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MichaelHendryx_2017P-_山巅移除的惊人危险性——以及为什么必须要终止它_
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| Let's say that you wanted to conduct an experiment. |
假設你想要進行一項實驗。 |
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conduct:v.实施;执行;表现;引导;n.举止;管理方法;经营方式;实施办法;
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| In this experiment, you randomly assign people to live in blasting zones or in control locations without explosives going off over their heads. |
在這個實驗中, 你隨機指派一些人 或是住在沒有爆裂物 會在頭上炸開的控制區。 |
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randomly:adv.随便地,任意地;无目的,胡乱地;未加计划地; assign:v.指定;指派;转让;分派;n.[法]受让人; blasting:v.(用炸药)炸毁,把…炸成碎片;严厉批评;(blast的现在分词) locations:n.地方;地点;位置;定位(location的复数) explosives:n.爆炸物,[化工]炸药;爆炸品(explosive的复数);
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| They live in the community for years, just downwind and downstream from sites where tons of explosives are used almost daily. |
他們住在社區很多年, 社區就在幾乎每天會使用 大量爆裂物之地點的 下風處和下游處。 |
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community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; downwind:adv.顺风;在下风;adj.顺风的; downstream:adv.下游地;顺流而下;adj.下游的;顺流的; sites:n.网站(site的复数);遗址,举办地点;v.使...位于(site的单三形式);
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| And millions of gallons of water contaminated . |
數百萬加侖的水都受到污染。 |
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gallons:n.加仑;大量(gallon的复数);一加仑的容器; contaminated:v.污染;玷污,毒害(人的思想或品德);(contaminate的过去分词和过去式)
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| With random assignment , you could carefully study the long-term health effects of living in these blasting communities without a bunch of annoying confounders and covariates . |
透過隨機分派, 你可以很仔細地研究 住在這些爆破地區的長期健康影響, 而不須考慮一堆惱人的 干擾因子和共變量。 |
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assignment:n.分配:(分派的)工作,任务: long-term:adj.长期的;从长远来看; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆; annoying:adj.烦人的;使生气的;使烦恼的;v.使生气;打扰;骚扰;(annoy的现在分词) covariates:协变量;协从变量;协变量组;
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| Random assignment does wonders. |
隨機分派能帶來神奇的效果。 |
| That would be a rigorous , powerful scientific inquiry into the effects of these environmental exposures . |
這會是一項嚴格且強大的科學探索, 來研究暴露在這些環境下 所受到的影響。 |
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rigorous:adj.严格的,严厉的;严密的;严酷的; scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; inquiry:n.询问;查询;打听;调查; exposures:暴露;[摄]曝光;揭露;陈列(exposure的复数);
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| Of course, such a study could never be done. |
當然,永遠不可能做這樣的研究。 |
| Most scientists wouldn't have the stomach for it. |
大部分的科學家不會有這種膽量的。 |
| The institutional review board would never approve it; it would never pass human subjects review, because it would be unethical , immoral . |
研究倫理委員會也絕對不會批准; 它永遠無法通過人體試驗審查, 因為這麼做是不合倫理,也不道德。 |
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institutional:adj.制度的; approve:v.批准;赞成;同意;核准; unethical:adj.不道德的;缺乏职业道德的; immoral:adj.不道德的;邪恶的;淫荡的;
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| And yet in effect, it is happening right now. |
但,實際上,這種事正在發生。 |
| In my mind, this prompts some questions. |
這在我腦中浮現出了一些問題。 |
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prompts:n.[计]提示;提示性语言(prompt的复数形式);
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| What is the ethical obligation of the scientists who believes populations are in danger? |
相信人們正處在危險中的科學家, 有什麼倫理的義務？ |
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obligation:n.义务;责任;职责;(已承诺的或法律等规定的)义务;
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| How much evidence is enough to be confident of our conclusions ? |
要有多少證據, 才能夠對我們的結論有信心？ |
