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MennatElGhalid_2017G-_真菌是如何识别（以及感染）植物的？_
'"Will the blight end the chestnut ? “枯萎病会终结栗树吗？
blight:n.枯萎病;荒芜;vt.破坏;使…枯萎;vi.枯萎; chestnut:n.栗树;栗子;板栗;深红棕色;adj.栗色的;红棕色的;
The farmers rather guess not. 栗农希望不会。
It keeps smouldering at the roots 病菌在树根蔓延,
smouldering:v.发烟燃烧;低温炼焦,低温干馏;阴燃(smoulder的ing形式);
And sending up new shoots 长出新丝,
Till another parasite 直到另一种寄生物,
parasite:n.寄生虫;食客;
Shall come to end the blight." 来终结枯萎病。”
At the beginning of the 20th century, the eastern American chestnut population, counting nearly four billion trees, was completely decimated by a fungal infection . 在二十世纪早期, 美国东部将近四十亿棵的栗树, 遭到一种真菌的感染, 而全部死亡了。
At the beginning of:在…的开始; eastern:adj.东方的;向东的;东部的;东方国家的;n.东方人;东正教信徒; decimated:v.摧毁;大幅度下降(decimate的过去式及过去分词); fungal:adj.真菌的(等于fungous); infection:n.感染;传染;(身体某部位的)感染;传染病;
Fungi are the most destructive pathogens of plants, including crops of major economic importance. 真菌对植物来说, 包括一些具有重要经济意义的作物, 是最具毁灭性的病原体。
Fungi:n.真菌;菌类;蘑菇(fungus的复数); destructive:adj.破坏的;毁灭性的;有害的,消极的; pathogens:n.[基医]病原体;病原菌;[基医]致病菌; economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的;
Can you imagine that today, crop losses associated with fungal infection are estimated at billions of dollars per year, worldwide ? 你能想象, 在今天,据估计,世界范围内 作物因为真菌的感染产生的损失 每年有数十亿美元吗？
associated:adj.有关联的; v.联想; (associate的过去分词和过去式) estimated:adj.估计的;预计的;估算的; worldwide:adj.全世界的;adv.在世界各地;
That represents enough food calories to feed half a billion people. 换算成食物热量, 足够养活五亿人口。
represents:v.代表;维护…的利益;相当于;(represent的第三人称单数) calories:n.[物]卡路里(热量单位,calorie的复数);
And this leads to severe repercussions , including episodes of famine in developing countries, large reduction of income for farmers and distributors , high prices for consumers and risk of exposure to mycotoxin , poison produced by fungi. 而这会产生严重的后果, 包括在发展中国家引发饥荒, 农民和经销商巨大的经济损失, 消费者面临的高价, 以及暴露在由真菌产生的 毒枝菌素中的风险。
severe:adj.极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的;苛刻的; repercussions:n.反响,影响(repercussion的复数形式); episodes:n.一段经历;片段,插曲;一集;(episode的复数) famine:n.饥荒; reduction:n.减少;缩小;降低;减价;折扣;缩图; distributors:n.经销商,[电]分电器;配销商,分销商; consumers:n.消费者;顾客;用户;(consumer的复数) exposure:n.暴露;显露;揭露;面临; mycotoxin:n.霉菌毒素;真菌毒素;[医]菌霉毒素;
The problems that we face is that the current method used to prevent and treat those dreadful diseases , such as genetic control, exploiting natural sources of resistance , crop rotation or seed treatment , among others, are still limited or ephemeral . 我们面临的问题是, 现今用来预防和治疗 这些可怕疾病的方法, 比如基因控制, 发掘真菌抗性的天然来源, 轮种,或是种子处理等等, 作用仍然有限,或是暂时的。
dreadful:adj.可怕的;糟透的,令人不快的; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类; genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的; exploiting:v.利用…为自己谋利;剥削;压榨;运用;发挥;(exploit的现在分词) sources:n.来源;出处;起源;根源;原因;v.(从…)获得(source的第三人称单数和复数) resistance:n.电阻;抵抗;阻力;抗力; rotation:n.旋转;循环,轮流; treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论; limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式) ephemeral:adj.短暂的;朝生暮死的;n.只生存一天的事物;
They have to be constantly renewed . 它们必须不断被更新。
constantly:adv.不断地;时常地; renewed:adj.再次发生的; v.重新开始; (renew的过去分词和过去式)
Therefore, we urgently need to develop more efficient strategies and for this, research is required to identify biological mechanisms that can be targeted by novel antifungal treatments . 因此,我们急需开发 更有效的方法, 为此,需要有相关研究来识别 可被新型抗菌疗法 识别的生物机制。
urgently:adv.迫切地;紧急地;急切地; efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的; strategies:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略;(strategy的复数) identify:v.识别:鉴定:确认:发现: biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品; mechanisms:n.机制;[机]机构(mechanism的复数);机械;[机]机构学; novel:adj.新奇的;异常的;n.小说; antifungal:adj.抗真菌的;杀真菌的; treatments:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;(treatment的复数)
One feature of fungi is that they cannot move and only grow by extension to form a sophisticated network, the mycelium . 真菌的一大特征是它们不能移动, 而且只能通过延展 形成复杂的网络来生长, 即菌丝体。
extension:n.延长;延期;扩大;伸展;电话分机; sophisticated:adj.复杂的;老练的;见多识广的;水平高的; mycelium:n.菌丝;菌丝体;
