返回首页

MelindaGates_2012X-_让我们把人口控制重新提上日程_
Today, I'd like to talk with you about something that should be a totally uncontroversial topic. 今天,我想和大家谈谈 或者,我们只能眼睁睁看着她们再挣扎几十年,
uncontroversial:adj.非争论性的;不会引起争论的;
But, unfortunately , it's become incredibly controversial. 而我们女孩子以及同伴们质疑的教义之一就是,
unfortunately:adv.不幸地; incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地;
This year, if you think about it, over a billion couples will have sex with one another. 想想看,就在今年, 有超过十亿对伴侣发生性关系。
Couples like this one, and this one, and this one, and, yes, even this one. 比如这对, 还有这对, 这对, 没错, 也包括这对。
(Laughter) （大笑）
And my idea is this -- all these men and women should be free to decide whether they do or do not want to conceive a child. 而我是这样想的—— 所有这些男男女女都应该自由决定 他们是否愿意生育子女。
conceive:v.想出;想象;构想;设想;怀孕;
And they should be able to use one of these birth control methods to act on their decision. 同时他们应该能够根据自己的决定 使用某种避孕方法。
birth control:adj.节育的;避孕的;
Now, I think you'd have a hard time finding many people who disagree with this idea. 现在应该已经很难找到 在泰国,是64%
Over one billion people use birth control without any hesitation at all. 超过十亿人会毫不犹豫地使用避孕措施。
hesitation:n.犹豫;
They want the power to plan their own lives and to raise healthier, better educated and more prosperous families. 他们想要掌控自己的生活, 想要营造一个更健康、教育程度更高、更富裕的家庭。
prosperous:adj.繁荣的;兴旺的;
But, for an idea that is so broadly accepted in private , birth control certainly generates a lot of opposition in public. 然而,避孕这么一个在私底下被广泛接受的想法, 在公开场合却遭到了诸多反对。
broadly:adv.明显地;宽广地;概括地;露骨地;粗鄙地; in private:私下地;秘密地; generates:[计]生成;发生; opposition:n.反对党;对立;在野党;对抗;
Some people think when we talk about contraception that it's code for abortion , which it's not. 有些人觉得当我们谈论避孕时, 我们实际上是在说堕胎, 但事实并非如此。
contraception:n.避孕; abortion:n.流产,小产;流产的胎儿;(计划等)失败,夭折;
Some people -- let's be honest -- they're uncomfortable with the topic because it's about sex. 坦白地说,有些人 对这个话题感到不自在,因为它和性有关。
Some people worry that the real goal of family planning is to control populations. 有些人担心 计划生育的真正目的是控制人口数量。
family planning:n.计划生育;家庭计划;
These are all side issues that have attached themselves to this core idea that men and women should be able to decide when they want to have a child. 但是这些都是围绕 男女各方应该自由决定什么时候要孩子 这个核心观点的次要问题。
issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数) attached:adj.依恋;v.重视;把…固定;(attach的过去分词和过去式) core:n.核心;要点;果心;[计]磁心;vt.挖...的核;
And as a result , birth control has almost completely and totally disappeared from the global health agenda . 就这样,在全球的卫生议程上,避孕的话题 几乎完全消失了。
as a result:结果; disappeared:adj.消失的;消失了的;v.消失,失踪;(disappear的过去式和过去分词) global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; agenda:n.议事日程;
The victims of this paralysis are the people of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. 这一议程缺失的受害者是是撒哈拉周边,以及 南亚的人民。
paralysis:n.麻痹;无力;停顿; sub-Saharan:撒哈拉以南地区;
Here in Germany, the proportion of people that use contraception is about 66 percent. 在德国,使用避孕措施的人口比例 大约是66%。
proportion:n.比例;部分;份额;均衡;v.摊派;使相称;
That's about what you'd expect. 应该跟各位预期的差不多。
In El Salvador , very similar, 66 percent. 在塞尔瓦多也大概是66%
Salvador:n.萨尔瓦多(巴西东部港市);
Thailand , 64 percent. 在泰国,是64%
Thailand:n.泰国(东南亚国家名);
But let's compare that to other places, like Uttar Pradesh, one of the largest states in India. 但把这个数字和其他地方比较一下, 比如北方邦,印度最大的邦（省）之一。
compare:v.比较;对比;n.比较;
In fact, if Uttar Pradesh was its own country, it would be the fifth largest country in the world. 实际上,如果北方邦是一个国家, 它会成为世界上人口数量第五大的国家。
Their contraception rate -- 29 percent. 那里避孕率只有29%。
Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa, 10 percent. 尼日利亚,非洲人口最多的国家,10%。
populous:adj.人口稠密的;人口多的;
Chad, 2 percent. 乍得,2%。
Let's just take one country in Africa, Senegal. 我们来看看非洲的一个国家,塞内加尔。
Their rate is about 12 percent. 避孕率大约是12%。
But why is it so low? 为什么会这么低？
One reason is that the most popular contraceptives are rarely available. 其中一个原因是最常用的避孕工具在那里都很难获得。
contraceptives:n.[药]避孕药(contraceptive的复数形式);避孕用品; rarely:adv.很少地;难得;罕有地;
Women in Africa will tell you over and over again that what they prefer today is an injectable . 非洲的女性会一次又一次地告诉你, 她们更喜欢使用一种注射剂。
over and over again:adv.一再地;反复不断地; prefer:v.更喜欢;宁愿;提出;提升; injectable:n.血管注射剂;adj.可注射的;
They get it in their arm -- and they go about four times a year, they have to get it every three months -- to get their injection . （把避孕药物）注射在手臂上,一年四次。 每三个月就要去注射一次。