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evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; confident of:确信,相信; conclusions:n.结论,总结;决定;(conclusion的复数)
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| Where is the line between scientific certainty and the need to act? |
科學的必然性和行動的必要性 之間的界線在哪裡？ |
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certainty:n.必然;确实;确实的事情;
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| The unplanned experiment that is happening right now is called mountaintop removal . |
目前正在進行的那個未規劃之實驗 叫做「山巔移除」。 |
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unplanned:adj.意外的;在计划外的;未经筹划的; mountaintop:n.山顶; removal:n.去除;消除;清除;除去;
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| The abbreviation for it is MTR. |
它的縮寫是 MTR。 |
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abbreviation:n.缩写;缩写词;
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| It is a form of surface coal mining that takes place in Appalachia, here in the United States. |
它是露天煤礦開採的一種形式, 在美國這裡的 阿帕拉契山區就有被使用。 |
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United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
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| MTR occurs in four states: Virginia , West Virginia , Kentucky and Tennessee . |
山巔移除發生在四個州: 維吉尼亞州、西維吉尼亞州、 |
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occurs:v.重现(occur的第三人称单数); Virginia:adj.弗吉尼亚州的; Kentucky:n.肯塔基州; Tennessee:n.田纳西州(美国州名);
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| Over 1.2 million acres have been mined in this way. |
超過一千兩百萬英畝的面積 都是用這種方式來開採的。 |
| This is an area about the size of Delaware but it is spread over a footprint as large as Vermont and New Hampshire combined. |
這個面積大約等同於 德拉威州的大小, 但受到影響的地區 等同於佛蒙特州及新罕布夏州 加起來一樣大的面積。 |
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Delaware:n.特拉华州(位于美国东部); spread over:传遍,延续;遍布于…; footprint:n.足迹;脚印; Vermont:n.佛蒙特州(美国州名,略作VT); Hampshire:n.汉普郡(英国南部之一郡);
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| The process involves clear-cutting ancient Appalachian forest, home to some of the richest biodiversity on the planet. |
過程涉及對古老的阿巴拉契亞 山脈森林進行皆伐作業。 這裡是地球上生物多樣性 最豐富的地區之一。 |
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process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; involves:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加,加入(involve的第三人称单数) clear-cutting:皆伐(clear-cut的现在分词); biodiversity:n.生物多样性;
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| The trees are typically burned or dumped into adjacent valleys. |
通常,樹木會被燒掉 或丟棄在毗連的溪谷中。 |
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typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地; dumped:v.丢弃,扔掉;丢下;抛弃;倾销,抛售;(dump的过去分词和过去式) adjacent:adj.邻近的,毗连的;
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| Then, to reach the buried coal seams , explosives are used to remove up to 800 feet of mountain elevation . |
接著,為了開採被埋在下面的煤礦, 他們使用爆裂物來移除 |
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seams:n.缝合线(seam的复数);缝合处;v.焊接(seam的三单形式);用线缝接; elevation:n.高地;海拔;提高;崇高;正面图;
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| Over 1,500 tons of explosives are used for coal mining in West Virginia alone. |
光是在西維吉尼亞州, 煤礦開採就用了 超過一千五百噸的爆裂物, |
| Every day. |
這是每天的用量。 |
| Rock and soil debris is dumped over the valley sides where it permanently buries headwater streams. |
岩石和土壤殘骸被丟棄在溪谷邊, 將河源上游的溪流永遠掩埋住。 |
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debris:n.碎片,残骸; permanently:adv.永久地,长期不变地; headwater:n.上游源头;
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| So far, over 500 mountains have been destroyed. |
到目前為止, 超過五百座山已經被摧毀。 |
| About 2,000 miles of streams have been permanently buried. |
大約兩千英哩的溪流 已經被永遠掩埋。 |
| Water emerging from the base of the valley fills is highly contaminated and remains contaminated for decades. |
