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MichaelPawlyn_2010S-_将大自然的智慧运用到建筑上_
I'd like to start with a couple of quick examples. 我想先讲几个简单的例子
These are spinneret glands on the abdomen of a spider . 这些是蜘蛛吐丝的腺体 位在蜘蛛的腹部
spinneret:n.[纺]喷丝头;[昆]吐丝器; glands:n.腺体(gland的复数);气封; abdomen:n.腹部;下腹;腹腔; spider:n.蜘蛛;
They produce six different types of silk, which is spun together into a fiber , tougher than any fiber humans have ever made. 他们可以分泌出六种不同的丝,编织在一起变成纤维 这比任何人类制作出的纤维都要强韧
spun:adj.纺成的;v.纺(spin的过去分词);旋转; fiber:n.纤维;光纤(等于fibre);
The nearest we've come is with aramid fiber. 最接近这种特性的要算是芳纶纤维
aramid:n.芳香族聚酰酩;人造纤维之一种;
And to make that, it involves extremes of temperature, extremes of pressure and loads of pollution. 要作出这样的纤维需要极端的温度 极端的压力和大量的污染
involves:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加,加入(involve的第三人称单数) extremes:n.极端不同的感情;极端;极度;极限;(extreme的复数)
And yet the spider manages to do it at ambient temperature and pressure with raw materials of dead flies and water. 然而蜘蛛却能在一般环境的温度和压力 运用死掉苍蝇和水当作原料做出来这种纤维
ambient:adj.周围的;外界的;环绕的;n.周围环境;
It does suggest we've still got a bit to learn. 它说明了我们还有东西可学
This beetle can detect a forest fire at 80 kilometers away. 这种甲虫可以侦测到远在80公里外的森林火灾
beetle:n.甲壳虫;adj.突出的;愁眉苦脸的;v.快速移动 detect:vt.察觉;发现;探测;
That's roughly 10,000 times the range of man-made fire detectors . 功力这大约是 人造火灾探测器所能侦测范围的10,000倍
roughly:adv.粗糙地;概略地; man-made:adj.人造的;人工的;合成的; detectors:n.探测器;侦测设备(detector的复数);
And what's more, this guy doesn't need a wire connected all the way back to a power station burning fossil fuels. 更重要的是,这小昆虫不需要电线 连接使用燃料的发电站
power station:n.发电厂;发电站; fossil:n.化石;老人;老古董;adj.从地下发掘出来的;化石的;属于旧时代的;陈腐的;
So these two examples give a sense of what biomimicry can deliver. 这两个例子说明了生物模拟是值得学习的
biomimicry:仿生学;生物模拟;生物仿生;
If we could learn to make things and do things the way nature does, we could achieve factor 10, factor 100, maybe even factor 1,000 savings in resource and energy use. 如果我们能学会大自然的方式 我们可以达到10倍,100倍 甚至是1,000倍的 节约资源和能源
factor:n.因素;要素;[物]因数;代理人;v.做代理商;v.把…作为因素计入; savings:n.节省物;节省;节约;储蓄金;存款;(saving的复数) resource:n.资源;资料;才智;财力;v.向…提供资金(或设备);
And if we're to make progress with the sustainability revolution , 如果我们要有所进步达到永续发??展
sustainability:n.持续性;永续性;能维持性; revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环;
I believe there are three really big changes we need to bring about. 我认为有三个非常大的变化 是我们需要的
Firstly , radical increases in resource efficiency . 第一,提高基本资源使??用效率
Firstly:adv.首先(主要用于列举条目,论点时);第一; radical:n.自由基;激进分子;游离基;adj.根本的;彻底的;完全的;全新的; efficiency:n.效率;效能;功效;
Secondly, shifting from a linear , wasteful , polluting way of using resources to a closed-loop model. 第二,把线性的,浪费的, 污染的资源使用方式 转变成一个封闭的循环模式
shifting:adj.不断移动的;流动的;v.转移;赶快;快速移动;变换;(shift的现在分词) linear:adj.线的,线型的;直线的,线状的;长度的; wasteful:adj.浪费的,不经济的;奢侈的; resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); closed-loop:封闭环,闭合回路;
And thirdly, changing from a fossil fuel economy to a solar economy. 第三,从矿物燃料经济 转变成太阳能经济
fossil fuel:n.化石燃料(如煤或石油); economy:n.经济;节约;理财;
And for all three of these, I believe, biomimicry has a lot of the solutions that we're going to need. 而对于这三点,我认为 生物模拟提供很多的解决方法是我们需要的
You could look at nature as being like a catalog of products, and all of those have benefited from a 3.8-billion-year research and development period. 你可以看一下大自然把它当作是样本 所有的东西都来自于 3.8亿年的研究和发展的累积
catalog:n.目录册;产品样本;学校便览;一览表;v.(为…)编目录;(把…)按目录分类; research and development:n.研究和开发;
And given that level of investment , it makes sense to use it. 基于这样程度的投资,我们也应该使用它
investment:n.投资;投入;封锁;
So I'm going to talk about some projects that have explored these ideas. 所以我要谈谈一些探索这些想法的项目
explored:v.探索;勘探;考察;探险;(explore的过去式和过去分词)
And let's start with radical increases in resource efficiency. 让我们从迅速 提高基本资源使??用效率说起
