|
|
MelanieEPeffer_GolgiandCajal_2020E-_一位获得诺贝尔奬_医学奖的艺术家_-
|
| In the late 1860s, scientists believed they were on the verge of uncovering the brain’s biggest secret. |
在1860年代晚期 已在解答大脑最大秘密的边缘 |
| They already knew the brain controlled the body through electrical impulses . |
他们已知道大脑如何控制电脉冲 |
| The question was, how did these signals travel through the body without changing or degrading ? |
但问题是这些讯号如何经在身体中传递 而并未改变或递减的呢？ |
|
on the verge of:濒临于;接近于; uncovering:adj.露出的; v.发现(uncover的现在分词); n.露出; electrical:adj.有关电的;电气科学的; impulses:n.[心理]冲动; v.推动(impulse的第三人称单数); degrading:adj.降低身份的; v.降低…身份; (degrade的现在分词)
|
| It seemed that perfectly transmitting these impulses would require them to travel uninterrupted along some kind of tissue . |
看似这些完美传递的脉冲 必须不间断地经过一些组织 |
| This idea, called reticular theory, imagined the nervous system as a massive web of tissue that physically connected every nerve cell in the body. |
这个想法被称为「网状理论」 假想神经系统是一个巨大的网状组织 实体连接身体中每个神经细胞 |
| Reticular theory captivated the field with its elegant simplicity . |
网状理论以简单易懂在此领域闻名 |
|
transmitting:v.传送;输送;发射;传播;传染;(transmit的现在分词) uninterrupted:adj.不间断的;连续的; tissue:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织; reticular:adj.网状的;错综的; nervous system:n.神经系统; massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的; nerve:n.神经;勇气;神经质;神经紧张;v.鼓足勇气;振作精神; captivated:v.迷住;迷惑;(captivate的过去式); elegant:adj.高雅的,优雅的;讲究的;简炼的;简洁的; simplicity:n.朴素;简易;天真;愚蠢;
|
| But soon, a young artist would cut through this conjecture , and sketch a bold new vision of how our brains work. |
然而很快地有位年轻的艺术家推翻了这个推论 并且还大胆地勾勒出 大脑如何运作的新想法 |
| 60 years before reticular theory was born, developments in microscope technology revealed cells to be the building blocks of organic tissue. |
网状理论产生的60年前 蓬勃发展的显微镜科技 揭开细胞是有机组织的基本构造单位 |
| This finding was revolutionary , but early microscopes struggled to provide additional details. |
在当时是革命性的发现 但是早期的显微镜 很难再进一步提供更多讯息 |
|
conjecture:n.推测;猜想;v.推测;揣摩;; sketch:n.素描;草图;速写;概述;v.概述;简述;画素描;画速写; bold:adj.大胆的,英勇的;黑体的;厚颜无耻的;险峻的; vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见; microscope:n.显微镜; technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; revealed:v.揭示;显示;露出;(reveal的过去分词和过去式) building blocks:(儿童玩的)积木;建筑砌块;堆积木;建筑砖块;基石; organic:adj.有机的;不使用化肥的;绿色的;有机物的;n.分子有机体; revolutionary:adj.革命性的;革命的;彻底变革的;n.改革者;革命者; microscopes:n.[光]显微镜(microscope的复数); struggled:v.奋斗;努力;争取;艰难地行进;抗争;(struggle的过去式和过去分词) additional:adj.附加的,额外的;
|
| The technology was especially challenging for researchers studying the brain. |
该技术对大脑研究人员极具挑战性 |
| Soft nervous tissue was delicate and difficult to work with. |
软组织特别脆弱,难以研究 |
| And even when researchers were able to get it under the microscope, the tissue was so densely packed it was impossible to see much. |
即使研究员能够将其放到显微镜下 这些组织会密集聚在一起 |
|
especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; delicate:adj.精致的,微妙的,脆弱的,熟练的,柔和的; densely:adv.浓密地;密集地;
|
| To improve their view, scientists began experimenting with special staining techniques designed to provide clarity through contrast . |
为了改善视野 科学家们开始实验特别的染色技术 以获得更好的对比解析度 |