從溪谷底部的填土中所流出來的水 且接下來數十年 都仍然會是受污染的。 |
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emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词) highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地;
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| The coal then has to be chemically treated , crushed and washed before it can be transported to power plants and burned. |
接著,煤礦還需要經過 化學處理、壓碎,並清洗, 之後才能被運送到電廠做燃燒用。 |
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chemically:adv.用化学;以化学方法; treated:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;(treat的过去分词和过去式) crushed:v.压坏;压伤;挤压变形;(crush的过去分词和过去式) transported:v.(用交通工具)运输,运送,输送;(transport的过去分词和过去式)
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| This cleaning takes place on-site . |
清潔是直接在現場進行。 |
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on-site:adj.现场的;
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| The process produces more air pollution and contaminates billions of gallons of water with metals, sulfates , cleaning chemicals and other impurities . |
過程產生更多的空氣污染, 並讓數十億加侖的水 受到金屬、硫酸鹽、 清潔化學物,及其他雜質的污染。 |
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contaminates:vt.污染,弄脏;n.受到污染的; sulfates:n.[无化]硫酸盐(sulfate的复数); v.变成硫酸盐; chemicals:n.化学制品;化学品;(chemical的复数) impurities:n.杂质(impurity的复数);
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| All of this to produce three percent of US electricity demand -- only three percent of US electricity demand. |
所有這一切,就是為了產生 3% 的美國電力需求—— 僅僅 3% 的美國電力需求。 |
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electricity:n.电力;电流;强烈的紧张情绪;
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| As you can appreciate , this prompts all sorts of other questions. |
各位應該可以理解, 這會帶來各種其他的問題。 |
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appreciate:v.欣赏;感激;感谢;理解;
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| What are the health impacts of mountaintop-removal mining? |
山巔移除採礦對於健康 會有什麼影響？ |
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impacts:n.影响; v.有影响,有作用; mountaintop-removal:山巅移除;造山运动;
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| There are over a million people who live in counties where MTR takes place and millions more downstream and downwind. |
在使用山巔移除的郡中, 有超過一百萬的居民, 在下游和下風處還有其他數百萬人。 |
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counties:n.郡,县;(county的复数)
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| What has been the response of industry and government when these issues are documented? |
當有證據證明這些議題時, 產業和政府的回應是什麼呢？ |
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response:n.响应;反应;回答; issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数)
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| And again, what is the ethical obligation of science when faced with this disturbing situation? |
同樣的,在面對這種 讓人不舒服的情況時, 科學家的倫理義務是什麼？ |
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disturbing:adj.引起烦恼的;令人不安的;v.打扰;干扰;搅乱;使不安;(disturb的现在分词)
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| I began to research this issue in 2006. |
我從 2006 年就開始 研究這個議題。 |
| I had just taken a job at West Virginia University. |
我那時剛才在西維吉尼亞 大學接了一份工作。 |
| Before then, I hadn't done any research related to coal. |
在那之前,我從來沒有 做過任何和煤相關的研究。 |
| But I started to hear stories from people who lived in these mining communities. |
但我開始聽到一些 由住在這些採礦社區的人 所說的故事。 |
| They said that the water they drank was not clean, that the air they breathed was polluted. |
他們說,他們喝的水並不乾淨, 他們呼吸的空氣是受污染的。 |
| They would tell me about their own illnesses or illnesses in their family. |
他們告訴我他們自己的疾病, 或是他們家人的疾病。 |
| They were worried about how common cancer was in their neighborhoods. |
他們擔心在他們的鄰里中 癌症有多麼常見。 |
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cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤;