When we were working on the Eden Project, we had to create a very large greenhouse in a site that was not only irregular , but it was continually changing because it was still being quarried . 当我们开始执行伊甸园计划时 我们必须盖一座非常大的温室 在一个不仅不规则 而且不断变化的地方,因为这个地方仍在开采
greenhouse:n.温室;暖房; site:n.地点;位置;场所;v.设置;为…选址; irregular:n.不规则物;不合规格的产品;adj.不规则的;无规律的;非正规的;不合法的; continually:adv.不断地;频繁地; quarried:n.采石场;猎物;来源;vi.费力地找;vt.挖出;努力挖掘;
It was a hell of a challenge, and it was actually examples from biology that provided a lot of the clues . 这是一个很大的挑战 不过它实际上是运用生物学的例子 这提供了很多线索
biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学; provided:conj.假如; v.提供; (provide的过去分词和过去式) clues:n.(调查,研究等的)线索;迹象;(故事的)关键情节;(clue的复数)
So for instance , it was soap bubbles that helped us generate a building form that would work regardless of the final ground levels. 例如 这参考肥皂泡泡的样子,规划出建筑物的外观 不管最后地面高度多高都能做到
instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; bubbles:n.泡; v.起泡; (bubble的第三人称单数和复数) generate:v.产生;引起; regardless:adj.不管的; v.不顾后果地;
Studying pollen grains and radiolaria and carbon molecules helped us devise the most efficient structural solution using hexagons and pentagons . 研究花粉 和放射虫类和碳分子 帮助我们做出最有效的结构设计 运用六边形和五边形
pollen:v.传授花粉给;n.[植]花粉; grains:n.谷物;颗粒;细粒;少量;一点儿;(grain的复数) molecules:n.[化学]分子,微粒;[化学]摩尔(molecule的复数); devise:v.设计; n.[法]遗赠财产的遗嘱(或其中的条款); efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的; structural:adj.结构的;建筑的; solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答; hexagons:n.[数]六边形;六角钢(hexagon的复数); pentagons:n.五角形;
The next move was that we wanted to try and maximize the size of those hexagons. 下一步是我们想要 把六边形做到最大
maximize:vt.取…最大值;对…极为重视;vi.尽可能广义地解释;达到最大值;
And to do that we had to find an alternative to glass, which is really very limited in terms of its unit sizes. 要做到这点我们必须用可替代玻璃的材质 不过这材质能够用的单位面积也相当受限
alternative:adj.供选择的;选择性的;交替的;n.二中择一;供替代的选择; limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式)
And in nature there are lots of examples of very efficient structures based on pressurized membranes . 在自然界中非常多的例子 都能有效用在结构设计上,像是加压膜技术
structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式); pressurized:adj.加压的; v.逼迫; (pressurize的过去式和过去分词) membranes:n.细胞膜(membrane的复数);薄膜;膜皮;
So we started exploring this material called ETFE. 因此我们开始探索ETFE这种材料
exploring:v.探索:考察:探查;(explore的现在分词)
It's a high-strength polymer . 这是一种高强度聚合物
high-strength:n.高强度; polymer:n.[高分子]聚合物;
And what you do is you put it together in three layers , you weld it around the edge, and then you inflate it. 而我们把它做成三层 把它周围边缘焊接起来,然后充气
layers:n.层;表层;层次;阶层;v.把…分层堆放;(layer的第三人称单数和复数) weld:v.焊接;熔接;锻接;使紧密结合;n.焊接点;焊接处; inflate:vt.使充气;使通货膨胀;vi.膨胀;充气;
And the great thing about this stuff is you can make it in units of roughly seven times the size of glass, and it was only one percent of the weight of double-glazing . 这东西最了不起的地方是 它的每一个单位 可以大约是玻璃的七倍大 重量却只有双层玻璃的百分之一
stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本: double-glazing:n.[建]双层玻璃;
So that was a factor-100 saving. 所以这算是100倍的节约资源
And what we found is that we got into a positive cycle in which one breakthrough facilitated another. 我们也发现到这带动起良性循环 新发现又会带来另一个新发现
positive:adj.积极的;[数]正的,[医][化学]阳性的;确定的;n.正数;[摄]正片; breakthrough:n.突破;开始取得成功之时;adj.突破性的; facilitated:v.促进;促使;使便利;(facilitate的过去分词和过去式)
So with such large, lightweight pillows , we had much less steel. 在这样大又轻的支撑下 我们也能减少钢材的使用
lightweight:n.轻量级选手;无足轻重的人;adj.重量轻的;平均重量以下的; pillows:n.枕头;v.枕着(某物);(pillow的第三人称单数和复数)
With less steel we were getting more sunlight in, which meant we didn't have to put as much extra heat in winter. 少一点钢材,阳光就能多一点进来 换句话说,在冬天我们不用储备太多的热能
sunlight:n.日光; extra:adj.额外的:n.额外的事物:adv.额外:另外:
And with less overall weight in the superstructure , there were big savings in the foundations . 加上在建筑上层的整体重量也减少 所以地基的建材也能节省许多