injection:n.注射;大量资金的投入;(液体的)注入;
The reason women like it so much in Africa is they can hide it from their husbands, who sometimes want a lot of children. 非洲女人喜欢这种方法,是因为这样可以瞒着丈夫, 有些丈夫想要很多个孩子。
The problem is every other time a woman goes into a clinic in Senegal, that injection is stocked out. 但问题是,通常当她们去当地诊所的时候, 注射剂都处于断货状态。
clinic:n.诊所;临床实习;(医院的)门诊部;门诊时间; stocked:v.存货;贮备,贮存(食物、书籍等)(stock的过去分词和过去式)
It's stocked out 150 days out of the year. 全年有150天都是如此。
So can you imagine the situation -- she walks all this way to go get her injection. 所以你们可以想象一下—— 一个女人,走那么远的路去打针。
She leaves her field, sometimes leaves her children, and it's not there. 她离开田地,有时候还得离开孩子, 去到诊所却发现没货。
And she doesn't know when it's going to be available again. 她甚至也无从得知什么时候可以恢复供应。
This is the same story across the continent of Africa today. 今天,整个非洲大陆都是这样的情况。
continent:n.大陆,洲,陆地;adj.自制的,克制的;
And so what we've created as a world has become a life-and-death crisis . 因此,我们在当今世界上创造了一个出生和死亡的危机。
life-and-death:adj.生死攸关的;重大的; crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的;
There are 100,000 women [per year] who say they don't want to be pregnant and they die in childbirth -- 100,000 women a year. 有10万名女性表示她们不想怀孕, 然后她们却死于分娩——整整10万名女性,每一年。
pregnant:adj.怀孕的;富有意义的; childbirth:n.分娩;
There are another 600,000 women [per year] （每年）还有60万女性
who say they didn't want to be pregnant in the first place , and they give birth to a baby and her baby dies in that first month of life. 一开始表示不想怀孕, 但还是把孩子生了下来, 孩子在出生一个月后便夭折了。
in the first place:首先;起初; give birth to:产生,造成;生孩子;
I know everyone wants to save these mothers and these children. 我知道,每个人都想拯救这些母亲和孩子。
But somewhere along the way, we got confused by our own conversation. 但在这个过程中,我们会为自己的说辞感到困惑。
confused:adj.困惑的; v.使糊涂; (confuse的过去分词和过去式)
And we stopped trying to save these lives. 我们停止了挽救生命的步伐。
So if we're going to make progress on this issue, we have to be really clear about what our agenda is. 因此,如果我们希望这个问题有所改善, 我们必须非常清楚该干些什么。
We're not talking about abortion. 我们在讨论的并不是堕胎,
We're not talking about population control. 也不是人口控制。
What I'm talking about is giving women the power to save their lives, to save their children's lives and to give their families the best possible future. 而是赋予女性权利,使她们能够拯救自己的生命, 拯救孩子的生命, 和为她们的家庭创造最好的未来。
Now, as a world, there are lots of things we have to do in the global health community if we want to make the world better in the future -- things like fight diseases . 如今,放眼全球, 如果想让世界的未来变得更美好, 全球卫生界还任重而道远—— 比如说如何对抗疾病。
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
So many children today die of diarrhea , as you heard earlier, and pneumonia . 大家可能都知道,现在还有很多儿童会死于痢疾和肺炎。
diarrhea:n.腹泻,痢疾; pneumonia:n.肺炎;
They kill literally millions of children a year. 这两种病每年让数百万儿童丧命。
literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地:
We also need to help small farmers -- farmers who plow small plots of land in Africa -- so that they can grow enough food to feed their children. 我们还需要帮助小农场主—— 那些在小块土地上耕种的非洲农民—— 保证他们种的粮食足够喂饱自己的孩子。
plow:vi.[农机]犁; vt.[农机]犁; n.[农机]犁; plots:n.情节; v.划分;
And we have to make sure that children are educated around the world. 我们还需要确保全世界的儿童都能接受教育。
But one of the simplest and most transformative things we can do is to give everybody access to birth control methods that almost all Germans have access to and all Americans, at some point, they use these tools during their life. 但我们能做的最简单、最有成效的事情之一, 就是让所有人都能有效避孕, 在某种程度上说,就是能够使用那些几乎所有 德国人和美国人常用的避孕措施。
transformative:adj.变化的,变形的;有改革能力的;
And I think as long as we're really clear about what our agenda is, there's a global movement waiting to happen and ready to get behind this totally uncontroversial idea. 我认为,只要我们有明确的计划, 一场全球性的变革就会发生, 成为这个毫无争议的话题背后强有力的支撑。
as long as:conj.只要;长达;如果;既然; get behind:支持;落后;识破;
When I grew up, I grew up in a Catholic home. 我是在一个天主教的家庭长大的。
Catholic:adj.天主教的;宽宏大量的;n.天主教徒;罗马天主教;
I still consider myself a practicing Catholic. 我始终认为自己是一个虔诚的天主教徒。
My mom's great-uncle was a Jesuit priest . 我曾祖父的兄弟曾是耶稣会的牧师。
great-uncle:n.舅老爷;姑老爷; Jesuit:n.[天主]耶稣会会士;虚伪狡诈的人(等于jersuit); priest:n.司祭,神父;教士,祭司,僧侣;v.使成为教士;任命…为祭司;
My great-aunt was a Dominican nun. 我祖父的姐妹曾是一名多米尼加的修女。
great-aunt:n.姑姥姥;伯祖母; Dominican:adj.多明尼加共和国的;n.多明尼加共和国的居民;
She was a schoolteacher and a principal her entire life. 一生中,她只担任过教师和校长。
