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MiguelNicolelis_2014G-_脑对脑沟通已来临_－_我们是如何做到的_
On June 12, 2014, precisely at 3:33 in a balmy winter afternoon in S?o Paulo, Brazil , a typical South American winter afternoon, this kid, this young man that you see celebrating here like he had scored a goal, 2014年6月12日下午3:33分那一刻 在巴西圣保罗的一个温暖的冬日下午 一个寻常的南美冬日午后 这个孩子你们看到正在庆祝的年轻人 就像他进了球一样
balmy:adj.芳香的;温和的;止痛的; Brazil:n.巴西(拉丁美洲国家); typical:adj.典型的;特有的;象征性的;
Juliano Pinto , 29 years old, accomplished a magnificent deed . Juliano Pinto,29岁完成了一个壮举
Pinto:adj.杂色的;黑白斑纹的;n.有花斑的马; accomplished:adj.完成的;有技巧的;有学问的;v.完成;(accomplish的过去分词和过去式) magnificent:adj.高尚的;壮丽的;华丽的;宏伟的; deed:n.行动;功绩;证书;[法]契据;vt.立契转让;
Despite being paralyzed and not having any sensation from mid-chest to the tip of his toes as the result of a car crash six years ago that killed his brother 尽管全身瘫痪 并且从胸中部到脚趾头没有任何知觉 六年前夺去他弟弟生命的车祸
Despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; paralyzed:adj.瘫痪的;麻痹的;v.使麻痹;使无力;使失去勇气(paralyze的过去分词); sensation:n.感觉;轰动;感动; tip:n.小窍门,小费;v.给…小费;使倾斜; toes:n.脚趾;足尖部;有…脚趾的;v.用脚尖走;(toe的第三人称单数和复数) car crash:n.车祸;
and produced a complete spinal cord lesion that left Juliano in a wheelchair , 同时导致Juliano脊髓完全损伤让他坐在了轮椅上
spinal cord:n.脊髓; lesion:n.损害;身体上的伤害;机能障碍; wheelchair:n.轮椅;
Juliano rose to the occasion, and on this day did something that pretty much everybody that saw him in the six years deemed impossible. Juliano面对挑战而在这一天,他做了一件 几乎在六年内见过他的人认为不可能的事
deemed:v.认为;视为;相信;(deem的过去分词和过去式)
Juliano Pinto delivered the opening kick of the 2014 Brazilian World Soccer Cup here just by thinking. Juliano Pinto通过他的想象 为2014年这里（巴西）举行的世界杯 进行开球
He could not move his body, but he could imagine the movements needed to kick a ball. 他无法移动他的身体 但他能够想像踢球所需要的动作
He was an athlete before the lesion. He's a para-athlete right now. 脊髓损伤前他是一名运动员现在他是一名残疾运动员
athlete:n.运动员,体育家;身强力壮的人;
He's going to be in the Paralympic Games, I hope, in a couple years. 我想他将会参加几年后的残奥会
Paralympic:n.残奥会;
But what the spinal cord lesion did not rob from Juliano was his ability to dream. 但是脊髓损伤没有夺去的 是Juliano去梦想的能力
And dream he did that afternoon, for a stadium of about 75,000 people and an audience of close to a billion watching on TV. 而在那个下午他梦想成真在一个75000人的体育场 以及电视机前的亿万观众
stadium:n.[体]露天大型体育场;[病]病期;[生]生长期;龄期;
And that kick crowned , basically , 30 years of basic research studying how the brain, how this amazing universe that we have between our ears that is only comparable to universe that we have above our head because it has about 100 billion elements 他的一脚开球,基本上赞许了30多年来 对脑部的基础研究 这个在我们两耳之间的神奇宇宙 这个唯一能与我们头顶的宇宙相媲美的东西 因为我们的大脑约有千亿个元素
crowned:adj.王室的;戴王冠的;v.加冕,使成王(crown的过去式和过去分词形式); basically:adv.主要地,基本上; comparable to:可比较的,比得上的; elements:n.要素;基本部分;少量;一群;(element的复数)
talking to each other through electrical brainstorms , what Juliano accomplished took 30 years to imagine in laboratories and about 15 years to plan. 通过脑电风暴相互交流 Juliano所完成的花了30年时间在实验室里想象 和大约15年的时间来策划
electrical:adj.有关电的;电气科学的; brainstorms:n.集思广益; vt.集体讨论; vi.集体讨论; laboratories:n.实验室;(laboratory的复数)
When John Chapin and I, 15 years ago, proposed in a paper that we would build something that we called a brain-machine interface , meaning connecting a brain to devices 当John Chapin 和我在15年前在一篇文章上提出 我们能够造一个我们称之为脑机接口的机器 意思是能够把人脑连接到一个机器上