overall:v.全部; n.外套; adj.全面的; superstructure:n.上层建筑;上部构造; foundations:n.基础;地基;基金会;粉底;(foundations是foundation的复数)
And at the end of the project we worked out that the weight of that superstructure was actually less than the weight of the air inside the building. 在这项计画完成的时候,我们发现 上层建筑的重量 实际上低于建筑物内空气的重量
So I think the Eden Project is a fairly good example of how ideas from biology can lead to radical increases in resource efficiency -- delivering the same function, but with a fraction of the resource input . 我认为伊甸园计划是个相当好的例子 说明从生物学学到的想法 可以做到提高基本资源使??用效率 在提供相同的功能 达到事半功倍的效果
fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直; fraction:n.分数;小部分;小数;少量; input:n.投入; v.把(数据等)输入计算机;
And actually there are loads of examples in nature that you could turn to for similar solutions. 实际上大自然中有非常多这样的例子 我们可以找到类似的解决方法
So for instance, you could develop super-efficient roof structures based on giant Amazon water lilies , whole buildings inspired by abalone shells , super-lightweight bridges inspired by plant cells. 例如我们能盖出高效能的屋顶结构 参考亚马逊巨头睡莲的样子 整个建筑灵感来自鲍鱼壳 超轻量桥梁设计灵感来自于植物细胞
giant:n.巨人;伟人;巨兽;adj.巨大的;特大的 Amazon:亚马逊;古希腊女战士; lilies:n.百合花;(lily的复数) inspired:adj.受到启发的; v.鼓舞; (inspire的过去分词和过去式) abalone:n.[无脊椎]鲍鱼; shells:n.壳;壳状物;炮弹;v.炮击;给…去壳(shell的第三人称单数和复数)
There's a world of beauty and efficiency to explore here using nature as a design tool. 这个既美丽又有效率的世界值得探索 运用大自然当作设计的工具
So now I want to go onto talking about the linear-to-closed-loop idea. 现在我要说明的是如何从线性转变成封闭式循环
The way we tend to use resources is we extract them, we turn them into short-life products and then dispose of them. 我们通常使用资源的方式 是开采资源 把资源做成生命周期很短的产品,然后用完即丢
extract:v.提取;取出;摘录;榨取;n.汁;摘录;榨出物;选粹; dispose:v.布置;安排;排列;使倾向于;
Nature works very differently. 但大自然的法则不是这样的
In ecosystems , the waste from one organism becomes the nutrient for something else in that system. 在生态系统里每一种生物的废弃物 会转变成另一种生物的营养来源
ecosystems:n.生态系统(ecosystem的复数); organism:n.生物;有机体;有机组织;(尤指)微生物; nutrient:n.营养物;滋养物;adj.营养的;滋养的;
And there are some examples of projects that have deliberately tried to mimic ecosystems. 还有其他几个项目的例子 是刻意模仿生态系统
deliberately:adv.故意地;谨慎地;慎重地;
And one of my favorites is called the Cardboard to Caviar Project by Graham Wiles . 其中一项我最喜欢的是 从纸板到鱼子酱 项目 由格雷汉姆 怀尔斯所做的
Cardboard:n.[纸]硬纸板;纸板箱;卡纸板;adj.不真实的;硬纸板制的; Caviar:n.鱼子酱; Wiles:n.诡计;花招(wile的复数);v.引诱(wile的第三人称单数形式);
And in their area they had a lot of shops and restaurants that were producing lots of food, cardboard and plastic waste. 在他们那个地区有非常多商店和餐厅 造成许多食物、纸板和塑胶的废弃物
It was ending up in landfills . 这些废弃物最后都会被扔到垃圾场
landfills:n.废物填埋地(或场);废物填埋;填埋的废物;(landfill的复数)
Now the really clever bit is what they did with the cardboard waste. 但现在他们比较聪明会另外处理废纸板
And I'm just going to talk through this animation . 我利用这个动画跟你们解释
animation:n.活泼,生气;激励;卡通片绘制;
So they were paid to collect it from the restaurants. 他们负责从餐厅回收这些纸板
They then shredded the cardboard and sold it to equestrian centers as horse bedding. 然后把纸板碾碎 卖给了马术中心用作马匹的垫草
shredded:adj.切碎的;v.变成碎片(shred的过去分词形式); equestrian:adj.马的;骑马的;骑术的;n.骑手;骑马者;
When that was soiled, they were paid again to collect it. 等到这些垫草脏了,他们再负责去回收
They put it into worm recomposting systems, which produced a lot of worms , which they fed to Siberian sturgeon , which produced caviar, which they sold back to the restaurants. 接着把这些脏的垫草用来培育蠕虫 这样可以繁殖出许多的蠕虫,这些蠕虫就拿来喂食西伯利亚鲟鱼 鲟鱼生产出鱼子酱,鱼子酱再卖回去给餐厅
worms:n.蠕虫;寄生虫;幼虫;v.蠕动,曲折行进;(worm的第三人称单数和复数) Siberian:adj.西伯利亚(人)的;来自西伯利亚的; sturgeon:n.鲟鱼;
So it transformed a linear process into a closed-loop model, and it created more value in the process. 这样的过程就是从线性 转变成一个封闭式的循环 每一个过程都创造出更多的价值
transformed:v.使改变形态;使改变外观(或性质);(transform的过去分词和过去式) process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
Graham Wiles has continued to add more and more elements to this, turning waste streams into schemes that create value. Graham Wiles不断加入更多的元素到这个循环 让废弃物在这个计划中创造出价值
