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MichaelSandel_2020-_价值体制的暴政_-
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| Here's a question we should all be asking: |
有一个大家都应该考虑的问题: |
| What went wrong? |
“什么地方出错了？” |
| Not just with the pandemic but with our civic life. |
不仅仅是这次的疫情, 还有我们的公民生活。 |
| What brought us to this polarized , rancorous political moment? |
是什么使我们陷入了两极分化, 满怀恶意的政治时代？ |
| In recent decades, the divide between winners and losers has been deepening , poisoning our politics , setting us apart. |
近几十年来, 胜者和败者之间的鸿沟加深了, 荼毒着我们的政治, 分化着我们。 |
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pandemic:adj.(疾病等)全国流行的;普遍的;n.流行性疾病; civic:adj.市的;公民的,市民的; polarized:v.(使)两极化,截然对立; (polarize的过去分词和过去式) rancorous:adj.怀恶意的;深恨的; losers:n.输者,败者:(loser的复数) deepening:n.加深,延深;向下侵蚀;v.使深化;加深(deepen的现在分词); politics:n.政治;钩心斗角;政治观点;v.(贬)从事政治活动;(politic的第三人称单数)
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| This divide is partly about inequality. |
这种鸿沟一部分是关于不平等的, |
| But it's also about the attitudes toward winning and losing that have come with it. |
但是也与随之而来的 对输赢的态度有关。 |
| Those who landed on top came to believe that their success was their own doing, a measure of their merit , and that those who lost out had no one to blame but themselves. |
身处顶层的人们 开始相信他们的成功 来自于自己的努力, 也是对他们价值的衡量, 而那些失败的人, 则只能责怪他们自己。 |
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attitudes:n.态度,看法(attitude复数); merit:n.价值;优点;功绩;美德;v.值得;应得;
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| This way of thinking about success arises from a seemingly attractive principle . |
这种对成功的思考方式 来自于一种看似很有吸引力的原则。 |
| If everyone has an equal chance, the winners deserve their winnings . |
如果每个人都有平等的机会, 那胜利者就应该得到奖赏。 |
| This is the heart of the meritocratic ideal. |
这就是精英理想的核心。 |
| In practice , of course, we fall far short. |
当然,在实践中, 情况远远不是这样。 |
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arises:v.出现;发生;站立; seemingly:adv.看来似乎;表面上看来; attractive:adj.吸引人的;有魅力的;引人注目的; principle:n.原理,原则;主义,道义;本质,本义;根源,源泉; deserve:vi.应受,应得; winnings:n.赢得的钱(winning的复数); meritocratic:精英;精英领导;精英管治 In practice:在实践中;实际上,事实上;
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| Not everybody has an equal chance to rise. |
并不是所有人 都有平等的发展机会。 |
| Children born to poor families tend to stay poor when they grow up. |
贫困家庭出生的孩子长大后 往往还会继续贫穷。 |
| Affluent parents are able to pass their advantages onto their kids. |
富裕的家长能够把自己的优势 转移给他们的孩子。 |
| At Ivy League universities, for example, there are more students from the top one percent than from the entire bottom half of the country combined. |
例如,在常青藤联校里, 来自最顶尖 1% 家庭的学生数量 比所有来自后 50% 家庭的 学生总数还要多。 |
| But the problem isn't only that we fail to live up to the meritocratic principles we proclaim . |
但是问题不仅仅是我们辜负了 我们宣称的精英原则, |
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Affluent:adj.富裕的;丰富的;流畅的;n.支流;富人; advantages:n.有利条件; v.有利于; Ivy League:n.[教]常春藤联盟; only that:只是;要不是; live up to:不辜负;做到;实践; principles:n.原则;主义;本质;政策;(principle的复数) proclaim:vt.宣告,公布;声明;表明;赞扬;
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| The ideal itself is flawed . |
而是这种理想主义的思维 本身就有缺陷。 |
| It has a dark side. |
它有它黑暗的一面。 |
| Meritocracy is corrosive of the common good. |
精英政治侵蚀着共同利益。 |
| It leads to hubris among the winners and humiliation among those who lose out. |
它导致了胜利者的傲慢, 和失败者的屈辱。 |
| It encourages the successful to inhale too deeply of their success, to forget the luck and good fortune that helped them on their way. |
它也鼓励了成功者深深沉迷于 自己的成功, 以至于忘掉了一路上 帮助到他们的好运气。[02:19] |