proposed:adj.建议的;推荐的;v.提议;建议;计划;求婚;(propose的过去分词和过去式) interface:n.接口;人机界面;连接电路;v.连接; devices:n.[机][计]设备;[机]装置;[电子]器件(device的复数);
so that animals and humans could just move these devices, no matter how far they are from their own bodies, just by imagining what they want to do, our colleagues told us that we actually needed professional help, of the psychiatry variety . 那么人和动物能够通过控制这个设备 无论他们和自己的身体相距多远 只要通过你的想象就能让身体做任何事情 我们的同事告诉我们我们需要专业帮助 心理上的那种
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); professional:adj.专业的;职业的;职业性的;n.专业人员;职业运动员; psychiatry:n.精神病学;精神病治疗法; variety:n.多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化;
And despite that, a Scot and a Brazilian persevered , because that's how we were raised in our respective countries, and for 12, 15 years, we made demonstration after demonstration suggesting that this was possible. 尽管如此一个苏格兰人和巴西人坚持了下来 因为我们就是这样在各自国家成长起来的 而在12至15年间 我们做了一次又一次展示证明这是可行的
Scot:n.税赋,税金; persevered:vi.坚持;不屈不挠;固执己见(在辩论中); respective:adj.分别的,各自的; demonstration:n.示范;演示;论证;证明;
And a brain-machine interface is not rocket science , it's just brain research. 而且脑机接口设备并非高深莫测 这只是脑部研究
not rocket science:很简单的事;
It's nothing but using sensors to read the electrical brainstorms that a brain is producing to generate the motor commands that have to be downloaded to the spinal cord, so we projected sensors that can read 只是运用传感器 来接收大脑发出的脑电风暴 去运行要下载到脊髓的 运动指令 我们预测感应器能够同时接收
sensors:n.[自]传感器,感应器;感测器(sensor的复数); generate:v.产生;引起;
hundreds and now thousands of these brain cells simultaneously , and extract from these electrical signals the motor planning that the brain is generating to actually make us move into space. 成百上千的脑细胞 并且从这些信号中得到 大脑来运作的运动策划 去让我们在空间中移动
simultaneously:adv.同时地; extract:v.提取;取出;摘录;榨取;n.汁;摘录;榨出物;选粹; generating:v.产生;引起;(generate的现在分词)
And by doing that, we converted these signals into digital commands that any mechanical , electronic , or even a virtual device can understand so that the subject can imagine what he, she or it wants to make move, and the device obeys that brain command. 这么做我们转化了这些信号成为数字口令 能够让任何一种机械,电子甚至虚拟设备接收 因此能让物体想象他,她或它想做的动作 而那个设备遵循大脑的命令
converted:adj.修改的;改变信仰的;v.转变;改变信仰(convert的过去式和过去分词形式); digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键; mechanical:adj.机械的;力学的;呆板的;无意识的;手工操作的; electronic:adj.电子的;电子器件的;电子设备的; virtual:adj.[计]虚拟的;实质上的,事实上的(但未在名义上或正式获承认); obeys:v.服从;遵守;顺从;(obey的第三人称单数)
By sensorizing these devices with lots of different types of sensors, as you are going to see in a moment , we actually sent messages back to the brain to confirm 通过把这些设备和许多感应器匹配 正如你将会看到的 我们能发信息回大脑去确认
in a moment:立刻;
that that voluntary motor will was being enacted , no matter where -- next to the subject, next door, or across the planet. 潜意识运动系统将会被设定无论感应器在哪 在物体旁边,在对面房间或者是在另外一个星球
voluntary:adj.自愿的;志愿的;自发的;故意的;n.志愿者;自愿行动; enacted:n.制定,颁布;
And as this message gave feedback back to the brain, the brain realized its goal: to make us move. 当这个信息给予反馈给大脑是 大脑接收它的目的:让我们移动
feedback:n.反馈;反馈意见;回授;[电子]反馈;
So this is just one experiment that we published a few years ago, where a monkey, without moving its body, learned to control the movements of an avatar arm, a virtual arm that doesn't exist. 那么这只是我们几年前发表的一个实验 一只猴子,无需动自己的身体 学会控制一个机械手臂 一个不存在的虚拟的手臂
avatar:n.电影《阿凡达》;