elements:n.要素;基本部分;少量;一群;(element的复数) schemes:n.方案,计划;阴谋(scheme的复数);v.计划,设计;谋划(scheme的三单形式);
And just as natural systems tend to increase in diversity and resilience over time, there's a real sense with this project that the number of possibilities just continue increasing. 就像是自然生态一样 长期下来能增加多样性和适应性 这是就是这个项目的真正目的 也就是创造出更多的可能性 而且不断地增加价值
diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化: resilience:n.恢复力;弹力;顺应力;
And I know it's a quirky example, but I think the implications of this are quite radical, because it suggests that we could actually transform a big problem -- waste -- into a massive opportunity. 我知道这是一个奇特的例子 但我认为这是影响非常有效 因为这实际上 可以让我们把大问题变成大机会
quirky:adj.古怪的;离奇的;诡诈的; implications:n.蕴涵式;暗指,暗示;含蓄,含意;卷入(implication的复数); massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的;
And particularly in cities -- we could look at the whole metabolism of cities, and look at those as opportunities. 特别在某些城市 要处理垃圾问题 就能运用这样的概念
particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; metabolism:n.[生理]新陈代谢;
And that's what we're doing on the next project I'm going to talk about, the Mobius Project, where we're trying to bring together a number of activities, all within one building, so that the waste from one can be the nutrient for another. 这也是我接下来要谈的另一个项目 莫比乌斯(Mobius)项目 我们试图引进许多活动 集合在同一个建筑物里完成 所以每一种废弃物都能变成原料
And the kind of elements I'm talking about are, firstly, we have a restaurant inside a productive greenhouse, a bit like this one in Amsterdam called De Kas. 我要讲的内容包括 首先,我们在温室里有一间餐厅 这有点像在阿姆斯特丹的De Kas温室餐厅
productive:adj.能生产的;生产的,生产性的;多产的;富有成效的; Amsterdam:n.阿姆斯特丹(荷兰首都);阿姆斯特丹(美国纽约东部城市);
Then we would have an anaerobic digester , which could deal with all the biodegradable waste from the local area, turn that into heat for the greenhouse and electricity to feed back into the grid . 然后我们在里面设了一座无氧消化器 能处理当地所有可生物分解的废弃物 再转变成温室的热能 和电力回馈到输电网
anaerobic:adj.[微]厌氧的,[微]厌气的;没有气而能生活的; digester:n.沼气池;做摘要者;助消化食品;汇编者;蒸炼器; biodegradable:adj.生物所能分解的,能进行生物降解的; electricity:n.电力;电流;强烈的紧张情绪; grid:n.网格;格子,栅格;输电网;
We'd have a water treatment system treating wastewater , turning that into fresh water and generating energy from the solids using just plants and micro-organisms . 我们有污水处理系统 把废水变成干净的水 从固体产生能量 只利用一些植物和微生物
treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论; treating:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;处理;讨论;(treat的现在分词) wastewater:n.废水,污水; generating:v.产生;引起;(generate的现在分词) micro-organisms:微生物;
We'd have a fish farm fed with vegetable waste from the kitchen and worms from the compost and supplying fish back to the restaurant. 我们有一个养鱼池,用厨房的厨余当作饲料 还有堆肥里的蠕虫 拿这些拿来喂鱼,鱼再供应给餐厅
fish farm:n.养鱼场; compost:n.堆肥;混合物;vt.堆肥;施堆肥;
And we'd also have a coffee shop , and the waste grains from that could be used as a substrate for growing mushrooms. 还会有一个咖啡厅,不要的咖啡渣 可以做成种植蘑菇的培养土
coffee shop:na.咖啡店;(一般的)小餐馆; substrate:n.基质;基片;底层(等于substratum);酶作用物;
So you can see that we're bringing together cycles of food, energy and water and waste all within one building. 我们把这些想法结合在一起 成为一个食物、能源、水和废弃物的循环 这全都发生在同一栋建筑物里
And just for fun, we've proposed this for a roundabout in central London, which at the moment is a complete eyesore . 为了好玩,我们提出把它建在伦敦市中心的一个环状交叉路 因为这个环状交叉路口那时算是政府的眼中钉
proposed:adj.建议的;推荐的;v.提议;建议;计划;求婚;(propose的过去分词和过去式) roundabout:adj.迂回的,绕道的;圆滚滚的;n.迂回路线;环状交叉路口; eyesore:n.眼中钉;难看的东西;
Some of you may recognize this. 你们有些人可能认得这个地方
recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;
And with just a little bit of planning, we could transform a space dominated by traffic into one that provides open space for people, reconnects people with food and transforms waste into closed loop opportunities. 运用一点点的规划 我们可以把一个以交通为主的空间 转变成可以提供给民众的开放空间 让人与食物重新有交集 让废弃物可以在封闭式循环中得到不同的处置