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flawed:adj.有缺陷的;有瑕疵的;有裂纹的; Meritocracy:n.英才教育(制度);精英管理的社会; corrosive:adj.腐蚀的;侵蚀性的;n.腐蚀物; hubris:n.傲慢;狂妄自大; humiliation:n.丢脸,耻辱;蒙羞;谦卑; inhale:vt.吸入;猛吃猛喝;vi.吸气; fortune:n.财富;命运;运气;v.给予财富,偶然发生
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| And it leads them to look down on those less fortunate , less credentialed than themselves. |
同时也导致了他们看不起 那些比自己不幸, 比自己更缺乏资格的人。 |
| This matters for politics. |
这对政治领域来说非常重要。 |
| One of the most potent sources of the populous backlash is the sense among many working people that elites look down on them. |
造成民众强烈反对的最有力原因之一, 是许多工薪阶层感到 精英们瞧不起他们。 |
| It's a legitimate complaint . |
这是一种合理的投诉。 |
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fortunate:adj.幸运的;交好运的;吉利的; credentialed:v.受到信任(credential的过去式); potent:adj.有效的;强有力的,有权势的;有说服力的; sources:n.来源;出处;起源;根源;原因;v.(从…)获得(source的第三人称单数和复数) populous:adj.人口稠密的;人口多的; backlash:n.反冲;强烈抵制;vt.强烈反对;发生后冲; elites:n.精英(elite的复数); legitimate:adj.合法的;正当的;合理的;正统的;v.使合法;认为正当(等于legitimize); complaint:n.抱怨;投诉;控告;不满;
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| Even as globalization brought deepening inequality and stagnant wages , its proponents offered workers some bracing advice. |
即使全球化带来了不平等加剧 和工资增长的停滞, 它的支持者也为工人们 提供了一些有益的建议。 |
| '"If you want to compete and win in the global economy , go to college." |
“如果你想在全球经济中 竞争并取胜, 那就去上大学。” |
| '"What you earn depends on what you learn." |
“一份耕耘,一份收获。” |
| '"You can make it if you try." |
“有志者,事竟成。” |
| These elites miss the insult implicit in this advice. |
但这些精英忽略了 此建议中隐含的侮辱。[03:22] |
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globalization:n.全球化; stagnant:adj.停滞的;不景气的;污浊的;迟钝的; wages:n.[劳经]工资; v.开展(运动等)(wage的第三人称单数形式); proponents:n.支持者;建议者(proponent的复数); bracing:n.支撑; adj.令人振奋的; v.绷紧,顶住(brace的现在分词形式); compete:v.竞争;对抗;参加比赛(或竞赛); economy:n.经济;节约;理财; insult:v.侮辱;辱骂;损害;n.侮辱;凌辱;无礼; implicit:adj.含蓄的;暗示的;盲从的;
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| If you don't go to college, if you don't flourish in the new economy, your failure is your fault. |
如果你不上大学, 如果你不适应新经济, 那么你的失败就是你自己的错。 |
| That's the implication . |
这就是我说的暗示。 |
| It's no wonder many working people turned against meritocratic elites. |
所以难怪许多工人反对精英制度。 |
| So what should we do? |
那么我们应该怎么办？ |
| We need to rethink three aspects of our civic life. |
我们应该重新考虑 公民生活中的三个方面。[03:48] |
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flourish:n.兴旺; vt.夸耀; vi.繁荣,兴旺; implication:n.含意;可能的影响(或作用、结果);暗指;(被)牵连; rethink:v.重新考虑;再想;n.重新考虑;反思;新想法; aspects:n.方面;相位;面貌(aspect的复数);
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| The role of college, the dignity of work and the meaning of success. |
大学所扮演的角色、 工作的尊严, 和成功的意义。 |
| We should begin by rethinking the role of universities as arbiters of opportunity. |
我们应该重新考虑 大学作为机会仲裁者的作用。 |
| For those of us who spend our days in the company of the credentialed, it's easy to forget a simple fact: |
对于每天和受过高等教育的人 打交道的我们, 很容易忘掉一个简单的事实: |
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dignity:n.尊严;高贵; rethinking:n.反思;v.重新考虑(rethink的现在分词); arbiters:n.[法]仲裁者;裁决人;
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| Most people don't have a four-year college degree. |
大多数人没有四年的大学学历。 |
| In fact, nearly two-thirds of Americans don't. |
实际上,是接近 三分之二的美国人都没有。 |
| So it is folly to create an economy that makes a university diploma a necessary condition of dignified work and a decent life. |
所以,创造一个使大学文凭成为 获得体面工作和生活的 必要条件的经济体系 是十分荒唐的。 |