schoolteacher:n.教师; principal:adj.主要的;资本的;n.首长;校长;资本;当事人;
In fact, she's the one who taught me as a young girl how to read. 是她在我小的时候,教会了我如何认字。
I was very close to her. 我们的关系非常密切。
And I went to Catholic schools for my entire childhood until I left home to go to university. 儿时的我就读的都是天主教的学校, 直到我离开家上大学为止。
childhood:n.童年;幼年;孩童时期
In my high school, Ursuline Academy , the nuns made service and social justice a high priority in the school. 在我的高中,乌尔苏拉学院, 修女们非常看重服务和社会正义感。
Academy:n.学院;研究院;学会;专科院校; nuns:n.修女;尼姑;(nun的复数) justice:n.公平;公正;司法制度;审判; priority:n.优先;优先权;[数]优先次序;优先考虑的事;
Today, in the [Gates] Foundation 's work, 如今,在（盖茨）基金会的工作中,
Foundation:n.基础;地基;基金会;根据;创立;
I believe I'm applying the lessons that I learned in high school. 我相信我正在运用那些在高中学到的知识。
applying:v.申请,请求;使用;应用;(apply的现在分词)
So, in the tradition of Catholic scholars , the nuns also taught us to question received teachings . 按照天主教学者的惯例, 修女们同样会教导我们去质疑被灌输的教义。
scholars:n.学者们(scholar的复数); teachings:n.教导;教义;学说;(teaching的复数)
And one of the teachings that we girls and my peers questioned was is birth control really a sin? 而我们女孩子以及同伴们质疑的教义之一就是, 计划生育真的是个罪孽吗？
peers:n.平辈,同事(peer的复数);v.凝视;比得上(peer的三单形式);
Because I think one of the reasons we have this huge discomfort talking about contraception is this lingering concern that if we separate sex from reproduction , we're going to promote promiscuity . 因为我认为 我们谈避孕的时候会感到很不适的原因之一, 是一个挥之不去的忧虑, 如果我们独立地看待性交和生殖,滥交将不可避免。
discomfort:n.不适,不安;不便之处;vt.使…不舒服;使…不安; lingering:adj.拖延的; v.继续存留; (linger的现在分词) concern:v.涉及,关系到;使担心;n.关系;关心;关心的事; reproduction:n.繁殖,生殖;复制;复制品; promote:v.促进;推动;促销;提升;晋升; promiscuity:n.乱交;混乱;
And I think that's a reasonable question to be asked about contraception -- what is its impact on sexual morality ? 而我觉得有关避孕的问题是非常合理的—— 避孕对性道德的影响究竟是什么？
reasonable:adj.合理的,公道的;通情达理的; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响; sexual:adj.性的;性别的;有性的; morality:n.道德;品行,美德;
But, like most women, my decision about birth control had nothing to do with promiscuity. 但是,如同多数的女性, 我对计划生育所做的决定和滥交无关。
had nothing to do with:与…无关;
I had a plan for my future. I wanted to go to college. 我对未来有自己的计划。我想上大学。
I studied really hard in college, and I was proud to be one of the very few female computer science graduates at my university. 我在大学里埋头苦读, 我很荣幸可以成为大学里少数选修计算机科学的 女性毕业生之一。
female:adj.女性的;雌性的;柔弱的,柔和的;n.女人;[动]雌性动物; computer science:n.计算机科学;
I wanted to have a career , so I went on to business school and I became one of the youngest female executives at Microsoft. 我想拥有自己的事业,所以我接着报读了商学院, 后来我成为了微软最年轻的女性行政人员之一。
career:n.职业;事业;生涯;经历; business school:n.(大学里针对毕业生的)工商学院; executives:n.经理,主管领导,管理人员;领导层;行政部门(executive的复数)
I still remember, though, when I left my parents' home to move across the country to start this new job at Microsoft. 我仍然还记得离开父母, 移居到另一个城市,开始在微软的新工作的时候。
They had sacrificed a lot to give me five years of higher education . 为了让我接受五年的高等教育,我的父母牺牲了很多。
sacrificed:v.牺牲:献出:以(人或动物)作祭献:(sacrifice的过去分词和过去式) higher education:高等教育(指含大学以上的教育);
But they said, as I left home -- and I literally went down the front steps, down the porch at home -- and they said, "Even though you've had this great education, 可是在我离家, 走下台阶,走到门廊的时候, 他们对我说, 虽然你接受了良好的教育,
porch:n.门廊;走廊;
if you decide to get married and have kids right away , that's OK by us, too." 但如果你决定马上结婚生子, 我们都会支持你的。
right away:立刻;
They wanted me to do the thing that would make me the very happiest. 他们希望我能做令我最开心的事情。
I was free to decide what that would be. 我有自己做决定的自由。
It was an amazing feeling. 那是一种很棒的感觉。
In fact, I did want to have kids -- but I wanted to have them when I was ready. 其实,我确实想要孩子—— 但我想在做好准备的情况下再去生。
And so now, Bill and I have three. 现在,我和比尔拥有三个孩子。
And when our eldest daughter was born, we weren't, I would say, exactly sure how to be great parents. 当我们的长女出生时, 我们不确定如何当好父母。
eldest:adj.最年长的;年事最高的(old的最高级);n.最年长者;
Maybe some of you know that feeling. 可能你们当中会有人明白那种感觉。
And so we waited a little while before we had our second child. 于是,我们隔了一段日子才生下第二个孩子。
And it's no accident that we have three children that are spaced three years apart. 我们三个孩子的出生都隔了三年的时间, 这并不难理解。
Now, as a mother, what do I want the very most for my children? 身为母亲,我对孩子最大的期望是什么呢？
I want them to feel the way I did -- like they can do anything they want to do in life. 我希望他们会和当年的我有同样的感受—— 比如他们一生都可以做所有自己想做的事。