dominated:v.支配;控制;左右;影响;(dominate的过去式和过去分词) reconnects:vt.使再接合; transforms:v.[数][电]变换; n.语法转化规则;
So the final project I want to talk about is the Sahara Forest Project, which we're working on at the moment. 我要谈的最后一个项目是 撒哈拉造林工程工程,这是我们现阶段正在努力做的
It may come as a surprise to some of you to hear that quite large areas of what are currently desert were actually forested a fairly short time ago. 这可能对在座的某些人来说 听到这消息有点惊讶,因为这一大片地方目前是沙漠 但事实上这地方在不久之前其实有座森林
currently:adv.当前;一般地; short time:adj.短暂的;快速的(shorttime的变形);
So for instance, when Julius Caesar arrived in North Africa, huge areas of North Africa were covered in cedar and cypress forests. 例如当凯撒抵达北非的时候 在北非有一大片区域 被雪松和柏树森林给覆盖
Caesar:n.凯撒(罗马皇帝);暴君;人间的主宰;剖腹产手术; cedar:n.雪松;香柏;西洋杉木; cypress:n.[林]柏树,柏木属植物(原产北美,欧,亚);柏树枝(用作哀悼的标志);
And during the evolution of life on the Earth, it was the colonization of the land by plants that helped create the benign climate we currently enjoy. 在地球开始繁衍出生命的时候 土地都被占据 被植物给占据 才帮助创造出我们现在享受的良好气候
colonization:n.殖民;殖民地化; benign:adj.良性的;和蔼的,亲切的;吉利的;
The converse is also true. 反过来也是如此
converse:adj.相反的,逆向的;颠倒的;vi.交谈,谈话;认识;n.逆行,逆向;倒;相反的事物;
The more vegetation we lose, the more that's likely to exacerbate climate change and lead to further desertification . 我们失去越多土地上的植被 越可能加剧气候变迁 导致进一步的沙漠化
vegetation:n.植被;植物,草木;呆板单调的生活; exacerbate:vt.使加剧;使恶化;激怒; desertification:n.(土壤)荒漠化;沙漠化(等于desertization);
And this animation, this shows photosynthetic activity over the course of a number of years, and what you can see is that the boundaries of those deserts shift quite a lot, and that raises the question 这个动画显示了 数年来的光合作用的活动 我们可以看到这些沙漠的范围 他们变化很大 这引发了一个问题
photosynthetic:adj.[生化]光合的;光合作用的; boundaries:n.边界;分界线;(boundary的复数)
of whether we can intervene at the boundary conditions to halt , or maybe even reverse , desertification. 我们是否能干预沙漠的界线 去限制或是让沙漠化的土地回复原本的样子
intervene:vi.干涉;调停;插入; boundary:n.边界;范围;分界线; halt:v.停止;立定;踌躇,犹豫;n.停止;立定;休息; reverse:n.反面; v.颠倒; adj.相反的;
And if you look at some of the organisms that have evolved to live in deserts, there are some amazing examples of adaptations to water scarcity . 你看一些生物 可以适应在沙漠生活 在适应缺水问题时也有一些令人惊讶的例子
evolved:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;(evolve的过去分词和过去式) adaptations:n.适应;改编(adaptation的复数); scarcity:n.不足;缺乏;
This is the Namibian fog-basking beetle, and it's evolved a way of harvesting its own fresh water in a desert. 这是纳米比亚的沐雾甲虫 它自己演化出可以在沙漠收集淡水的方法
The way it does this is it comes out at night, crawls to the top of a sand dune , and because it's got a matt black shell, is able to radiate heat out to the night sky and become slightly cooler than its surroundings . 它的方式是它在夜间出来活动 爬到沙丘上头 因为他的粗糙黑色外壳 能够在夜晚散发热能 又能比其周围环境低温
crawls:v.爬;匍匐行进;(昆虫)爬行;缓慢行进;(crawl的第三人称单数) sand dune:un.沙丘;砂丘;沙垄; radiate:vt.辐射; vi.辐射; adj.辐射状的,有射线的; slightly:adv.些微地,轻微地;纤细地; surroundings:n.周围的环境;环境;(surrounding的复数)
So when the moist breeze blows in off the sea, you get these droplets of water forming on the beetle's shell. 因此,当海上吹起了潮湿的微风 甲虫的壳就能让水滴凝结在上面
moist:adj.潮湿的;多雨的;含泪的;n.潮湿; breeze:n.微风;和风;轻而易举的事;v.轻盈而自信地走; droplets:n.[流]液滴(droplet的复数);飞沫;
Just before sunrise , he tips his shell up, the water runs down into his mouth, has a good drink, goes off and hides for the rest of the day. 在日出前,它把身体抬高,水就能流进嘴里 喝一口水,然后躲起来好好休息的一天
sunrise:n.日出;朝霞; tips:n.尖端; v.(使)倾斜,翻覆; (tip的第三人称单数和复数)
And the ingenuity , if you could call it that, goes even further. 如果要说,这是大自然的智慧 更进一步看
ingenuity:n.心灵手巧,独创性;精巧;精巧的装置;
Because if you look closely at the beetle's shell, there are lots of little bumps on that shell. 如果仔细观察甲虫的外壳 外壳上有许多小的突起物
bumps:碰撞(bump的第三人称单数);碰撞(bump的复数);
And those bumps are hydrophilic; they attract water. 而那些突起物具有亲水性,能吸引水
Between them there's a waxy finish which repels water. 在每个突起物间有像蜡一样的沟槽可以排水