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| I met with many people in southern West Virginia and eastern Kentucky to listen to those stories and hear their concerns . |
我見過許多西維吉尼亞州南部 和肯塔基州東部的人, 我傾聽那些故事, 聽他們訴說他們的擔憂。 |
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eastern:adj.东方的;向东的;东部的;东方国家的;n.东方人;东正教信徒; concerns:n.关注; v.使关心(concern的三单形式);
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| I searched the scientific literature and was surprised to learn that nothing had been published on the public health effects of coal mining in the United States. |
我搜尋科學文獻, 很驚訝地發現,沒有任何 關於美國煤礦開採 對大眾健康造成什麼 影響的文獻被出版。 |
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literature:n.文学;文献;文艺;著作;
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| Let me say that again -- nothing had been published on the public health effects of coal mining in the US. |
讓我再說一次—— 沒有任何關於美國煤礦開採 對大眾健康造成什麼 影響的文獻被出版。 |
| So I thought, "I can make a new contribution , no matter what I find, to either confirm these concerns or to alleviate them." |
所以,我心想: 「我可以做一點新的貢獻, 不論我發現什麼, 無論是確認或是緩解那些擔憂, 都會是貢獻。」 |
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contribution:n.捐款;捐资;定期缴款;贡献;促成作用;稿件; no matter what:不管什么…; alleviate:v.减轻,缓和;
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| I had no personal or organizational agenda . |
我沒有個人或是組織的動機。 |
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personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词; organizational:adj.组织的;编制的; agenda:n.议事日程;
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| Many of my colleagues initially were skeptical that there would be any link between public health and mining. |
我的許多同事一開始都懷疑 大眾健康和採礦之間 會有任何連結嗎？ |
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colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); initially:adv.最初,首先;开头; skeptical:adj.怀疑的;怀疑论的,不可知论的;
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| They predicted that the health problems could be explained by poverty or by lifestyle issues, like smoking and obesity . |
他們的預測是, 健康問題可以用貧困, 或抽煙和肥胖這類 生活習慣議題來解釋。 |
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predicted:v.预言;预告;预报;(predict的过去分词和过去式) poverty:n.贫困;困难;缺少;低劣; obesity:n.肥大,肥胖;
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| When I started, I thought maybe they would be right. |
剛開始,我心想他們可能是對的。 |
| We started by analyzing existing databases that allowed us to link population health to mining activity and to control statistically for age, sex, race, smoking, obesity, poverty, education, health insurance and others we could measure. |
我們一開始先分析既有的資料庫, 那讓我們能夠將居民健康 和採礦活動連結起來, 並在統計上控制年齡、 性別、種族、抽煙、 肥胖、貧困、教育、健康保險, 及其他我們能測量的變數。 |
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analyzing:adj.分析的;v.分析(analyze的现在分词); statistically:adv.统计地;统计学上; insurance:n.保险;保险业;保险费;保费;adj.胜券在握的;
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| We found evidence that confirmed the concerns of the residents , and we started to publish our findings . |
我們發現了證據, 證明居民的憂慮是真的, 我們開始刊登我們的發現。 |
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residents:n.居民;住院医生;房客;(resident的复数) publish:v.出版;发表;公布; findings:n.调查发现;判决;裁决;(finding的复数)
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| As a very brief summary , we found that people who live where mountaintop removal takes place have significantly higher levels of cardiovascular disease , kidney disease and chronic lung disease like COPD. |
非常簡短地總結一下, 我們發現,住在山巔移除地區的人 明顯比較有可能得到心血管疾病、 腎臟疾病,和慢性肺部疾病, 如慢性肺部阻塞。 |
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summary:adj.简易的;扼要的;n.概要,摘要,总结; significantly:adv.意味深长地;值得注目地; cardiovascular:adj.[解剖]心血管的; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; kidney:n.[解剖]肾脏;腰子;个性;