| Encouraging people to go to college is a good thing. |
鼓励人们去上大学是一件好事。 |
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two-thirds:n.三分之二;三分之二的;三分之二地; folly:n.愚蠢;荒唐事;讽刺剧; diploma:n.毕业证书,学位证书;公文,文书;奖状;vt.发给…毕业文凭; dignified:adj.端庄的; v.使有尊严; (dignify的过去分词和过去式) decent:adj.正派的;得体的;相当好的;
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| Broadening access for those who can't afford it is even better. |
扩大对负担不起 大学学费的人们的录取 则更值得鼓励。 |
| But this is not a solution to inequality. |
然而,这并不是 解决不平等问题的方法。 |
| We should focus less on arming people for meritocratic combat , and focus more on making life better for people who lack a diploma but who make essential contributions to our society. |
我们不应该专注于 武装人们对抗精英体制, 而是应该把更多的注意力放在 如何帮助没有文凭, 但为社会做出重要贡献的人们 |
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Broadening:n.扩展;[光]增宽;v.放宽;扩张(broaden的ing形式);adj.加宽的; afford:v.给予,提供;买得起; solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答; combat:v.战斗;防止;减轻;与…搏斗;n.战斗;搏斗;打仗; essential:n.要点;要素;实质;必需品;adj.完全必要的;必不可少的;极其重要的;本质的; contributions:n.捐款;捐资;定期缴款;贡献;促成作用;(contribution的复数)
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| We should renew the dignity of work and place it at the center of our politics. |
我们应该更新 “工作的尊严”的概念, 并把它放在政治工作的中心。 |
| We should remember that work is not only about making a living, it's also about contributing to the common good and winning recognition for doing so. |
我们应该记住, 工作不只是为了谋生, 也是对共同利益的贡献 并赢得相应的认可。 |
| Robert F. Kennedy put it well half a century ago. |
半个世纪前,罗伯特·肯尼迪 对此进行了一个很好的概括: |
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renew:v.重新开始;中止后继续;重复强调;延长; contributing:v.捐献,捐赠(尤指款或物);捐助;增加;增进;(contribute的现在分词) recognition:n.识别;认识;承认;认可;
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| Fellowship , community , shared patriotism . |
共同利益、共同团体、 共享爱国主义。 |
| These essential values do not come from just buying and consuming goods together. |
这些核心价值不仅仅来自 大家一起购买和消费物品, |
| They come from dignified employment , at decent pay. |
也来自有尊严的工作和 可观的收入。 |
| The kind of employment that enables us to say, "I helped to build this country. |
这样的工作让我们 可以充满自豪的说: “我为建设这个国家出了力, |
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Fellowship:n.友谊;奖学金;研究员职位; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; patriotism:n.爱国主义;爱国心,爱国精神; consuming:adj.消费的;强烈的;v.消耗(consume的ing形式); employment:n.使用;职业;雇用; enables:v.使得; (enable的第三人称单数)
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| I am a participant in its great public ventures ." |
我参与了伟大的社会公共事业。” |
| This civic sentiment is largely missing from our public life today. |
这种公民情感 在如今的公共生活中严重缺失。 |
| We often assume that the money people make is the measure of their contribution to the common good. |
我们经常假设人们的收入 是他们对共同利益所做贡献的衡量。 |
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participant:adj.参与的;有关系的;n.参与者;关系者; ventures:n.合资企业(venture的复数); v.敢尝试,冒险一试(venture的第三人称单数); sentiment:n.感情,情绪;情操;观点;多愁善感; largely:adv.主要地;大部分;大量地; assume:v.承担;假定;采取;呈现;
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| But this is a mistake. |
但这是一种不折不扣的误解。 |
| Martin Luther King Jr. explained why. |
马丁·路德·金曾经解释过为什么。 |
| Reflecting on a strike by sanitation workers in Memphis , Tennessee , shortly before he was assassinated , |
回顾在他被刺杀之前, 在田纳西州孟菲斯发生的 卫生工作者罢工事件, |
| King said, "The person who picks up our garbage is, in the final analysis , as significant as the physician , for if he doesn't do his job, diseases are rampant . |
他说: “说到底, 那些为我们清理垃圾的人, 和医生一样重要, 因为如果没有他们, 疾病会更猖獗。 |