waxy:adj.柔软的;蜡色的;像蜡的;苍白的; repels:vt.击退;抵制;使厌恶;使不愉快;
And the effect of this is that as the droplets start to form on the bumps, they stay in tight, spherical beads , which means they're much more mobile than they would be if it was just a film of water over the whole beetle's shell. 这个的作用是 水滴在这些突起物上形成时 水分会紧密而且呈现水珠状 所以这比在甲壳虫的整个甲壳上 有一薄薄一层水要更具流动性
spherical:adj.球形的,球面的;天体的; beads:n.(有孔的)珠子;(玫瑰)念珠;(液体的)小滴;(bead的复数) mobile:n.手机;汽车;移动电话;adj.活跃的;可动的;
So even when there's only a small amount of moisture in the air, it's able to harvest that very effectively and channel it down to its mouth. 因此即使当空气中只有少量的水分 它仍然能够非常有效的获取水分让水流到口里
moisture:n.水分;湿度;潮湿;降雨量;
So amazing example of an adaptation to a very resource-constrained environment -- and in that sense, very relevant to the kind of challenges we're going to be facing over the next few years, next few decades. 这是一个非常惊人的适应 有限资源环境的事例 这和我们息息相关 我们要面对相似的挑战 在未来几年,或几十年
relevant:adj.相关的;切题的;中肯的;有重大关系的;有意义的,目的明确的;
We're working with the guy who invented the Seawater Greenhouse. 我们正与一位发明了海水温室的人合作
Seawater:n.海水;
This is a greenhouse designed for arid coastal regions , and the way it works is that you have this whole wall of evaporator grills , and you trickle seawater over that 这是一种在干旱沿海地区做的温室设计 这运作的方式是里头有整座蒸发器架 让海水滴流过这里
arid:adj.干旱的;不毛的,[农]荒芜的; coastal:adj.沿海的;海岸的; regions:n.地区;地域;行政区;左近;(region的复数) evaporator:n.蒸发器,蒸发设备; grills:n.烤架(grill的复数);v.在烤架上炙烤;受炙烤(grill的第三人称单数); trickle:v.(使)滴,淌,小股流淌;(使)慢慢走;n.细流;涓流;
so that wind blows through, it picks up a lot of moisture and is cooled in the process. 让风吹过收集很多的水分 然后在过程中冷却
So inside it's cool and humid , which means the plants need less water to grow. 所以里面是凉爽和潮湿的 适合不太需要水的植物生长
humid:adj.潮湿的;湿润的;多湿气的;
And then at the back of the greenhouse, it condenses a lot of that humidity as freshwater in a process that is effectively identical to the beetle. 在温室后方 能凝结大量的湿气转变为淡水 这个过程实际上是和甲虫是相同的
condenses:v.浓缩;使缩短(condense的三单形式); humidity:n.[气象]湿度;湿气; freshwater:adj.淡水的;无经验的;n.淡水;内河;湖水; identical:adj.同一的;完全相同的;n.完全相同的事物;
And what they found with the first Seawater Greenhouse that was built was it was producing slightly more freshwater than it needed for the plants inside. 而他们盖的第一座海水温室 能生产很多的淡水 而且多过里头植物所需要的
So they just started spreading this on the land around, and the combination of that and the elevated humidity had quite a dramatic effect on the local area. 因此他们开始推广到附近的土地 结合这一点和湿度升高这两种条件 让这个地区有非常大的改变
combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合; elevated:adj.提高的;高尚的;欢欣的;v.提高;振奋;提拔;(elevate的过去分词和过去式) dramatic:adj.突然的;巨大的;令人吃惊的;激动人心的;
This photograph was taken on completion day, and just one year later, it looked like that. 这张照片是在完工日那天拍的 一年后看起来像这样
completion:n.完成,结束;实现;
So it was like a green inkblot spreading out from the building turning barren land back into biologically productive land -- and in that sense, going beyond sustainable design to achieve restorative design. 它就像一个绿色的墨渍从建筑物扩散出去 让贫瘠的土地回复到有生命的样子 也就是说这不仅维持了生态平衡 更达到恢复生机
inkblot:n.墨水斑点; barren:n.不毛之地;adj.贫瘠的;不毛的;不结果实的;不育的; biologically:adv.生物学上,生物学地; sustainable:adj.可以忍受的;足可支撑的;养得起的;可持续的; restorative:n.[药]恢复药,滋补剂;adj.滋补的,有助于复元的;恢复健康的;
So we were keen to scale this up and apply biomimicry ideas to maximize the benefits. 因此我们希望可以扩大 应用生物模拟的想法把效益最大化
keen:adj.敏锐的,敏捷的;渴望的;强烈的;热心的;锐利的;n.痛哭,挽歌; scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求;
And when you think about nature, often you think about it as being all about competition . 当我们想到大自然 我们大部分想到的是竞争
competition:n.竞争;比赛,竞赛;
But actually in mature ecosystems, you're just as likely to find examples of symbiotic relationships. 但实际上在成熟的生态系统中 你能发现很多例子 都存在共生关系
mature:v.成熟; adj.明白事理的; symbiotic:adj.[生态]共生的;共栖的;
So an important biomimicry principle is to find ways of bringing technologies together in symbiotic clusters . 所以重要的生物模拟的原则 是想办法把不同的技术结合 做到集体共生