What you're listening to is the sound of the brain of this monkey as it explores three different visually identical spheres in virtual space. 你们听到的是这只猴子脑部的声音 在虚拟空间里边 探索三个视觉上相同的球体
explores:v.探索; (explore的第三人称单数) visually:adv.形象化地;外表上;看得见地; identical:adj.同一的;完全相同的;n.完全相同的事物; spheres:n.[数]球体(sphere的复数); v.把…放在球体内(sphere的第三人称单数形式);
And to get a reward , a drop of orange juice that monkeys love, this animal has to detect , select one of these objects by touching, not by seeing it, by touching it, 奖励就是给猴子一滴它喜欢的橙汁 这只猴子需要通过触摸 来探测和选取其中一个物品 不是通过观察,而是通过触摸
reward:n.[劳经]报酬;报答;酬谢;v.[劳经]奖励;奖赏; orange juice:橘子汁; detect:vt.察觉;发现;探测;
because every time this virtual hand touches one of the objects, an electrical pulse goes back to the brain of the animal describing the fine texture of the surface of this object, 因为每当虚拟手臂触摸一个物体时 一个电子脉冲就会传到猴子的脑部 给这个动物描述物体表面的质地
pulse:n.脉冲;脉搏;脉率;强劲的音乐节拍;v.搏动;跳动;震动;洋溢着; describing:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的现在分词) texture:n.质地;纹理;结构;本质,实质;
so the animal can judge what is the correct object that he has to grab , and if he does that, he gets a reward without moving a muscle . 猴子就能够判断它需要选哪个物体 如果它找到正确的物体,他将无需动一块肌肉而得到奖赏
grab:v.攫取;霸占;将…深深吸引;n.攫取;霸占;夺取之物; muscle:n.肌肉;力量;v.加强;使劲搬动;使劲挤出;
The perfect Brazilian lunch: not moving a muscle and getting your orange juice. 完美的巴西式午餐 无需劳动而获得奖励
So as we saw this happening, we actually came and proposed the idea that we had published 15 years ago. 当我们发现这个之后 我们得出了15年前提出的观点
We reenacted this paper. 我们重新起草了文章
reenacted:再次扮演;重新制定(reenact的过去式和过去分词);
We got it out of the drawers , and we proposed that perhaps we could get a human being that is paralyzed to actually use the brain-machine interface to regain mobility . 我们从箱子里找回这篇文章 并提出或许我们可以让一个瘫痪的人 运用脑机接口重新获得运动能力
drawers:n.抽屉;内裤;出票人;起草者;酒馆侍者;(drawer的复数) regain:vt.再次得到;重新获得,恢复;返回;n.恢复;收复;收回 mobility:n.移动性;机动性;[电子]迁移率;
The idea was that if you suffered -- and that can happen to any one of us. 大意就是如果你患有瘫痪 （瘫痪）它很有可能发生到任何人身上
Let me tell you, it's very sudden. 我和你们说,世事无常
It's a millisecond of a collision , a car accident that transforms your life completely. 这是毫秒之差的一个事故 一次车祸就改变了你的一生
millisecond:n.毫秒; collision:n.抵触;碰撞(或相撞)事故; transforms:v.[数][电]变换; n.语法转化规则;
If you have a complete lesion of the spinal cord, you cannot move because your brainstorms cannot reach your muscles . 如果你的脊髓完全损伤 你无法运动因为你的脑电风暴无法将信号发送到你的肌肉中
muscles:n.肌肉(muscle的复数);
However, your brainstorms continue to be generated in your head. 然而,你的脑电风暴不断在脑部产生
generated:v.产生;引起;(generate的过去式和过去分词)
Paraplegic , quadriplegic patients dream about moving every night. 截瘫,全身瘫痪的患者每天都梦到自己又能运动四肢
Paraplegic:n.下身麻痹患者;adj.截瘫的; quadriplegic:n.四肢瘫痪者;adj.四肢瘫痪的; patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数)
They have that inside their head. 他们在脑子里有这样的感觉
The problem is how to get that code out of it and make the movement be created again. 问题就是我们怎么把它转码 变成动作
So what we proposed was, let's create a new body. 所以我们提出的是建造一个新的肢体
Let's create a robotic vest . 创造一个机器背心
robotic:adj.机器人的,像机器人的;自动的;n.机器人学; vest:n.背心,汗衫;v.赋与;
And that's exactly why Juliano could kick that ball just by thinking, because he was wearing the first brain-controlled robotic vest that can be used by paraplegic, quadriplegic patients to move and to regain feedback. 这就是为什么Juliano能够通过想象来踢球 因为他穿着第一件脑控机器背心 能够帮助截瘫,全身瘫痪的患者重新运动 并且重新得到运动反馈
That was the original idea, 15 years ago. 这就是15年前的想法