And so, what has struck me as I've travelled the last decade for the foundation around the world is that all women want that same thing. 过去的十年里, 我为了基金会的事情走遍了世界, 发现所有女性也都想要这样的生活。
Last year, I was in Nairobi, in the slums , in one called Korogocho -- which literally means when translated, " standing shoulder to shoulder ." 去年,我拜访了内罗毕（非洲）的一个叫科罗戈乔的贫民窟—— 地名直译的意思是 肩并肩地站着 。
slums:n.贫民,[经]贫民区(slum的复数); v.到贫民窟去; standing shoulder to shoulder:比肩而立;肩并肩;
And I spoke with this women's group that's pictured here. 我和照片里的女性团体交流。
And the women talked very openly about their family life in the slums, what it was like. 女人们坦诚地聊起在贫民窟里的家庭生活, 到底是什么样子的。
And they talked quite intimately about what they did for birth control. 她们也毫不避讳地聊起如何避孕。
intimately:adv.熟悉地;亲切地;私下地;
Marianne, in the center of the screen in the red sweater, she summed up that entire two-hour conversation in a phrase that I will never forget. 这位屏幕中央穿着红外套的女人叫马丽安, 她用了一句话为整个两小时的谈话 做了一个总结,让我十分难忘。
summed:v.归纳;总计;总结,概括;(sum的过去分词和过去式)
She said, "I want to bring every good thing to this child before I have another." 她说, 我想确保现在这个孩子能拥有最好的, 然后再考虑生第二个。
And I thought -- that's it. 我想——就是这样了。
That's universal . 这是最普遍的想法。
universal:adj.普遍的;全体的;全世界的;共同的;
We all want to bring every good thing to our children. 我们都想让孩子们拥有最好的。
But what's not universal is our ability to provide every good thing. 但不是所有人都有能力为孩子提供最好的。
So many women suffer from domestic violence . 很多女人都遭受家庭暴力。
domestic:n.佣人;家佣;家庭纠纷;家庭矛盾;adj.本国的;国内的;家用的;家庭的; violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲;
And they can't even broach the subject of contraception, even inside their own marriage. 她们甚至根本不能提及避孕, 即便是在自己的婚姻中。
broach:vt.提出; n.钻头; vi.突然横转;
There are many women who lack basic education. 很多女人都缺乏基础教育。
Even many of the women who do have knowledge and do have power don't have access to contraceptives. 很多有知识和权力的女人 甚至都无法采取避孕措施。
For 250 years, parents around the world have been deciding to have smaller families. 在过去的250年里,世界各地的父母 都决定建立比较小的家庭。
This trend has been steady for a quarter of a millennium , across cultures and across geographies, with the glaring exception of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. 这个趋势稳定了250年, 无论他们处在什么样的地理和文化背景下。 除了南非洲和南亚地区以外。
trend:n.趋势;动向;趋向;动态;v.走向;趋向; steady:adj.稳定的; v.使稳定; v.稳定地; n.关系固定的情侣; millennium:n.千年期,千禧年;一千年,千年纪念;太平盛世,黄金时代; exception:n.例外;异议;
The French started bringing down their family size in the mid-1700s. 在18世纪中期,法国人就开始减小家庭规模。
And over the next 150 years, this trend spread all across Europe. 在接下来的150年里,这个趋势蔓延到了整个欧洲。
The surprising thing to me, as I learned this history, was that it spread not along socioeconomic lines but around cultural lines. 我在学习这段历史的时候,令我惊讶的是, 导致这种趋势蔓延的并不是社会科学的考量,而是文化的考量。
socioeconomic:adj.社会经济学的; cultural:adj.与文化有关的;文化的;与艺术、文学、音乐等有关的;
People who spoke the same language made that change as a group. 用共同语言沟通的人们携手改变了趋势。
They made the same choice for their family, whether they were rich or whether they were poor. 他们都为了家庭而作出了同样的选择, 无关贫富。
The reason that trend toward smaller families spread was that this whole way was driven by an idea -- the idea that couples can exercise conscious control over how many children they have. 倾向小家庭的趋势之所以会蔓延, 是因为这个方式是由一个想法引起的—— 那个想法就是夫妻们有权力 刻意地掌控家庭人口数量。
conscious:adj.意识到的;故意的;神志清醒的;
This is a very powerful idea. 这是很有影响力的想法。
It means that parents have the ability to affect the future, not just accept it as it is. 这意味着父母们有权力影响未来, 而不必接受一切现实。
In France, the average family size went down every decade for 150 years in a row until it stabilized . 在法国,家庭的平均人口数量每十年都会发生缩减, 直到150年后才稳定下来。
stabilized:adj.稳定的;减摇的;v.稳定(stabilize的过去分词);
It took so long back then because the contraceptives weren't that good. 过渡期如此之长主要是因为那时侯的避孕方式效果并不好。
In Germany, this transition started in the 1880s, and it took just 50 years for family size to stabilize in this country. 在德国,这个趋势在19世纪末就已经开始了,仅仅五十年的时间 家庭人口数量就稳定了下来。
transition:n.过渡;转变;变革;变迁;v.经历转变过程;过渡;
And in Asia and Latin America , the transition started in the 1960s, and it happened much faster because of modern contraception. 亚洲和拉美的过渡期发生在1960年代, 因为有了现代的避孕法,过渡期更短了。
Latin America:n.拉丁美洲(以西班牙语或葡萄牙语为主要语言的美洲地区);
I think, as we go through this history, it's important to pause for a moment and to remember why this has become such a contentious issue. 但我认为,在我们回顾这短历史的时候,应该停下来想想, 这个话题为什么如此惹争议。