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| Death rates from cancer are significantly elevated , especially for lung cancer. |
癌症造成的死亡率顯著較高, 特別是肺癌。 |
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elevated:adj.提高的;高尚的;欢欣的;v.提高;振奋;提拔;(elevate的过去分词和过去式) especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分;
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| We've seen evidence for higher rates of birth defects and for babies born at low birth weight. |
我們看到造成較高的 嬰兒出生缺陷率 及新生兒體重過輕率的證據。 |
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defects:n.缺点;瑕疵;不合格品(defect的复数);v.叛变(defect的三单形式);
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| The difference in total mortality equates to about 1,200 excess deaths every year in MTR areas, controlling for other risks. |
在其他風險都被控制的情況下, 山巔移除地區每年的總死亡人數 至少多出一千兩百人。 |
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mortality:n.死亡数,死亡率;必死性,必死的命运; equates:vt.使相等;视为平等;vi.等同; excess:n.超过,超额;过度,过量;无节制;adj.额外的,过量的;附加的;
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| Twelve hundred excess deaths every year. |
每年至少多一千兩百人死亡。 |
| Not only are death rates higher, but they increase as the levels of mining go up in a dose-response manner. |
不僅是死亡率提高, 採擴的程度提升時, 死亡率也會跟著增加, 就像劑量反應一樣。 |
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dose-response:un.剂量反应;剂量疗效反应;反应关系;
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| Next, we started to conduct community door-to-door health surveys . |
接著,我們開始進行 挨家挨戶的健康調查。 |
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door-to-door:v.送货上门地; adj.送货上门的; surveys:n.调查(survey的复数);
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| We surveyed people living within a few miles of MTR versus similar rural communities without mining. |
我們調查的對象,是住在 山巔移除附近幾英哩內的人, 與附近沒有採礦的 類似的農村社區中的居民做比較。 |
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surveyed:v.调查,俯视(survey的过去式和过去分词形式);考察,调研; versus:prep.对;与...相对;对抗; rural:adj.农村的,乡下的;田园的,有乡村风味的;
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| Survey results show higher levels of personal and family illness, self-reported health status is poorer, and illness symptoms across a broad spectrum are more common. |
調查結果顯示個人和家庭 疾病的比率比較高, 自我呈報的健康狀況比較差, 各種疾病症狀也都比較常見。 |
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self-reported:自我报告;自述;自陈; status:n.地位;状态;情形;重要身份; symptoms:n.症状;征候;征兆;(symptom的复数) spectrum:n.光谱;频谱;范围;余象;
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| These studies are only associational . |
這些研究只是關聯性的。 |
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associational:adj.联想的;协会的;
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| We all know that correlation does not prove causation . |
我們都知道,有相關性 不能證明有因果關係。 |
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correlation:n.[数]相关,关联;相互关系; causation:n.原因;因果关系;出现;
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| These studies did not include data on the actual environmental conditions in mining communities. |
這些研究並沒有納入採礦社區 實際環境條件的資料。 |
| So we started to collect and report on that. |
所以我們開始收集和呈報那些資料。 |
| We found that violations of public drinking-water standards are seven times more common in MTR areas versus non-mining areas. |
我們發現,公共飲用水 違反標準的狀況, 山巔移除地區 是非採礦地區的七倍。 |
|
violations:n.违反,妨碍;违规或不雅行为(violation的复数形式); standards:n.标准,水平,规格(standard的复数)
|
| We collected air samples and found that particulate matter is elevated in mining communities, especially in the ultra-fine range. |
我們收集空氣樣本, 發現在採礦社區, 懸浮微粒的比率比較高, 特別是超細的微粒。 |
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particulate:adj.微粒的;n.微粒,微粒状物质; ultra-fine:超小的;超细;超微细;
|
| The dust in mining communities contains a complex mixture , but includes high levels of silica , a known lung carcinogen , and potentially harmful organic compounds . |
採礦社區的塵土,成份相當複雜, 包括了相當多的矽, 已知會導致肺癌的物質, 還有一些可能會造成傷害的 有機化合物。 |