original:n.原件;原作;原物;原型;adj.原始的;最初的;独创的;新颖的;
What I'm going to show you is how 156 people from 25 countries all over the five continents of this beautiful Earth, dropped their lives, dropped their patents , dropped their dogs, wives, kids, school, jobs, and congregated to come to Brazil for 18 months to actually get this done. 我要给你们展示的是从25个国家 来自这个美丽星球的五大洲的156人 放下他们的生活离开他们的父母 宠物、妻子、儿女、功课、工作 聚集到巴西度过18个月来完成这个项目
continents:n.[地理]大陆,大洲(continent复数); patents:n.[专利]专利(patent的复数形式);专利权; congregated:vt.聚集;vi.聚集;adj.集合在一起的;
Because a couple years after Brazil was awarded the World Cup, we heard that the Brazilian government wanted to do something meaningful in the opening ceremony 因为在几年后巴西成功申请举办世界杯 我们听说巴西政府想在开幕式上 做一些意义非凡的事情
meaningful:adj.严肃的;重要的;重大的;意味深长的; the opening ceremony:开幕式;开学典礼;
in the country that reinvented and perfected soccer until we met the Germans, of course. 在这个重塑并完善足球的国家 当然,那是在我们碰到德国人之前
reinvented:v.以新形象示人;以新形式出现;(reinvent的过去分词和过去式)
(Laughter) （笑）
But that's a different talk, and a different neuroscientist needs to talk about that. 但那又是另一个话题了 这是另一类神经学家该讨论的问题
neuroscientist:n.神经系统科学家;
But what Brazil wanted to do is to showcase a completely different country, a country that values science and technology , and can give a gift to millions, 25 million people around the world that cannot move any longer because of a spinal cord injury . 但巴西想要做的是展现 一个完全不一样的国家 一个重视科学和技术的国家 能够为全球2500万因为脊髓受伤 而无法行动的人一个礼物
showcase:n.展示的场合;玻璃柜台;v.使展现;在玻璃橱窗陈列; technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; injury:n.伤害,损害;受伤处;
Well, we went to the Brazilian government and to FIFA and proposed, well, let's have the kickoff of the 2014 World Cup be given by a Brazilian paraplegic 我们向巴西政府和国际足联提出建议 让我们邀请一个巴西截瘫患者 使用一个大脑控制的骨骼康复机器人
FIFA:n.费法(已裂变原子数与初始装料易裂变原子数之比); kickoff:n.开始;开球;
using a brain-controlled exoskeleton that allows him to kick the ball and to feel the contact of the ball. 让他能接触并感受到球 来为2014世界杯开球
exoskeleton:n.[昆]外骨骼; contact:n.接触,联系;v.使接触,联系;
They looked at us, thought that we were completely nuts, and said, "Okay, let's try." 他们像看到一群疯子一样地看着我们 然后说:“好吧,我们来试一下”
We had 18 months to do everything from zero, from scratch . 我们有18个月的时间从零开始
from scratch:白手起家;从头做起;
We had no exoskeleton, we had no patients, we had nothing done. 我们没有机器人,没有患者 我们什么都没有
These people came all together and in 18 months, we got eight patients in a routine of training and basically built from nothing this guy, that we call Bra-Santos Dumont 1. 这些人聚集在一起 并且在18个月的时间里我们有8位患者进行日常训练 基本上是从零开始,这个家伙
The first brain-controlled exoskeleton to be built was named after the most famous Brazilian scientist ever, 第一个脑控骨骼康复机器人 是以巴西最着名的科学家
Alberto Santos Dumont, who, on October 19, 1901, created and flew himself the first controlled airship on air in Paris for a million people to see. 阿尔贝托 桑托斯 杜蒙来命名 他在1901年10月19号发明并自行飞行了 第一架驾驶飞艇在巴黎上空在百万人们的注视下飞行
airship:n.飞艇;
Sorry, my American friends, 对不起,我的美国朋友们
I live in North Carolina , but it was two years before the Wright Brothers flew on the coast of North Carolina. 我住在北卡罗纳 但莱特兄弟是在两年后 才在北卡的岸边成功试飞的
Carolina:n.卡罗莱纳州(在美国东南部); Wright:n.制作者;工人;
(Applause) （鼓掌）
Flight control is Brazilian. (Laughter) 飞行管制是巴西人发明的（笑）
So we went together with these guys and we basically put this exoskeleton together, 15 degrees of freedom, hydraulic machine that can be commanded by brain signals 那么我们和这些患者一起 我们把骨骼机器人组装好 15个自由度液压器 能够用脑信号控制
