustainably:adv.支撑得住;能保持住地;
but we could be affected by the actions of individual fish on a distant coral reef through their simple copying behavior. 连远方珊瑚礁上的一条鱼所做的 简单仿效行为,也可能影响我们。
distant:adj.遥远的;远处的;久远的;
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）