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complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; mixture:n.混合;结合体;混合物;集合体; silica:n.二氧化硅;[材]硅土; carcinogen:n.致癌物质; potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地; organic:adj.有机的;不使用化肥的;绿色的;有机物的;n.分子有机体; compounds:n.混合物,化合物;大院(compound的复数形式);
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| We used the dust in laboratory experiments and found that it induced cardiovascular dysfunction in rats. |
我們把塵土拿到實驗室做實驗, 發現它會造成老鼠 出現心血管功能問題。 |
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laboratory:n.实验室,研究室; induced:adj.感应的;诱发型;v.引诱;说服(induce的过去分词); dysfunction:n.功能紊乱;机能障碍;官能不良;vi.功能失调;出现机能障碍;垮掉;
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| The dust also promoted the development of lung cancer in human in vitro lung cells. |
將肺細胞放在試管中做實驗, 發現這種塵土也會 促進人體的肺癌發展。 |
|
promoted:v.促进:促销:提升:(promote的过去分词和过去式) vitro:n.在试管内;
|
| This is just a quick summary of some of our studies. |
這只是我們部分研究的總整。 |
| The coal industry does not like what we have to say. |
煤礦業並不喜歡我們所提出的資訊。 |
| Neither does the government in coal country. |
煤礦地區的政府也不喜歡。 |
| Just like the tobacco industry paid for research to defend the safety of smoking, so the coal industry has tried to do the same by paying people to write papers claiming that MTR is safe. |
就像香菸業會花錢資助研究 來捍衛抽菸的安全性, 煤礦業也試著做同樣的事, 他們付錢給一些人,要他們寫論文 來宣稱山巔移除是安全的。 |
|
claiming:v.声称;要求给予;理应获得;(claim的现在分词)
|
| Lawyers have sent me harassing demands under the Freedom of Information Act, eventually denied by the courts. |
律師也依據資訊自由法 寄給我一些擾人的要求, 最終都被法庭否決。 |
|
harassing:v.侵扰;骚扰;不断攻击(敌人);(harass的现在分词) Freedom of Information:n.信息自由(查阅政府所掌握有关个人及组织的信息的权利); eventually:adv.最后,终于; denied:v.否认;拒绝;否定;不承认;(deny的过去分词和过去式)
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| I'd been attacked at public testimony at a Congressional hearing by a congressman with ties to the energy industry. |
我曾經在國會聽證上被公然攻擊, 攻擊我的是一名和能源產業 有關係的國會議員。 |
|
testimony:n.[法]证词,证言;证据; Congressional:adj.国会的;会议的;议会的; congressman:n.国会议员;众议院议员;
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| One governor has publicly declared that he refuses to read the research. |
有位州長曾經公開宣稱 他拒絕閱讀這項研究。 |
| And after a meeting with a member of Congress, in which I specifically shared my research, |
我曾和一位國會成員開會, 並在會議中明確分享了我的研究, |
|
specifically:adv.特别地;明确地;
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| I later heard that representative say they knew nothing about it. |
我後來卻聽說那位代表跟別人講, 他們對這研究一無所知。 |
|
representative:n.代表; adj.典型的;
|
| I worked with scientists at the US Geological Survey on environmental sampling for more than two years. |
我和美國地質調查局的科學家合作, 進行環境採樣,合作超過兩年。 |
|
Geological:adj.地质的,地质学的;
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| And just as they were starting to publish their findings, they were suddenly instructed by their superiors to stop work on this project. |
當他們正要開始公佈 他們的發現時, 他們突然接到他們主管的指示, 停止做這項專案計畫。 |
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superiors:n.级别更高的人;上级;上司;(superior的复数)
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| In August of this year, the National Academy of Sciences was suddenly instructed by the federal government to stop their independent review of the public health consequences of surface mining. |
今年八月,美國國家科學院 突然接到聯邦政府的指示, 要求他們停止一項獨立審查, 審查主題就是露天採礦 對公眾健康造成的後果。 |
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Academy:n.学院;研究院;学会;专科院校; federal:adj.联邦的;同盟的;联邦政府的;联邦制的;adv.联邦政府地; independent:adj.独立的; n.无党派议员(或候选人等); consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数);
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| These actions are politically motivated , in my view. |
在我看來,這些動作 背後的動機都是政治。 |
|
politically:adv.政治上; motivated:adj.有动机的; v.使产生动机;