hydraulic:adj.液压的;水力的;水力学的;
recorded by a non-invasive technology called electroencephalography that can basically allow the patient to imagine the movements and send his commands to the controls, the motors, and get it done. 并被一种非侵入式脑电图记录下来 能够让病人想象他的动作 把他的动作发送到遥控上 来完成他想做的动作
non-invasive:adj.非侵入性的;非入侵的; electroencephalography:n.脑电描记法;脑电流描记器;
This exoskeleton was covered with an artificial skin invented by Gordon Cheng, one of my greatest friends, in Munich, to allow sensation from the joints moving and the foot touching the ground to be delivered back to the patient through a vest, a shirt. 这个脑控机器人被人造皮肤覆盖 人造皮肤是我最好的朋友之一Gordon Cheng在慕尼黑发明的 能让移动的关节以及脚触地的感觉 通过一件背心传递给患者
artificial:adj.人造的;仿造的;虚伪的;非原产地的;武断的; joints:n.关节; v.接合,联合; (joint的第三人称单数和复数)
It is a smart shirt with micro-vibrating elements that basically delivers the feedback and fools the patient's brain by creating a sensation that it is not a machine that is carrying him, but it is he who is walking again. 是一件有微震元素的智能恤衫 能够反馈并通过创造一种感觉给患者的大脑产生一种假象 让患者感觉不到是机器人在带动他在行走 而是他自己能够重新行走
So we got this going, and what you'll see here is the first time one of our patients, Bruno, actually walked. 那么我们把这个弄好了而你们在这看到的 这是我们的患者之一,Bruno第一次下地行走
And he takes a few seconds because we are setting everything, and you are going to see a blue light cutting in front of the helmet because Bruno is going to imagine the movement that needs to be performed , 他用了好几秒的时间因为我们要把机器人设置好 而你们将会看到从头盔前面闪着的蓝灯 因为Bruno需要想象他要做的动作
performed:v.表演;执行;履行;演出;工作,运转(好/不好)(perform的过去分词和过去式)
the computer is going to analyze it, Bruno is going to certify it, and when it is certified , the device starts moving under the command of Bruno's brain. 电脑需要分析他要做的动作Bruno将要确定他的动作 当他定好了动作 机器人就会按照Bruno大脑的指示行动
analyze:v.对…进行分析,分解(等于analyse); certify:v.证明;保证; certified:adj.被证明了的; v.(尤指书面)证明,证实; (certify的过去式和过去分词)
And he just got it right, and now he starts walking. 他刚定好而现在他将开始行走
After nine years without being able to move, he is walking by himself. 在经过九年无法移动后 他能够自己行走
And more than that -- 而比这更重要的是
(Applause) -- more than just walking, he is feeling the ground, and if the speed of the exo goes up, he tells us that he is walking again on the sand of Santos, the beach resort where he used to go before he had the accident. （掌声） 比行走更重要的是 他能感受到地面 如果机器人的速度加快的话 他告诉我们他在桑托斯的沙滩上再次行走 那是他在事故前曾去过的海滩度假胜地
resort:n.度假胜地;诉诸;采取;旅游胜地;v.去;凭藉;
That's why the brain is creating a new sensation in Bruno's head. 这就是为什么在Bruno的脑里创造了新的知觉
So he walks, and at the end of the walk -- I am running out of time already -- he says, "You know, guys, 那么在他行走结束的时候 ---我快没时间了 --- 他说:“你们知道吗
I need to borrow this thing from you when I get married, because I wanted to walk to the priest and see my bride and actually be there by myself. 当我结婚的时候我要向你们借这玩意 因为我想亲自走向牧师 并且亲临现场见我的新娘
priest:n.司祭,神父;教士,祭司,僧侣;v.使成为教士;任命…为祭司; bride:n.新娘;
Of course, he will have it whenever he wants. 当然了,他能随时拥有这台机器
And this is what we wanted to show during the World Cup, and couldn't, because for some mysterious reason, FIFA cut its broadcast in half. 而这是我们想在世界杯上展示给大家而无法实现的东西 因为某些神秘的原因国际足联把直播减半了
mysterious:adj.神秘的;不可思议的;难解的; broadcast:v.广播; n.广播节目; adj.[无线]播音的;