contentious:adj.诉讼的;有异议的,引起争论的;爱争论的;
It's because some family planning programs resorted to unfortunate incentives and coercive policies . 这是因为有的家庭计划项目 采取了不正当的奖励及强制性的政策。
resorted:n.凭借,手段;度假胜地;常去之地;vi.求助,诉诸;常去;采取某手段或方法; incentives:n.激励;奖励;诱因(incentive的复数形式);奖励措施; coercive:adj.强制的;胁迫的;高压的; policies:n.政策;方针;原则;为人之道;保险单(policy的复数)
For instance , in the 1960s, India adopted very specific numeric targets and they paid women to accept having an IUD placed in their bodies. 比如,在1960年代,印度制定了很具体的数字指标, 他们会奖励愿意把节育器安装在体内的女性。
instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; adopted:adj.被收养的;被采用的;v.采用;接受;(adopt的过去式和过去分词); specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药; numeric:n.数;数字;adj.数值的(等于numerical);数字的;
Now, Indian women were really smart in this situation. 面对这种情况,印度的女人表现得很聪明。
When they went to get an IUD inserted, they got paid six rupees . 她们安装节育器时,得到了六个卢比。
rupees:n.卢比(rupee复数);
And so what did they do? 然后她们做了什么呢？
They waited a few hours or a few days, and they went to another service provider and had the IUD removed for one rupee. 她们等了几个小时或几天, 然后到另一个服务提供者那里,用一个卢比把节育器拿出来。
service provider:n.服务供应商(尤指互联网服务供应商);
For decades in the United States, 几十年来,在美国,
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
African-American women were sterilized without their consent . 非洲裔美国女性往往在未经同意的情况下被节育。
African-American:非洲裔美国人(指美国黑人); sterilized:v.灭菌;消毒;使绝育;(sterilize的过去分词和过去式) consent:vi.同意;赞成;答应;n.同意;(意见等的)一致;赞成;
The procedure was so common it became known as the Mississippi appendectomy -- a tragic chapter in my country's history. 这种程序非常普遍, 被称为密西西比阑尾切除术—— 是我国历史中一个悲惨的章节。
procedure:n.步骤;手术;(商业、法律或政治上的)程序; appendectomy:n.[外科]阑尾切除术; tragic:adj.悲剧的;悲痛的,不幸的;
And as recently as the 1990s, in Peru, women from the Andes region were given anesthesia and they were sterilized without their knowledge. 更近一点的,1990年代的秘鲁, 安第斯山脉地区的女性被迫服下麻醉药, 然后在不知情的情况下被节育了。
recently:adv.最近;新近; Andes:n.安第斯山脉; region:n.地区;范围;部位; anesthesia:n.麻醉;麻木(等于anaesthesia);
The most startling thing about this is that these coercive policies weren't even needed. 最惊人的是, 这些强制性的政策完全是多余的。
startling:adj.惊人的;让人震惊的;极鲜亮的;v.使惊吓;使吓一跳;(startle的现在分词)
They were carried out in places where parents already wanted to lower their family size. 它们实行在 已经开始减小家庭规模的地方。
Because in region after region, again and again , parents have wanted to have smaller families. 因为在一个又一个的地区,一次又一次, 父母们都不约而同想要缩减家庭规模。
again and again:adv.再三地,反复地;
There's no reason to believe that African women have innately different desires. 我们没有理由相信 非洲女性生来就有不同的欲望。
innately:adv.天赋地;与生俱来的;
Given the option , they will have fewer children. 如果有选择的话,她们会选择少生孩子。
option:n.选择;可选择的东西;
The question is: will we invest in helping all women get what they want now? 问题是: 我们会竭尽所能帮助全体女性争取她们的权利吗？
invest:v.投资;(把资金)投入;投入(时间、精力等);授予;
Or, are we going to condemn them to some century-long struggle, as if this was still revolutionary France and the best method was coitus interruptus ? 或者,我们只能眼睁睁看着她们再挣扎几十年, 仿佛这还是法国革命时期, 而最好的方法是体外射精？
condemn:v.谴责;判刑,定罪;声讨; revolutionary:adj.革命性的;革命的;彻底变革的;n.改革者;革命者; coitus interruptus:n.(为防止受孕而在射精前抽出阴茎的)不完全性交;
Empowering parents -- it doesn't need justification . 赋予父母们应有的权利——并不需要理由。
Empowering:v.授权;给(某人)…的权力;增加(某人的)自主权;(empower的现在分词) justification:n.理由;辩护;认为有理,认为正当;释罪;
But here's the thing -- our desire to bring every good thing to our children is a force for good throughout the world. 不过,我们想让孩子拥有最好的一切的欲望, 是能够让世界变得更好的力量。
throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及;
It's what propels societies forward. 这推动了社会的进步。
propels:vt.推进;驱使;激励;驱策;
In that same slum in Nairobi, I met a young businesswoman , and she was making backpacks out of her home. 在奈罗比的同一个贫民窟,我遇到了一个年轻的女商人, 她正在家门口做背包。
businesswoman:n.女商人; backpacks:n.背包(backpack的复数);双肩背包;
She and her young kids would go to the local jeans factory and collect scraps of denim . 她和年幼的孩子会到当地的牛仔裤工厂, 去收集剩余的牛仔布料。
scraps:n.残羹剩饭;刮屑(scrap的复数); denim:n.斜纹粗棉布,丁尼布;劳动布;
She'd create these backpacks and resell them. 她会做好背包然后把它们转售。
resell:v.转售;转卖;再卖;
And when I talked with her, she had three children, and I asked her about her family. 在我们的谈话中,她说她有三个孩子, 我问了她的家庭情况。
And she said she and her husband decided that they wanted to stop having children after their third one. 她说她和丈夫决定 在生下第三个孩子之后,就不再生了。