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Reflecting:v.反映;映出(影像);反射;显示,表明,表达;(reflect的现在分词) sanitation:n.[医]环境卫生;卫生设备;下水道设施; Memphis:n.孟斐斯(古埃及城市,废墟在今开罗之南);孟菲斯市(美国田纳西州城市名); Tennessee:n.田纳西州(美国州名); assassinated:v.(尤为政治目的)暗杀,行刺(assassinate的过去分词和过去式) garbage:n.垃圾;废物; analysis:n.分析;分解;验定; significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物; physician:n.[医]医师;内科医师; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类; rampant:adj.猖獗的;蔓延的;狂暴的;奔放的;
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| All labor has dignity." |
所有的劳动者都有尊严。” |
| Today's pandemic makes this clear. |
今天的疫情更说明了这一点。 |
| It reveals how deeply we rely on workers we often overlook . |
它揭示了我们多么依赖 那些我们经常忽略的劳动者: |
| Delivery workers, maintenance workers, grocery store clerks, warehouse workers, truckers , nurse assistants, childcare workers, home health care providers . |
配送工人、 维修工人、 杂货店店员、 仓库工人、 卡车司机、 护士助理、 育儿工作者, 和家庭护理员,等等。 |
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reveals:v.揭示;显示;透露;展示;(reveal的第三人称单数) rely:vi.依靠;信赖; overlook:v.忽略;俯视;视而不见;眺望; Delivery:n.[贸易]交付;分娩;递送; maintenance:n.维护,维修;保持;生活费用; grocery:n.食品杂货店;食品杂货; warehouse:n.仓库,货栈;货仓; truckers:n.卡车司机;从事货车运输业者; childcare:n.儿童保育;儿童照管;adj.儿童保育的;托管的; health care:n.卫生保健; providers:n.供应者;提供者;供养人;(provider的复数)
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| These are not the best-paid or most honored workers. |
这些并不是收入最好 或者最受敬仰的工人。 |
| But now, we see them as essential workers. |
但是现在,我们将他们 视为必不可少的工人。 |
| This is a moment for a public debate about how to bring their pay and recognition into better alignment with the importance of their work. |
这是一个重要时刻, 与他们工作的重要性相匹配。 |
| It is also time for a moral , even spiritual , turning, questioning our meritocratic hubris. |
现在,是时候进行道德, 甚至精神上的转变, 并质疑我们的精英主义傲慢了。 |
| Do I morally deserve the talents that enable me to flourish? |
“我在道德上是否配得上 那些使我迅速成长的才能？” |
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debate:n.辩论;争论;考虑;v.辩论;争论;考虑; alignment:n.队列,成直线;校准;结盟; moral:n.寓意;品行;教益;adj.道德的;道义上的;道德上的;品行端正的; spiritual:n.圣歌(尤指美国南部黑人的);adj.精神的,心灵的; morally:adv.道德上;有道德地;确实地;
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| Is it my doing that I live in a society that prizes the talents |
“我生活在一个 珍惜我所拥有的才华的 |
| I happen to have? |
社会中吗？” |
| Or is that my good luck? |
“还是说,我只是运气太好？“ |
| Insisting that my success is my due makes it hard to see myself in other people's shoes. |
“坚持我的成功是我应得的这一想法, 使我很难从别人的角度看自己。” |
| Appreciating the role of luck in life can prompt a certain humility . |
意识到运气在生活中的作用 会催生一定的谦卑。 |
| There but for the accident of birth, or the grace of God, or the mystery of fate, go I. |
“是良好的出身、上帝的怜悯 才让我拥有了现在的一切。” |
| This spirit of humility is the civic virtue we need now. |
这种谦卑的精神 就是我们现在需要的公民美德。 |
| It's the beginning of a way back from the harsh ethic of success that drives us apart. |
这是我们从苛刻的, 将我们分裂的成功道德理论 走回正轨的开始。 |
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Appreciating:v.欣赏;感激;感谢;理解(appreciate的现在分词) prompt:n.提示; v.提示; adj.迅速; v.准时地; humility:n.谦卑,谦逊; grace:n.优雅;恩惠;魅力;慈悲;v.使优美; virtue:n.美德;优点;贞操;功效; harsh:adj.严厉的;严酷的;刺耳的;粗糙的;刺目的; ethic:n.伦理;道德规范;adj.伦理的;道德的(等于ethical);
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| It points us beyond the tyranny of merit to a less rancorous, more generous public life. |
它为我们超越价值的暴政, 走向一个少些怨恨,多谢包容的 公共生活指出了方向。 |
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tyranny:n.暴政;专横;严酷;残暴的行为(需用复数); generous:adj.慷慨的,大方的;宽宏大量的;有雅量的;
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