What you are going to see very quickly is Juliano Pinto in the exo doing the kick a few minutes before we went to the pitch and did the real thing in front of the entire crowd, and the lights you are going to see just describe the operation. 你们即将看的是Juliano Pinto在上场前几分钟 穿着骨骼机器人踢球 而他将在全场观众面前做这一动作 你将看到的灯光描述了整个过程
pitch:v.抛:用力扔:针对:触地:n.场地:程度:力度:推销的话:纵摇: describe:v.描述;形容;把…称为;画出…图形;
Basically, the blue lights pulsating indicate that the exo is ready to go. 基本上,蓝灯闪就说明机器人准备好了
pulsating:adj.脉动的;脉冲的;搏动的;v.颤动;有规律地跳动(pulsate的现在分词); indicate:v.表明;显示;象征;暗示;
It can receive thoughts and it can deliver feedback, and when Juliano makes the decision to kick the ball, you are going to see two streams of green and yellow light coming from the helmet and going to the legs, 它能接收我们的想法并且给予反馈 而当Juliano做出踢球的决定时 你将会看到一串绿灯和一串黄灯 从头盔出来并移动到腿上
representing the mental commands that were taken by the exo to actually make that happen. 代表着机器人接收到的头脑口令 让口令变为动作
representing:v.代表;维护…的利益;等于;相当于;(represent的现在分词) mental:adj.精神的;脑力的;疯的;n.精神病患者;
And in basically 13 seconds, 而在13秒内
Juliano actually did. Juliano做到了他要做的动作
You can see the commands. 你能看到他的命令
He gets ready, the ball is set, and he kicks. 他做好准备球已放好,而他去踢那个球
And the most amazing thing is, 10 seconds after he did that, and looked at us on the pitch, he told us, celebrating as you saw, "I felt the ball." 而最不可思议的事情是 他踢球后10秒他在场上看着我们 庆祝着如你所看到的他说: “我感觉到球了”
And that's priceless . 那是无价的
priceless:adj.无价的;极贵重的;非常有趣的;n.非卖品;
(Applause) （鼓掌）
So where is this going to go? 那么这个发明的未来在哪里？
I have two minutes to tell you that it's going to the limits of your imagination . 我有两分钟来告诉你们 它的未来只会限于你们的想象力
imagination:n.想象;想象力;创造力;想象的事物;
Brain-actuating technology is here. 脑动技术就在这里
This is the latest: We just published this a year ago, the first brain-to-brain interface that allows two animals to exchange mental messages so that one animal that sees something coming from the environment 这是最新的情况:我们在一年前刚发表的 第一个脑脑接口 能够让两个动物交换神经信息 是一个动物在某环境中看见某些东西
exchange:n.交换;交流;交易所;兑换;v.交换;交易;兑换;
can send a mental SMS, a torpedo , a neurophysiological torpedo , to the second animal, and the second animal performs the act that he needed to perform without ever knowing what the environment was sending as a message, because the message came from the first animal's brain. 能够通过发送神经信息,鱼雷,一种神经生理学的鱼雷 给第二个动物 而第二个动物在无需依靠环境作为信息来源 去执行所需要做的动作 因为信息是来自第一个动物的大脑
torpedo:n.鱼雷;v.用鱼雷袭击(或击沉);彻底破坏,完全摧毁; performs:v.执行;表演;演出;履行(perform的第三人称单数)
So this is the first demo. 这是第一次演示
I'm going to be very quick because I want to show you the latest. 我将会很快展示给你们看因为我想要给你们看最新的成果
But what you see here is the first rat getting informed by a light that is going to show up on the left of the cage that he has to press the left cage to basically get a reward. 但你们看到的是第一只老鼠被 左边笼子的灯提示后 它要按左边的笼子去获得奖励
informed:adj.见多识广的; v.通知; (inform的过去分词和过去式)
He goes there and does it. 它走去并按这个笼子
And the same time, he is sending a mental message to the second rat that didn't see any light, and the second rat, in 70 percent of the times is going to press the left lever and get a reward without ever experiencing the light in the retina . 与此同时,他发送了一条神经信息 给第二只看不见灯的老鼠 而第二只老鼠在70%的情况下 将会按左边的杠杆去得到奖励 而无需肉眼感受到灯光
lever:n.杠杆;控制杆;v.用杠杆撬动;把…作为杠杆; retina:n.[解剖]视网膜;
Well, we took this to a little higher limit by getting monkeys to collaborate mentally in a brain net, basically to donate their brain activity and combine them to move the virtual arm that I showed you before, 那么,我们将难度提高了一些 让猴子在一个大脑网络中进行神经合作 实际上就是让他们提供他们的大脑活动 并把他们结合起来去移动我刚展示给你们看的那个虚拟手臂