| The most effective came courtesy of Camillo Golgi in 1873. |
最有效的方式是来自于 卡米洛 .高耳基在1873年 |
| First, Golgi hardened the brain tissue with potassium bichromate to prevent cells from deforming during handling. |
首先 目的是为了预防操作过程中组织变形 |
|
improve:v.改进;改善; staining:v.(被)玷污;留下污渍;给…染色(或着色);败坏(名声);(stain的现在分词) techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数) clarity:n.清楚,明晰;透明; contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比; effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象; courtesy:n.礼貌;好意;恩惠;adj.殷勤的;被承认的;出于礼节的; hardened:adj.变硬的;坚定的;v.坚定,变硬(harden的过去分词); potassium:n.[化学]钾; bichromate:n.重铬酸盐; deforming:adj.致畸形的;n.使...变形;毁掉(deform的过去分词);
|
| Then he doused the tissue in silver nitrate , which visibly accumulated in nerve cells. |
接着 使得神经细胞可以被清楚地看见 |
| Golgi’s Method finally allowed researchers to see the entire cell body of what would later be named the neuron . |
高尔基的方法最终使研究者 能够看见完整的细胞体 之后被称作「神经细胞」 |
| The stain even highlighted the fibrous branches that shot off from the cell in different directions. |
这些染色甚至加强标示了纤维状的分支 从细胞四散至不同方向 |
|
doused:v.浇灭(火);熄(灯);往…上泼水;把…浸在液体里;(douse的过去分词和过去式) silver:n.银; v.给…镀(或包)银; adj.银色的; nitrate:n.硝酸盐;vt.用硝酸处理; visibly:adv.明显地;显然;看得见地; accumulated:v.积累;积聚;(数量)逐渐增加;(accumulate的过去式和过去分词) finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; neuron:n.[解剖]神经元,神经单位; highlighted:adj.突出的;v.使显著;照亮(highlight的过去分词); fibrous:adj.纤维的,纤维性的;纤维状的;
|
| Images of these branches became hazy at the ends, making it difficult to determine exactly how they fit into the larger network. |
这些分支的影像在末端变得朦胧 很难精准确定 它们在神经网络扮演的角色 |
| But Golgi concluded that these branches connected, forming a web of tissue comprising the entire nervous system. |
但是高尔基得出结论 这些分支彼此连结 形成网状的组织 最终完整形成神经系统 |
| 14 years later, a young scientist and aspiring artist named Santiago Ramón y Cajal began to build on Golgi’s work. |
14年之后有位年轻有抱负的科学家兼艺术家 名为桑地牙哥·拉蒙卡哈 以高尔基的成果为基础开始研究 |
|
Images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数) hazy:adj.朦胧的;模糊的;有薄雾的; determine:v.决定;确定;测定;查明;形成;影响;裁决;安排; concluded:v.断定:得出结论:终止:达成:缔结(协定)(conclude的过去分词和过去式) comprising:vt.包含;由…组成; aspiring:adj.渴望从事…的; v.渴望(成就); (aspire的现在分词) Santiago:n.圣地亚哥(智利首都);
|
| While writing a book about microscopic imaging , he came across a picture of a cell treated with Golgi’s stain. |
当撰写有关显微镜成像时 他看见高尔基染色细胞的图片 |
| Cajal was in awe of its exquisite detail— both as a scientist and an artist. |
卡哈对于这些细致的细节非常惊叹 |
| He soon set out to improve Golgi’s stain even further and create more detailed references for his artwork. |
他迅速开始改善高尔基染色方式 并且创造更多细节来佐证他的艺术作品 |
|
microscopic:adj.微观的;用显微镜可见的; imaging:n.[物]成像;造像;v.反映;想像;作…的像;象征;(image的现在分词形式) treated:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;(treat的过去分词和过去式) awe:vt.使敬畏;使畏怯;n.敬畏; exquisite:adj.精致的;细腻的;优美的,高雅的;异常的;剧烈的;n.服饰过于讲究的男子; references:n.提到; v.查阅; (reference的第三人称单数和复数)
|
| By staining the tissue twice in a specific time frame , |
藉由在特定时间内染色两次的方式 |
| Cajal found he could stain a greater number of neurons with better resolution . |
卡哈发现能将更多神经细胞染色 染得还更清楚 |