In 1884, Anton de Bary, the father of plant pathology , was the first to presume that fungi are guided by signals sent out from the host plant, meaning a plant upon which it can lodge and subsist , so signals act as a lighthouse for fungi to locate , grow toward, reach and finally invade and colonize a plant. 1884年,Anton de Bary, 植物病理学之父, 第一次提出,真菌是由 宿主植物发出的信号, 来引导生长的假设。 即真菌可以寄生在植物体上。 这些信号对真菌来说就如灯塔, 帮助它们定位,蔓延,成长, 最终入侵并寄生于这株植物。
pathology:n.病理(学);(比喻)异常状态; presume:v.假定;推测;擅自;意味着; lodge:n.传达室; v.(向公共机构或当局)正式提出(声明等); subsist:vi.存在;维持生活;vt.供养; lighthouse:n.灯塔; locate:v.确定…的准确地点;把…安置在(或建造于);创办于(某地); finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; invade:v.侵犯;侵略;侵袭;干扰; colonize:vt.将…开拓为殖民地; vi.开拓殖民地;
He knew that the identification of such signals would unlock a great knowledge that then serves to elaborate strategy to block the interaction between the fungus and the plant. 他知道对这类信号的识别 可以增加我们的知识储备 并形成对策, 来阻断真菌和植物之间的作用。
identification:n.鉴定,识别;认同;身份证明; elaborate:adj.精心制作的;详尽的;煞费苦心的;v.精心制作;详细描述;变复杂; strategy:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略; interaction:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰; fungus:n.真菌,霉菌;菌类;
However, the lack of an appropriate method at that moment prevented him from identifying this mechanism at the molecular level. 但是,当时并没有合适的方法, 让他能够从分子层面 定义这一机制。
appropriate:adj.适当的;恰当的;v.占用,拨出; identifying:n.识别,标识;标识关系;v.识别;(identify的现在分词) molecular:adj.[化学]分子的;由分子组成的;
Using purification and mutational genomic approaches , as well as a technique allowing the measurement of directed hyphal growth, today I'm glad to tell you that after 130 years, 利用提纯和基因突变方法, 还有另一种 可以测度菌丝生长指向的技术, 130年后的今天, 我能很高兴的告诉你们,
purification:n.净化;提纯;涤罪; mutational:adj.突变的; genomic:adj.基因组的;染色体的; approaches:v.靠近,接近; n.方式,方法,态度; as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且; technique:n.技巧,技术;手法; measurement:n.测量;度量;长度; hyphal:adj.菌丝的;
my former team and I could finally identify such plant signals by studying the interaction between a pathogenic fungus called Fusarium oxysporum and one of its host plants, the tomato plant. 我和我之前的团队 终于识别了这种植物信号。 我们是通过研究一种叫 尖孢镰刀菌的病原真菌 和它的宿主之一,番茄,来识别的。
pathogenic:adj.致病的;病原的;发病的(等于pathogenetic); oxysporum:用法,发音,音标,搭配,同义词,反义词和例句等在线英语服务。;
As well, we could characterize the fungal receptor receiving those signals and part of the underlying reaction occurring within the fungus and leading to its direct growth toward the plant. 同时,我们还识别了 真菌接收这些信号的接收器, 以及发生在真菌体内, 指引它向植物生长的潜在反应。
characterize:v.描述;是…的特征;以…为典型;使…具有特点(或最引人注目的特征); receptor:n.[生化]受体;接受器;感觉器官; underlying:adj.根本的; v.构成…的基础; (underlie的现在分词) reaction:n.反应,感应;反动,复古;反作用; occurring:n.事件;事故;事变;
(Applause) （掌声）
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）
The understanding of such molecular processes offers a panel of potential molecules that can be used to create novel antifungal treatments. 理解这一分子过程, 提供了众多可以用来 进行创新抗菌治疗的潜在分子种类。
processes:n.过程; v.处理(process的第三人称单数形式); panel:n.镶板;仪表盘;钣金;(衣服上的)镶条;v.镶板(用木或玻璃板等镶嵌或装饰); potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; molecules:n.[化学]分子,微粒;[化学]摩尔(molecule的复数);
And those treatments would disrupt the interaction between the fungus and the plant either by blocking the plant signal or the fungal reception system which receives those signals. 这些疗法会扰乱 真菌和植物之间的相互作用, 要么通过阻断植物信号实现, 要么通过阻断真菌的 信号接收系统实现。
disrupt:vt.破坏;使瓦解;使分裂;使中断;使陷于混乱;adj.分裂的,中断的;分散的;
Fungal infections have devastated agriculture crops. 真菌感染已经摧毁过大量农作物。
infections:n.传染病;口腔病害(infection复数形式); devastated:adj.不安的,混乱的,震惊的; v.彻底破坏; (devastate的过去分词和过去式)
Moreover , we are now in an era where the demand of crop production is increasing significantly . 此外,我们所处的, 是一个对粮食需求 显着上涨的时代。
Moreover:adv.而且;此外; significantly:adv.意味深长地;值得注目地;
And this is due to population growth, economic development, climate change and demand for bio fuels. 这是由于人口增长,经济发展, 气候变化以及 对生物燃料的需求引起的。
Our understanding of the molecular mechanism of interaction between a fungus and its host plant, such as the tomato plant, potentially represents a major step towards developing more efficient strategy to combat plant fungal diseases 我们对真菌和宿主植物之间作用的 分子机制的了解, 譬如番茄这一宿主, 可能代表着迈向更有效对抗 植物真菌病毒的一大步,
potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地; combat:v.战斗;防止;减轻;与…搏斗;n.战斗;搏斗;打仗;
and therefore solving of problems that affect people's lives, food security and economic growth. 进而可以解决影响人们生活, 食品安全和经济增长的问题。
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）