And so when I asked her why, she simply said, "Well, because I couldn't run my business if I had another child." 我问她为什么,她只是说, 如果再多一个孩子,我就不能做生意了。
And she explained the income that she was getting out of her business afforded her to be able to give an education to all three of her children. 她解释说做生意赚来的钱, 使她有能力让三个孩子们都接受教育。
afforded:vt.给予,提供;买得起;
She was incredibly optimistic about her family's future. 对于家庭的未来,她表现得非常乐观。
optimistic:adj.乐观的;乐观主义的;
This is the same mental calculus that hundreds of millions of men and women have gone through. 这种内心的衡量, 是成千上万的男人女人都经历过的。
mental:adj.精神的;脑力的;疯的;n.精神病患者; calculus:n.[病理]结石;微积分学;
And evidence proves that they have it exactly right. 而事实证明他们的决定是明智的。
evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明;
They are able to give their children more opportunities by exercising control over when they have them. 他们通过合理的控制生育, 有能力让孩子们拥有更多的机遇。
In Bangladesh, there's a district called Matlab. 在孟加拉, 有个叫 Matlab 的县。
It's where researchers have collected data on over 180,000 inhabitants since 1963. 那里的研究人员从1963 年开始,收集了超过了18万居民的资料。
inhabitants:n.居民(inhabitant的复数);
In the global health community, we like to say it's one of the longest pieces of research that's been running. 在全球卫生界内, 我们认为这是为期最久的研究之一。
We have so many great health statistics . 我们拥有很多很好的卫生数据。
statistics:n.统计数字;统计资料;统计学;(statistic的复数)
In one of the studies, what did they do? 在其中一项研究当中,他们做了什么？
Half the villagers were chosen to get contraceptives. 他们让一半的村民了解如何避孕。
They got education and access to contraception. 他们得到了避孕方面的教育,获得了必要的避孕工具。
Twenty years later, following those villages, what we learned is that they had a better quality of life than their neighbors. 在20年后对这些村子的随访中, 我们发现这些村民都拥有比邻居们优越的生活水平。
The families were healthier. 实施避孕的家庭比较健康。
The women were less likely to die in childbirth. 更少的女性会难产而死。
Their children were less likely to die in the first thirty days of life. 孩子们在生下来的三十天内死亡的可能性也减少了。
The children were better nourished . 孩子们获得了更好的营养补充。
nourished:v.抚养;养育;培养,助长(情绪、观点等);(nourish的过去分词和过去式)
The families were also wealthier. 家庭也都比较富裕。
The adult women's wages were higher. 成年女性的工资都比较高。
wages:n.[劳经]工资; v.开展(运动等)(wage的第三人称单数形式);
Households had more assets -- things like livestock or land or savings . 家家户户都有较多资产,例如畜牧业、土地和储蓄。
Households:n.家庭;拆迁户;家户(household的复数); assets:n.资产;宝贵的人材;(一项)财物;资产;(asset的名词复数) livestock:n.家畜;牲畜; savings:n.节省物;节省;节约;储蓄金;存款;(saving的复数)
Finally , their sons and daughters had more schooling. 最后,他们的儿女都接受了更多的教育。
Finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;
So when you multiply these types of effects over millions of families, the product can be large-scale economic development. 当你们把这些影响乘以数百万个家庭的时候, 得到的可能是大型的经济发展。
multiply:vt.乘; vi.乘; v.多样地; adj.多层的; large-scale:adj.大规模的,大范围的;大比例尺的;
People talk about the Asian economic miracle of the 1980s -- but it wasn't really a miracle. 人们都会谈起1980年代亚洲的经济奇迹—— 但那并不是奇迹。
miracle:n.奇迹,奇迹般的人或物;惊人的事例;
One of the leading causes of economic growth across that region was this cultural trend towards smaller families. 那个区域的经济之所以会快速发展的主要原因之一, 是倾向小家庭的文化趋势。
Sweeping changes start at the individual family level -- the family making a decision about what's best for their children. 广泛的变化发生在了个人家庭中—— 家庭为孩子们的未来做出了最好的选择。
Sweeping:n.扫除; adj.影响广泛的; v.打扫; (sweep的现在分词) individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的;
When they make that change and that decision, those become sweeping regional and national trends . 他们做出的选择和改变, 成为了地区性和全国性的广泛趋势。
regional:adj.地区的;局部的;整个地区的; trends:n.趋势;倾向;动态;动向;(trend的第三人称单数和复数)
When families in sub-Saharan Africa are given the opportunity to make those decisions for themselves, 当撒哈拉以南的非洲家庭得到 为自己做出选择的机会时,
I think it will help spark a virtuous cycle of development in communities across the continent. 我觉得这就会在整个大洲的社区中推动 触发发展的良性循环。
spark:n.火花;电火花;火星;活力;v.引发;触发;冒火花;飞火星; virtuous:adj.善良的;有道德的;贞洁的;正直的;有效力的; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数)
We can help poor families build a better future. 我们可以帮助贫困家庭建立更好的未来。
We can insist that all people have the opportunity to learn about contraceptives and have access to the full variety of methods. 我们可以坚决主张所有人都有机会 认识避孕, 以及得到齐全的避孕方式的途径。
to the full:充分地;完全地; variety:n.多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化;
I think the goal here is really clear: universal access to birth control that women want. 我认为现在的目标很明确: 最大范围的让女性得到想要的避孕措施。