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| But there is opposition from researchers, too. |
但,也有來自研究者的反對。 |
|
opposition:n.反对党;对立;在野党;对抗;
|
| At conferences or meetings, they express skepticism . |
他們會在討論會上或會議上 表達他們的懷疑。 |
|
conferences:n.会议(conference的复数形式); express:v.表达; adj.特快的; n.特快列车; v.使用快速服务; skepticism:n.怀疑论;怀疑的态度;
|
| OK, we are all taught, as scientists, to be skeptical. |
好,身為科學家, 我們都被教導要會懷疑。 |
| They ask, "What about this possible explanation?" |
他們會問:「那這個 可能的解釋又該怎麼說？」 |
| '"Have you considered that alternative interpretation ?" |
「你是否有考量過那一個 不同的詮釋方式？」 |
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alternative:adj.供选择的;选择性的;交替的;n.二中择一;供替代的选择; interpretation:n.解释;翻译;演出;
|
| They wonder, "There must be some confounder that we missed. |
他們納悶:「我們一定有 遺漏掉某個干擾因子。 |
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confounder:混杂因素;干扰因子;干扰因素;
|
| Some other variable we haven't accounted for." |
一定有我們沒考慮到的其他變數。」 |
|
variable:n.变量;可变因素;可变情况;adj.多变的;易变的;变化无常的;可更改的;
|
| '"An in vitro study, what does that prove?" |
「在試管中做的研究, 證明了什麼？」 |
| '"A rat study -- how do we know the same effects would be found in people?" |
「老鼠實驗——我們怎麼知道 在人身上也會有同樣的效應？」 |
| Maybe so. |
也許是如此。 |
| Technically, you have to acknowledge that they could be right, but you know, maybe these health problems are not the result of some unmeasured confound. |
技術上來說,你必須承認 他們有可能是對的, 但你知道,也許這些健康問題 並非是由一些未被測量的 複雜因素所造成的。 |
|
unmeasured:adj.不可测量的;无限的;无边无际的;无节制的;
|
| Maybe they result from blowing up mountains over people's heads. |
也許它們就是把人們頭上的山頂 炸掉所造成的結果。 |
| (Laughter) |
（笑聲） |
| (Applause) |
（掌聲） |
| There can always be doubt, if doubt is what you seek . |
只要你的目的是懷疑, 你一定都能找到可懷疑的點。 |
|
seek:v.寻求;寻找;谋求;
|
| Because we can never do that defining experiment. |
因為我們不可能做 那麼有決定性的實驗。 |
|
defining:v.解释(词语)的含义;给(词语)下定义;阐明;界定;(define的现在分词)
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| Any next study must always be associational. |
任何接下來的研究, 都一定只是關聯性的。 |
| So perhaps you can understand why I've started to wonder, how much evidence is enough? |
所以,也許你們可以了解, 為什麼我開始納悶, 要有多少證據才夠？ |
| I've published over 30 papers on this topic so far. |
針對這個議題,目前我已經 刊登了超過三十篇論文。 |
| Along with my coauthors , other researchers have added to the evidence, yet government doesn't want to listen, and the industry says it's only correlational . |
此外我的共同作者及其他研究者 也補充了許多證據, 但,政府並不想傾聽, 產業則是說,那只是有相關性存在。 |
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coauthors:n.共同执笔者,合著者;vt.合著; correlational:相关的;
|
| They say Appalachians have lifestyle issues. |
他們說,阿巴拉契亞山脈 有生活方式的議題。 |
| As though it had never occurred to us to control for smoking or obesity or poverty or education or health insurance. |
說得好像我們從來沒有想過 要去控制抽菸、肥胖、貧窮、教育, 或健康保險這些變數。 |
|
occurred:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在;(occur的过去分词和过去式)
|
| We controlled for all of those and more. |
我們不只控制了 這些變數,還有其他的。 |
| There comes a point where we don't need more research, where we can't ask people to be unwilling research subjects so we can do the next study. |
早晚會有一個時間點, 我們將不再需要更多的研究, 我們無法要求大家成為 非自願的研究對象 來讓我們進行下一項研究。 |
|
unwilling:adj.不愿意的;不情愿的;勉强的;
|
| As scientists, we follow the data wherever it goes, but sometimes data can only take us so far and we have to decide, as thinking, feeling human beings, what it means and when it is time to act. |
身為科學家,我們跟著資料跑, 但有時,資料能提供的有限, 做為能思考且有感覺的人類, 我們得要決定 採取行動的意義是什麼, 及何時該採取行動。 |
| I think that is true, not only for MTR but for other situations where evidence is strong and concerning but imperfect . |
我想,不僅是針對山巔移除, 在其他情況也一樣, 其他證據夠有力且讓人關注, 卻不夠完美的情況。 |
|
concerning:prep.关于;涉及;v.影响,牵涉(某人);与…有关;涉及;(concern的现在分词) imperfect:adj.有缺点的; n.未完成体; v.有瑕疵地;
|
| And when failing to act if you're wrong means people's lives. |
若沒有採取行動, 你錯了的代價就是人命。 |
| It may seem strange that there is any controversy over the health effects of mountaintop-removal mining. |