collaborate:vi.合作;勾结,通敌; mentally:adv.精神上,智力上;心理上; donate:v.赠送;献(血);捐献(器官);
and what you see here is the first time the two monkeys combine their brains, synchronize their brains perfectly to get this virtual arm to move. 你们看到的是首次两只猴子连接了它们的大脑 完美的同步了大脑并移动虚拟手臂
synchronize:vt.使…合拍;使…同步;vi.同步;同时发生;
One monkey is controlling the x dimension , the other monkey is controlling the y dimension. 一只猴子控制X维 而另一只猴子控制Y维
dimension:n.方面;[数]维;尺寸;次元;容积vt.标出尺寸;adj.规格的;
But it gets a little more interesting when you get three monkeys in there and you ask one monkey to control x and y, the other monkey to control y and z, and the third one to control x and z, and you make them all play the game together, moving the arm in 3D into a target to get the famous Brazilian orange juice. 但是当三只猴子在一起的时候就变得更有意思 你要求一只猴子控制X和Y 另一只控制Y和Z 而第三只控制X和Z 你让他们一起来 在三维空间里边移动虚拟手臂去领奖励
play the game:玩游戏;行动光明正大;遵守比赛规则;
And they actually do. 而它们确实这么做
The black dot is the average of all these brains working in parallel , in real time . 黑点是这三只猴子的大脑 在平行移动手臂时的平均值
parallel:adj.平行的; v.与…相似; n.极其相似的人(或情况、事件等); real time:adj.实时的;接到指示立即执行的;
That is the definition of a biological computer, interacting by brain activity and achieving a motor goal. 这就是生理计算器的含义 被大脑活动影响并完成驱动目标
definition:n.定义;清晰度;(尤指词典里的词或短语的)释义;解释; biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品; interacting:v.交流;沟通;合作;相互影响;(interact的现在分词)
Where is this going? 这将向什么方向发展？
We have no idea. 我们并不知道
We're just scientists. 我们只是科学家而已
(Laughter) (笑)
We are paid to be children, to basically go to the edge and discover what is out there. 我们被雇成为孩子 去探索并发现这个世界
But one thing I know: 但是有一件事我知道
One day, in a few decades, when our grandchildren surf the Net just by thinking, or a mother donates her eyesight to an autistic kid who cannot see, or somebody speaks because of a brain-to-brain bypass , 几十年后的某天 当我们的子孙通过大脑上网冲浪 或是一个母亲为自闭的盲儿童捐献自己的视力 或者某人因为脑脑连接而会说话的时候
surf:v.冲浪;进行冲浪运动;(互联网上)浏览;n.激浪;拍岸浪花; donates:vt.捐赠;捐献;vi.捐赠;捐献;n.捐赠;捐献; eyesight:n.视力;目力; autistic:adj.[心理][内科]孤独症的;孤僻的;n.孤独症患者(常指儿童); bypass:vt.绕开;忽视;设旁路;迂回;n.旁路;[公路]支路;
some of you will remember that it all started on a winter afternoon in a Brazilian soccer field with an impossible kick. 在座中的某位将会记得这一切都始于一个冬日午后 在巴西足球场上那一脚超越可能的开球
Thank you. 谢谢
(Applause) （鼓掌）
Thank you. 谢谢
Bruno Giussani: Miguel, thank you for sticking to your time. Bruno Giussani:Miguel,感谢你遵照这时间规定
I actually would have given you a couple more minutes, because there are a couple of points we want to develop, and, of course, clearly it seems that we need connected brains to figure out where this is going. 事实上我将会给多几分钟给你 因为有些观点我想再深入讨论一下 显然我们需要连接大脑去发现这一切
So let's connect all this together. 那么让我们把我们的大脑都连起来
So if I'm understanding correctly, one of the monkeys is actually getting a signal and the other monkey is reacting to that signal just because the first one is receiving it and transmitting the neurological impulse . 那么,如果我理解正确的话 其中一只猴子得到信号 而另一只猴子接到信号做出反应 是因为第一只猴子接收并传递神经脉冲
reacting:v.起反应;(对…)作出反应;回应;(react的现在分词) transmitting:v.传送;输送;发射;传播;传染;(transmit的现在分词) neurological:adj.神经病学的,神经学上的; impulse:n.冲动;[电子]脉冲;刺激;神经冲动;推动力;v.推动;
Miguel Nicolelis: No, it's a little different. Miguel Nicolelis:不,这有一些不同
No monkey knows of the existence of the other two monkeys.