And for that to happen, it means that both rich and poor governments alike must make contraception a total priority. 而为了实现这个目标,所有的政府,不论贫富, 都必须让避孕得到重视。
We can do our part, in this room and globally, by talking about the hundreds of millions of families that don't have access to contraception today and what it would do to change their lives if they did have access. 我们可以在这个房间里,或者在全球范围内尽自己的力量, 通过谈论上亿个 无法合理避孕的家庭, 以及他们如果能避孕,生活将如何改变。
I think if Marianne and the members of her women's group can talk about this openly and have this discussion out amongst themselves and in public, we can, too. 我想如果马丽安和女性团体的成员 能够公开地谈论这个话题, 能够在彼此和公众间讨论这个话题, 我们也一样可以。
amongst:prep.在…之中;在…当中(等于among);
And we need to start now. 我们必须现在就开始行动。
Because like Marianne, we all want to bring every good thing to our children. 因为像马丽安一样,我们都想让自己的孩子拥有最好的。
And where is the controversy in that? 而在这个问题上,是否还存在任何争议呢？
controversy:n.争论;论战;辩论;
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）
Chris Anderson: Thank you. 克里斯 安德勋（CA）:谢谢。
I have some questions for Melinda. 我有一些问题想问梅琳达。
(Applause ends) （掌声终止）
Thank you for your courage and everything else. 谢谢你的勇敢和所做的一切。
So, Melinda, in the last few years 梅琳达,在过去的几年里,
I've heard a lot of smart people say something to the effect of, "We don't need to worry about the population issue anymore. 我听过很多聪明的人说过类似的话, 我们不必担心人口问题了。
Family sizes are coming down naturally all over the world. 家庭规模已在世界范围内不断减小,
naturally:adv.自然地;自然而然地;轻而易举;天生地;大方地;
We're going to peak at nine or 10 billion. And that's it." 我们的人口最多增加到90或者100亿人。就这样。
peak:n.高峰; v.达到高峰; adj.最高度的;
Are they wrong? 他们错了吗？
Melinda Gates: If you look at the statistics across Africa, they are wrong. 梅琳达·盖茨（MG）:如果你看看非洲的数据, 他们的确错了。
And I think we need to look at it, though, from a different lens . 我认为我们需要以不同的角度来看待问题。
lens:n.透镜,镜头;晶状体;隐形眼镜;汽车的灯玻璃;v.给…摄影;
We need to look at it from the ground upwards . 我们需要追源溯本的看问题,
upwards:adv.向上;在上部;向上游;
I think that's one of the reasons we got ourselves in so much trouble on this issue of contraception. 我觉得这是我们在避孕的问题上给自己惹了 这么多麻烦的原因之一、
We looked at it from top down and said we want to have different population numbers over time. 我们只是着眼现在这个时间点, 然后说我们想要在未来有不同的人口数据。
Yes, we care about the planet. Yes, we need to make the right choices. 没错,我们关心地球。没错,我们需要做出正确的选择。
But the choices have to be made at the family level. 但这些选择必须以家庭为重。
And it's only by giving people access and letting them choose what to do that you get those sweeping changes that we have seen globally -- except for sub-Saharan Africa and those places in South Asia and Afghanistan . 只有让人们有能力和途径选择想做的事, 才能得到那些全球性的广泛变化—— 除了南非和南亚、阿富汗的某些地区。
Afghanistan:n.阿富汗(国家名称,位于亚洲);
CA: Some people on the right in America and in many conservative cultures around the world might say something like this: "It's all very well to talk about saving lives and empowering women and so on. CA: 有些在美国, 以及在世界各地的很多保守的文化里的人, 可能会说类似这样的话: 谈论拯救生命,赋予女性权利等等的问题是没错。
conservative:adj.保守的;n.保守派,守旧者;
But, sex is sacred. 但性爱是神圣的。
What you're proposing is going to increase the likelihood that lots of sex happens outside marriage. 你的提议将会增加 性爱发生在婚姻外的可能性。
proposing:v.提议;建议;打算;计划;求婚;(propose的现在分词) likelihood:n.可能性,可能;
And that is wrong." 而那是不对的。
What would you say to them? 你会对他们说什么？
MG: I would say that sex is absolutely sacred. MG:我会说性爱的确是神圣的。
absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地;
And it's sacred in Germany, and it's sacred in the United States, and it's sacred in France and so many places around the world. 它在德国、美国是神圣的。 它在法国和世界各国都是神圣的。
And the fact that 98 percent of women in my country who are sexually experienced say they use birth control doesn't make sex any less sacred. 在我国98％有性经验的女性表示, 使用节育措施并不会让性爱变得不再神圣。
sexually:adv.性,性欲
It just means that they're getting to make choices about their lives. 这只是代表她们能为自己的生活做选择。
And I think in that choice, we're also honoring the sacredness of the family and the sacredness of the mother's life and the childrens' lives by saving their lives. 我觉得在做选择的时候, 我们也在尊敬家庭, 和一位母亲的生命, 以及挽救孩子的生命的神圣。
sacredness:n.神圣;尊崇为神物;受人尊敬;
To me, that's incredibly sacred, too. 那也是非常神圣的。
CA: So what is your foundation doing to promote this issue? CA: 你的基金会如何提倡这个问题？
And what could people here and people listening on the web -- what would you like them to do? 这里的人和在网络上的观众—— 你希望他们做些什么？