principle:n.原理,原则;主义,道义;本质,本义;根源,源泉; technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数); clusters:n.[植]簇;丛(cluster的复数形式);[计]群集;
And the technology that we settled on as an ideal partner for the Seawater Greenhouse is concentrated solar power, which uses solar-tracking mirrors to focus the sun's heat to create electricity. 我们看中的技术是 能和海水温室的概念合作的 太阳能源应用技术 它使用能追踪太阳能的镜子集中太阳的热能 变成电力
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; settled:adj.稳定的; v.结束; (settle的过去分词和过去式) concentrated:adj.决心要做的; v.集中(注意力); (concentrate的过去式和过去分词)
And just to give you some sense of the potential of CSP, consider that we receive 10,000 times as much energy from the sun every year as we use in energy from all forms -- 10,000 times. 我想让你们对太阳能源应用技术多一点了解 想想看 如果我们每年使用的电有10,000倍来自太阳能 比较来自其他的发电方式 10,000倍
potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的;
So our energy problems are not intractable . 如果这样我们的能源问题就不棘手
intractable:adj.棘手的;难治的;倔强的;不听话的;
It's a challenge to our ingenuity. 问题在我们的创造力
And the kind of synergies I'm talking about are, firstly, both these technologies work very well in hot, sunny deserts. 我现在要说的综效是 这两种技术在高温阳光充足的地方都能作用
synergies:n.协同增效效应;合并效果(synergy的复数);
CSP needs a supply of demineralized freshwater. 太阳能源应用技术需要去除矿物质的水
demineralized:v.去矿物质;脱盐;(demineralize的过去分词)
That's exactly what the Seawater Greenhouse produces. 而海水温室能生产这样的水
CSP produces a lot of waste heat. 太阳能源应用技术则产生大量的热能
We'll be able to make use of all that to evaporate more seawater and enhance the restorative benefits. 我们可以用来蒸发大量的海水 提高回收效益
make use of:使用,利用; evaporate:vt.使…蒸发;使…脱水;使…消失;vi.蒸发,挥发;消失,失踪; enhance:v.提高;增强;增进;
And finally , in the shade under the mirrors, it's possible to grow all sorts of crops that would not grow in direct sunlight. 然后在镜子下的遮阴处 可以增种各种作物 能避免直接的日照
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; shade:n.阴凉处;色度;灯罩;背阴;v.给…遮挡(光线);加灯罩;把…涂暗;画阴影;
So this is how this scheme would look. 这是这个项目的宏图
The idea is we create this long hedge of greenhouses facing the wind. 我们会在迎风处建造一大片的温室
hedge:n.树篱; v.避免正面回答; adj.树篱的; greenhouses:n.温室(greenhouse的复数);
We'd have concentrated solar power plants at intervals along the way. 还有太阳能发电厂 以固定的间距盖在这条路上
at intervals:时时,不时;相隔一定距离(或时间);
Some of you might be wondering what we would do with all the salts. 在座某些人可能想知道我们会如何处理那些盐分
And with biomimicry, if you've got an underutilized resource, you don't think, "How am I going to dispose of this?" 在生物模拟的概念下,如果你有一项还未被使用的资源 你不会想 我该怎么把这东西丢掉？
underutilized:vt.未充分使用(underutilize过去式);
You think, "What can I add to the system to create more value?" 你反而会想 我该加什么东西进来创造出更多的价值？
And it turns out that different things crystallize out at different stages. 事实证明 不同的物质在不同的阶段会变成结晶
crystallize:vt.使结晶;明确;使具体化;做成蜜饯;vi.结晶,形成结晶;明确;具体化;
When you evaporate seawater, the first thing to crystallize out is calcium carbonate . 开始蒸馏海水的时候,第一样被结晶出来的 是碳酸钙
calcium carbonate:n.[化]碳酸钙;
And that builds up on the evaporators -- and that's what that image on the left is -- gradually getting encrusted with the calcium carbonate. 碳酸钙会凝聚在蒸发器上 就会像左边的图片那样 逐渐被碳酸钙给覆盖
evaporators:n.[化工][制冷]蒸发器;脱水器;蒸发窑;脱水工(evaporator的复数); gradually:adv.渐渐地;逐步地; encrusted:adj.带有外壳的;无伸缩性的;v.包以外壳;使形成硬壳(encrust的过去分词);
So after a while, we could take that out, use it as a lightweight building block . 经过一段时间,我们可以把这些取下来 做成轻量的砖块
And if you think about the carbon in that, that would have come out of the atmosphere , into the sea and then locked away in a building product. 如果你问那碳是哪里来的？ 那是从大气中来,落到海里 然后凝结在这些建材里
atmosphere:n.大气;气氛;气压;风格;
The next thing is sodium chloride . 第二种是氯化钠
sodium chloride:n.氯化钠;食盐;
You can also compress that into a building block, as they did here. 也是可以压缩做成砖块 就像这里
compress:vi.受压缩小;vt.压缩,压紧;精简;
This is a hotel in Bolivia. 这是玻利维亚的一间酒店