| And what these new slides revealed would upend reticular theory— the branches reaching out from each nerve cell were not physically connected to any other tissue. |
然而这些新玻片发明将打破网状假说 当分支从每个神经细胞四散 并不会与其他组织连结 |
|
specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药; time frame:n.期间时限; resolution:n.解决;分辨;解析;决议; upend:vt.倒放,颠倒;竖立;
|
| So how were these individual cells transmitting electrical signals? |
那麽个别细胞是如何 传递电位讯号的呢？ |
| By studying and sketching them countless times, |
藉由无数次研读及推测 |
| Cajal developed a bold, new hypothesis . |
卡哈发展出一个大胆、全新的假说 |
| Instead of electrical signals traveling uninterrupted across a network of fibers , he proposed that signals were somehow jumping from cell to cell in a linear chain of activation . |
并非电位讯号藉由不间断的连结 传递至纤维细胞网络 他提议讯号是藉由跳跃 从一个细胞至另一个细胞 藉由一连串的活化 |
|
individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; sketching:v.画素描;画速写;概述;简述;(sketch的现在分词) countless:adj.无数的;数不尽的; hypothesis:n.假设; fibers:n.纤维(fiber的复数); proposed:adj.建议的;推荐的;v.提议;建议;计划;求婚;(propose的过去分词和过去式) somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地; linear:adj.线的,线型的;直线的,线状的;长度的; activation:n.[电子][物]激活;活化作用;
|
| The idea that electrical signals could travel this way was completely unheard of when Cajal proposed it in 1889. |
电位讯号藉由这样方式传递 在当时是前所未闻的 当卡哈在1889年提出时 |
| However his massive collection of drawings supported his hypothesis from every angle. |
然而他大量的作品 从每个角度支持他的假说 |
| And in the mid-1900s, electron microscopy further supported this idea by revealing a membrane around each nerve cell keeping it separate from its neighbors. |
在1900年代中期 电子显微镜更进一步支持这项想法 藉由透露每个神经细胞是 被细胞膜包围的 使其和邻间细胞分开 |
|
unheard:adj.听不到的;未被倾听的;不予理睬的; electron:n.电子; microscopy:n.显微镜检查;显微镜使用;显微镜学; revealing:adj.暴露的;发人深省的;v.揭示;露出;显示;展示;(reveal的现在分词) membrane:n.膜;薄膜;羊皮纸;
|
| This formed the basis of the “neuron doctrine ,” which proposed the brain’s tissue was made up of many discrete cells, instead of one connected tissue. |
这成就了「神经元学说」的基础 这项说明了脑部组织是由 许多分散的细胞组成的 而非一个连结的组织 |
| The neuron doctrine laid the foundation for modern neuroscience , and allowed later researchers to discover that electrical impulses are constantly converted between chemical and electrical signals as they travel from neuron to neuron. |
神经元学说成就了现今的神经科学 也使后来的研究者 进一步探究神经脉冲 是在化学及电位讯号中不间断地转换 当他们移动从一个细胞至一个细胞时 |
|
doctrine:n.主义;学说;教义;信条; made up of:由…组成,由…构成; discrete:adj.离散的,不连续的;n.分立元件;独立部件; foundation:n.基础;地基;基金会;根据;创立; neuroscience:n.神经系统科学(指神经病学,神经化学等); constantly:adv.不断地;时常地; converted:adj.修改的;改变信仰的;v.转变;改变信仰(convert的过去式和过去分词形式); chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的;
|
| Both Golgi and Cajal received the Nobel Prize for their separate, but shared discoveries, and researchers still apply their theories and methods today. |
高尔基和卡哈皆获得了诺贝尔奖 因为他们分别但是共同的发现 并且现在的研究者依然使用 他们的理论和方式 |
| In this way, their legacies remain connected as discrete elements in a vast network of knowledge. |
这么一来 他们的传奇虽然分散但仍然相连 在这个诺大的知识网络里 |
|
Nobel Prize:n.诺贝尔奖; apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求; legacies:n.遗产(legacy的复数); elements:n.要素;基本部分;少量;一群;(element的复数)
|