They are getting a visual feedback in 2D, but the task they have to accomplish is 3D. 它们接收到一个二维的视觉反馈 但它们要完成的任务却是三维的
They have to move an arm in three dimensions . 他们需要在三维空间里移动胳膊
dimensions:n.规模,大小;
But each monkey is only getting the two dimensions on the video screen that the monkey controls. 但是每只猴子在控制时 只有二维图像
And to get that thing done, you need at least two monkeys to synchronize their brains, but the ideal is three. 而要完成这个任务 你需要至少两只猴子去同步它们的大脑 但是在理想状态下是同时同步三只猴子的大脑
So what we found out is that when one monkey starts slacking down, the other two monkeys enhance their performance to get the guy to come back, so this adjusts dynamically , but the global synchrony remains the same. 那么我们发现当一只猴子开始松懈时 另外两只猴子提高他们的动作 让松懈的那只猴子跟上节奏 那么这个只是动态上有调整 但是整体还是不变的
slacking:n.消解;熟化;v.松弛(slack的ing形式); enhance:v.提高;增强;增进; performance:n.性能;表现;业绩;表演; adjusts:(改变…以)适应,调整,校正(adjust的第三人称单数); dynamically:adv.动态地;充满活力地;不断变化地; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; synchrony:n.同步;
Now, if you flip without telling the monkey the dimensions that each brain has to control, like this guy is controlling x and y, but he should be controlling now y and z, 现在,如果你改变每个大脑控制的维度 但没有事先告知那些猴子 比如这只猴子控制X和Y 但是它本应该控制Y和Z
flip:n.浏览;空翻;轻抛;捻掷;v.迅速翻动;按(开关);按(按钮);开(或关)(机器等);
instantaneously , that animal's brain forgets about the old dimensions and it starts concentrating on the new dimensions. 动物的大脑立即忘掉旧的指令 并开始专注于新的指令
instantaneously:adv.即刻;突如其来地; concentrating:v.集中(注意力);聚精会神;(使)浓缩(concentrate的现在分词)
So what I need to say is that no Turing machine, no computer can predict what a brain net will do. 我需要说的是这里没有图灵机 没有计算机可以预言大脑能做什么
Turing:n.图灵机(一种可不受储存容量限制的假想计算机); predict:v.预报;预言;预告;
So we will absorb technology as part of us. 那么我们将技术吸收成为我们的一部分
absorb:v.吸收;使并入;吞并;同化;理解;吸收;耗费;承受;
Technology will never absorb us. 科技将不会控制我们
It's simply impossible. （科技控制我们）这是不可能的
BG: How many times have you tested this? BG:你们测试了多少次？
And how many times have you succeeded versus failed? 而在测试中成功和失败的比率是多少？
versus:prep.对;与...相对;对抗;
MN: Oh, tens of times. MN:噢,几十倍
With the three monkeys? Oh, several times. 三只猴子在一起的时候？哦,好几次
I wouldn't be able to talk about this here unless I had done it a few times. 我不可能站在这如果我没有至少做几次测试
And I forgot to mention, because of time, that just three weeks ago, a European group just demonstrated the first man-to-man brain-to-brain connection. 而我忘记提了,因为时间关系 在三周前一群欧洲人 刚演示了第一个人对人,脑对脑的连接
demonstrated:v.证明;证实;论证;说明;表达;(demonstrate的过去分词和过去式) man-to-man:adj.一对一的;人盯人的;坦率的;
BG: And how does that play? BG:而那个又是如何运作的
MN: There was one bit of information -- big ideas start in a humble way -- but basically the brain activity of one subject was transmitted to a second object, all non-invasive technology. MN:我知道一点信息伟大的想法,总始于藏在不起眼的地方 但是基本上一个目标的大脑运动 通过非入侵式科技传递到第二个目标
humble:adj.谦逊的; vt.使谦恭; transmitted:v.传送;输送;发射;播送;传播;传染;(transmit的过去分词和过去式)
So the first subject got a message, like our rats, a visual message, and transmitted it to the second subject. 那么第一个目标得到一个信息比如之前说的老鼠,得到一个视觉信号 并传递给第二个目标
The second subject received a magnetic pulse in the visual cortex , or a different pulse, two different pulses . 第二个目标在其视觉皮层接收到磁脉冲 或是两种不同的脉冲
magnetic:adj.像磁铁的;有磁性的;磁的;富有吸引力的; cortex:n.[解剖]皮质;树皮;果皮; pulses:n.[电子]脉冲(pulse的复数); v.使跳动;
In one pulse, the subject saw something. 在第一个脉冲中,目标发现某些东西
On the other pulse, he saw something different. 在另一个脉冲他发现不同的东西
And he was able to verbally indicate what was the message the first subject was sending through the Internet across continents. 而它能够在口头上通过 跨大洲的互联网 指出第一个物体所发出的信息是什么
verbally:adv.口头地,非书面地;用言辞地;
Moderator : Wow. Okay, that's where we are going. 主持人:哇那好,这就是我们的方向
Moderator:n.[核]慢化剂;仲裁人;调解人;缓和剂;
That's the next TED Talk at the next conference . 这将在下一个TED Talk里为大家展示
conference:n.会议;研讨会;商讨会;体育协会(或联合会)
Miguel Nicolelis, thank you. MN: Thank you, Bruno. Thank you.