And then after that, there are all sorts of compounds and elements that we can extract, like phosphates , that we need to get back into the desert soils to fertilize them. 之后还有其他各种 化合物和元素是我们可以提炼出来的 像磷酸盐,这东西我们可以拿到沙漠施肥
compounds:n.混合物,化合物;大院(compound的复数形式); phosphates:n.光气,[无化]磷酸盐(phosphate的复数形式); fertilize:vt.使受精;使肥沃;
And there's just about every element of the periodic table in seawater. 几乎化学周期表上的所有元素 都能从海水里获得
periodic table:n.元素周期表;
So it should be possible to extract valuable elements like lithium for high-performance batteries . 所以我们应该能从海水提炼出有价值的元素 像高性能电池需要的锂
valuable:adj.有价值的;贵重的;可估价的;n.贵重物品; lithium:n.锂(符号Li); high-performance:adj.高性能的;高效能的; batteries:n.电池;炮组;炮列;[法]殴打;(batteries是battery的复数)
And in parts of the Arabian Gulf , the seawater, the salinity is increasing steadily due to the discharge of waste brine from desalination plants. 而在阿拉伯海湾地区 海水里的盐份是稳定的在增加 因为有废卤水 从海水淡化厂排出
Gulf:n.海湾;深渊;分歧;漩涡;vt.吞没; salinity:n.盐度;盐分;盐性; steadily:adv.稳定地;稳固地;有规则地; discharge:v.履行;释放;排出;流出;n.出院;执行;退伍;排出(物); brine:n.卤水;盐水;海水;vt.用浓盐水处理(或浸泡); desalination:n.脱盐作用;减少盐分;
And it's pushing the ecosystem close to collapse . 这造成生态系统濒临崩溃
collapse:vi.倒塌;瓦解;暴跌;vt.使倒塌,使崩溃;使萎陷;折叠;n.倒塌;失败;衰竭;
Now we would be able to make use of all that waste brine. 现在我们能够利用的所有的废卤水
We could evaporate it to enhance the restorative benefits and capture the salts, transforming an urgent waste problem into a big opportunity. 我们可以蒸馏它 提高回收效益 同时取得盐巴 把一个急迫的污染问题变成一个良机
capture:v.俘虏;捕获;攻占;夺得;刻画,描述;n.(被)捕获;(被)俘获 transforming:v.使改变形态;使改变外观(或性质);使改观;(transform的现在分词) urgent:adj.紧急的;急迫的;
Really the Sahara Forest Project is a model for how we could create zero-carbon food, abundant renewable energy in some of the most water-stressed parts of the planet as well as reversing desertification in certain areas. 撒哈拉造林工程是一个非常好的例子 说明我们能够制造零炭食品 在地球一些缺水的地方创造出丰富的可载生能源 同时让某些沙漠化的土地恢复生机
abundant:adj.丰富的;充裕的;盛产; renewable:adj.可再生的;可更新的;可继续的;n.再生性能源; as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且; reversing:v.颠倒;彻底转变;使完全相反;(reverse的现在分词)
So returning to those big challenges that I mentioned at the beginning : radical increases in resource efficiency, closing loops and a solar economy. 因此,让我们回到我在开始时提到的大的挑战 提高基本资源的使用效率 建立封闭式循环和太阳能经济
at the beginning:首先;从一开始;起初;从头开始; loops:n.[计]循环(loop复数); v.使...成环,以圈结,以环连结(loop的第三人称单数形式);
They're not just possible; they're critical . 这些不只是可行的, 而且非常重要
critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的;
And I firmly believe that studying the way nature solves problems will provide a lot of the solutions. 我深信,研究大自然解决问题的办法 可以为人类提供很多解决的方法
But perhaps more than anything, what this thinking provides is a really positive way of talking about sustainable design. 然而也许更重要的是, 思考能带来 积极的持续发展的设计
Far too much of the talk about the environment uses very negative language. 很多讨论环境问题的讲话 常常用很消极的语言
negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝;
But here it's about synergies and abundance and optimizing . 然而, 它应该是有综效,丰富的和乐观的
abundance:n.丰度;丰富;大量;富足; optimizing:n.[数]优化,最佳化;adj.最佳的;v.最佳化(optimize的现在分词);
And this is an important point. 这个很重要
Antoine de Saint-Exupery once said, "If you want to build a flotilla of ships, you don't sit around talking about carpentry . 安东尼·圣埃克苏佩里曾经说过, “如果你想创立一个舰队 你不是坐下来谈木工的工作
flotilla:n.小型船队;小舰队; sit around:无所事事; carpentry:n.木器;木工手艺;[木]木工业;
No, you need to set people's souls ablaze with visions of exploring distant shores." 你需要让人的灵魂 对探索遥远的海岸充满了热情”
ablaze:adj.着火的;闪耀的;激昂的;adv.着火;闪耀; visions:n.愿景; v.想像; distant:adj.遥远的;远处的;久远的;
And that's what we need to do, so let's be positive, and let's make progress with what could be the most exciting period of innovation we've ever seen. 这才是我们要做的, 所以让我们保持乐观 在这个很可能是最令人兴奋的 我们从未见过的创造时期共同创造
innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法;
Thank you. 谢谢各位
(Applause) (掌声)