關於山巔移除的採礦方式 對健康所造成的影響, 有任何爭議似乎是很奇怪的。 |
|
controversy:n.争论;论战;辩论;
|
| But somehow , this subject has wound up in a scientific and political twilight zone alongside the debate over climate change or the argument years ago about whether or not smoking caused cancer. |
但,這個主題最後不知怎麼地 進入了科學和政治的灰色地帶, 同樣在這地帶的 還有對氣候變遷的辯論 或是多年前關於抽菸 是否會致癌的爭執。 |
|
somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地; wound:n.创伤,伤口;v.使受伤;受伤,伤害; twilight:n.黎明,黄昏;薄暮;衰退期;朦胧状态;adj.昏暗的,微明的;暮年的; debate:n.辩论;争论;考虑;v.辩论;争论;考虑; whether or not:是否…;
|
| In this twilight zone, much of the data seems to point to one conclusion. |
在這個灰色地帶, |
| But the economics or the politics or the prevailing public view insist on the opposite conclusion. |
但經濟、政治,或佔優勢的公眾觀點 都堅持相反的結論。 |
|
politics:n.政治;钩心斗角;政治观点;v.(贬)从事政治活动;(politic的第三人称单数) prevailing:adj.流行的;一般的;占优势的;v.盛行,流行;获胜;(prevail的现在分词形式)
|
| When you're a scientist and you think you have a valid insight where the health of entire populations is at stake but you find yourself trapped in this twilight zone of denial and disbelief , what is your moral and ethical obligation? |
若你是名科學家, 且你認為你有一項有效的洞見 會攸關所有人的健康, 但你卻發現你被困在 這個否認和不相信的灰色地帶中, 你的道德和倫理義務是什麼？ |
|
valid:adj.有效的;有根据的;合法的;正当的; insight:n.洞察力;洞悉; stake:n.桩,棍子;赌注;火刑;奖金;v.资助,支持;系…于桩上;把…押下打赌; trapped:adj.受困的;受限制的;v.使落入险境;使陷入困境;(trap的过去分词和过去式) denial:n.否认;否定;剥夺(应有的权利);拒不承认(令人不快、痛苦的事); disbelief:n.怀疑,不信;
|
| Obviously, scientists are responsible for telling the truth as they see it, based on evidence. |
很顯然,科學家在看到真相時 有責任要將它說出來, 且要以證據為基礎。 |
|
responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的;
|
| Simply stated, we have an obligation to stand up for the data. |
簡單來說,我們有義務 要為資料站出來。 |
|
stand up for:支持,坚持;拥护;
|
| It can be extremely frustrating to wait around for public opinion or political consensus to catch up to the scientific understanding. |
若要等待公眾意見或是政治共識 趕上科學了解,可能會很讓人挫折。 |
|
extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; frustrating:adj.令人沮丧的;v.使沮丧;(frustrate的现在分词) wait around:呆呆地等;空等; public opinion:n.舆论;民意; consensus:n.一致;舆论;合意; catch up to:赶上;处罚;逮捕;
|
| But the more controversial the subject and the more frustrating the debate, the more critical it is for scientists to preserve our objectivity and our reputation for integrity . |
但,主題越是有爭議性, 辯論越是讓人挫折, 科學家就越需要能夠保有客觀性 和正直名譽。 |
|
controversial:adj.有争议的;有争论的; critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的; preserve:vt.保存;保护;维持;腌;禁猎;n.保护区;禁猎地;加工成的食品; objectivity:n.客观;客观性; integrity:n.完整;正直;诚实;廉正;
|
| Because integrity is the coin of the realm in scientific and public policy debate. |
因為正直就是科學和公眾政策 辯論中具有最高價值的。 |
|
realm:n.领域,范围;王国; policy:n.政策,方针;保险单;
|
| In the long run , our reputation for integrity is the most powerful tool that we have, even more powerful than the data itself. |
長期來看, 我們的正直名譽 是我們最強大的工具, 甚至比資料本身都更強大。 |
|
In the long run:长远;终究;
|
| Without an acknowledged integrity on the part of scientists, no amount of data will ever convince people to believe painful or difficult truths. |
若科學家這一邊無法肯定正直, 不論有多少資料,都不可能說服大家 去相信痛苦且難以相信的真相。 |
|
on the part of:就...而言;由...所作出的;在...一边;由...所表现出的; no amount of:即使再大(或再多)的…(也不); convince:v.使确信;使相信;说服,劝说; painful:adj.痛苦的;疼痛的;令人不快的;
|
| But when we cultivate and guard our reputation for integrity, when we patiently stand up for the data and keep doing the studies and keep calmly bringing the results to the public, that's when we have our greatest impact. |
但當我們能培養 和保衛我們的正直名譽, 當我們能有耐心地為資料站出來, 持續平靜地將結果帶給民眾, 那就是我們的影響達到最大的時候。 |
|
cultivate:vt.培养;陶冶;耕作; patiently:adv.耐心地;有毅力地; calmly:adv.冷静地;平静地;安静地;
|
| Eventually, scientific truth does and will win out. |
最終,科學真相確實會, 也一定會勝出。 |
| How many lives will be lost while we wait? |
我們的等待,代價是多少條性命？ |
| Too many already. |
已經太多了。 |
| But prevail we will. |
但我們最後一定會勝利的。 |
| Thank you. |
謝謝。 |
| (Applause) |
（掌聲） |