MG: I would say this -- join the conversation. MG:我想说——要积极参与讨论,
We've listed the website up here. Join the conversation. 我们在屏幕上列出了网站。请加入我们的讨论。
Tell your story about how contraception has either changed your life or somebody's life that you know. 告诉我们避孕如何改变了你的生活, 或你认识的人的生活。
And say that you're for this. 然后说你赞同这种做法。
We need a groundswell of people saying, "This makes sense. 我们需要听到越来越多的人说, 这很有道理。
groundswell:n.海啸;地隆;
We've got to give all women access -- no matter where they live." 我们需要让全体女性获得避孕的措施——不论她们身在何处。
And one of the things that we're going to do is do a large event July 11 in London, with a whole host of countries, a whole host of African nations, to all say we're putting this back on the global health agenda. 而我们将会做的事情之一 就是7月11号在伦敦举办一个大型的活动, 跟许多国家,包括许多非洲国家, 宣布我们要把这个（避孕）重新列入全球卫生议程里。
We're going to commit resources to it, and we're going to do planning from the bottom up with governments to make sure that women are educated -- so that if they want the tool, they have it, and that they have lots of options available either through their local healthcare worker or their local community rural clinic. 我们将会投入资源, 并与政府从基层开始策划, 以确保女性受到避孕方面的教育—— 让她们可以在需要的时候得到避孕工具, 也会有很多的选择, 无论是通过当地的卫生保健员, 还是当地的社区诊所。
commit:v.犯(罪等);干(坏事等);[法]提(审);判处; resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); options:n.选择; v.得到或获准进行选择; (option的三单形式) healthcare:n.医疗保健;健康护理,健康服务;卫生保健; rural:adj.农村的,乡下的;田园的,有乡村风味的;
CA: Melinda, I'm guessing that some of those nuns who taught you at school are going to see this TED Talk at some point. CA:我猜想在学校教过你的一些修女 总有一天会看到这个讲座。
Are they going to be horrified , or are they cheering you on? 她们会为你的所作所为吓到,还是会为你感到高兴？
horrified:adj.惊骇的;带有恐怖感的;v.惊骇(horrify的过去式和过去分词);使…战悚;
MG: I know they're going to see the TED Talk because they know that I'm doing it and I plan to send it to them. MG:我知道她们会看到这个讲座, 因为她们知道我会举办这个讲座,而且我打算把讲座发给她们。
And, you know, the nuns who taught me were incredibly progressive . 你知道吗,教过我的修女们观念非常与时俱进。
progressive:adj.进步的;先进的;开明的;稳步的;n.进步人士;开明人士;改革派;
I hope that they'll be very proud of me for living out what they taught us about social justice and service. 我希望她们会以我为荣, 因为我实践了她们教会我的社会正义和服务。
I have come to feel incredibly passionate about this issue because of what I've seen in the developing world. 我已经开始对这个问题非常的关切, 介于我在发展中的世界里所看到的一切。
passionate:adj.热情的;热烈的,激昂的;易怒的;
And for me, this topic has become very close to heart because you meet these women and they are so often voiceless . 对我而言,这个课题已经根植于我的内心, 因为我亲眼见到了这些没有话语权的女人。
voiceless:adj.无声的;清音的;沉默的;
And yet they shouldn't be -- they should have a voice, they should have access. 但她们本不应该这样—— 她们应该表达自己的意见,应该有途径避孕。
And so I hope they'll feel that I'm living out what I've learned from them and from the decades of work that I've already done at the foundation. 我希望她们会觉得 我实践了从她们身上, 以及我通过在基金会几十年的工作所学到的。
CA: So, you and your team brought together today an amazing group of speakers to whom we're all grateful. CA:今天,你和你的队伍集合了一群很棒的演讲人, 我们很感激。
Did you learn anything? 你学到了什么吗？
(Laughter) （笑声）
MG: Oh my gosh, I learned so many things. I have so many follow-up questions. MG:我学到了好多。我有好多跟进的问题。
follow-up:adj.后续的;增补的;n.随访;跟进;后续行动;
And I think a lot of this work is a journey . 我觉得这项工作是个充满未知的旅程。
journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行;
You heard the discussion about the journey through energy, or the journey through social design, or the journey in the coming and saying, "Why aren't there any women on this platform ?" 你听到了关于能量的讨论, 或者社会设计, 或者还有这样的质疑, 为什么这个平台上没有任何的女性？
platform:n.平台; v.把…放在台上[放在高处;
And I think for all of us who work on these development issues, you learn by talking to other people. 我觉得我们这些从事发展问题的人, 都是通过与人交流来学习的。
You learn by doing. You learn by trying and making mistakes. 你通过实践来学习。你通过尝试和犯错来学习。
And it's the questions you ask. 你问的问题也很重要。
Sometimes it's the questions you ask that helps lead to the answer the next person that can help you answer it. 有的时候是你的提问帮忙引出了答案, 也许下一个人就能够回答你的问题。
So I have lots of questions for the panelists from today. 今天我给小组成员准备了很多问题。
panelists:n.专门小组成员;专题讨论小组参加者(等于panellist);
And I thought it was just an amazing day. 我觉得这会是很精彩的一天。
CA: Melinda, thank you for inviting all of us on this journey with you. CA: 梅琳达,谢谢你邀请我们和你一起搭上这个旅程。
Thank you so much. MG: Great. Thanks, Chris. 非常感谢你。MG:没问题。谢谢你,克里斯。