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MegJacobs_NewDealandRacism_2021E-_鲜为人知的拯救美国计画—贾梅格_
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| In 1932, the Great Depression entered its third winter. |
1932 年,经济大蕭条进入第三个冬天 |
| One in four Americans was unemployed , marking the highest unemployment rate in the country’s history. |
每四位美国人就有一位失業 失業率达到美国史上的最高点 |
| Tens of thousands had lost their homes and life savings , and there was very little confidence that Republican President Herbert Hoover could turn things around . |
成千上万人失去房子及毕生积蓄 大家对共和党籍的胡佛总统毫无信心 认为他无力回天 |
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Depression:n.沮丧;洼地;不景气;忧愁; unemployed:adj.失业的;下岗的;n.(集合词)失业者; unemployment:n.失业;失业率;失业人数; savings:n.节省物;节省;节约;储蓄金;存款;(saving的复数) confidence:n.信心;信任;秘密;adj.(美)诈骗的;骗得信任的; Republican:adj.共和国的;共和政体的;共和主义的;拥护共和政体的;n.共和主义者; Hoover:vi.胡佛电动吸尘;n.胡佛电动吸尘器; turn things around:扭转干坤;扭转时局;
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| So when the election came, voters flocked to his Democratic competitor. |
所以当大选来临 选票蜂拥投入他的民主党对手 |
| Franklin D. Roosevelt promised a New Deal for Americans— a comprehensive set of legislation to support struggling citizens and put the country back to work. |
小罗斯福的竞选支票「新政」 承诺要立一系列的法律 以援助挣扎的百姓 并振兴国家 |
| The massive federal intervention Roosevelt proposed was a radical challenge to the individualist ideals that governed many Americans’ lives. |
这项由小罗斯福提出的 大规模联邦干预政策 彻底挑战主导美国人生活的个人主义理想 |
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flocked:v.聚集(flock的过去分词);成群而行;n.植绒;舒美绒皮; Democratic:adj.民主的;民主政治的;大众的; comprehensive:adj.综合的;广泛的;有理解力的;n.综合学校;专业综合测验; legislation:n.立法;法律; massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的; federal:adj.联邦的;同盟的;联邦政府的;联邦制的;adv.联邦政府地; intervention:n.介入;调停;妨碍; proposed:adj.建议的;推荐的;v.提议;建议;计划;求婚;(propose的过去分词和过去式) radical:n.自由基;激进分子;游离基;adj.根本的;彻底的;完全的;全新的; individualist:n.利己主义者,个人主义者;
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| But due to the extreme circumstances , he began his presidency with public and political support. |
但是由于情况极为特殊 他在公众及政治的支持下就任总统 |
| With the help of his advisers , Roosevelt’s first hundred days in office were perhaps the most eventful of any US president. |
小罗斯福的顾问幫助他 让他在位的头一百天 成为美国总统史上最「多事」的时间 |
| In just over three months, he pushed over 15 bills through Congress and created an “alphabet soup” of government agencies to help farmers, workers, and businesses. |
短短三个多月内 他就透过国会推出了十五个法案 并成立了如英文字母般多的政府机构 以幫助农民、劳工及企業 |
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extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物; circumstances:n.情况;环境;情形;(circumstance的复数) presidency:n.总统(或董事长,会长,大学校长等)的职位(任期);管辖;支配; advisers:n.顾问(adviser的复数); eventful:adj.多事的;重要的;多变故的;重大的; Congress:n.国会;代表大会;会议;社交; agencies:n.代理;代理处(agency的复数);
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| The New Deal’s first priority was stabilizing the banks. |
新政的首要任务为稳定银行 |
| Over the previous three years, many Americans had withdrawn their savings out of fear the bank would lose their money in bad investments . |
过去三年,许多美国人把储蓄挤兑出来 因为怕银行会因不当投资 而使他们的钱亏损 |
| So to regain the public's confidence, |
所以为了重建大众的信心 |
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priority:n.优先;优先权;[数]优先次序;优先考虑的事; stabilizing:v.(使)稳定,稳固;(stabilize的现在分词) previous:adj.以前的;早先的;过早的;adv.在先;在…以前; withdrawn:adj.偏僻的;沉默寡言的;孤独的;v.取出;撤退(withdraw的过去分词); investments:n.[经]投资,投资的财产;投资学;(investment的复数) regain:vt.再次得到;重新获得,恢复;返回;n.恢复;收复;收回
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| FDR increased federal oversight of commercial banks, and created bank insurance to guarantee that any deposited funds would always be available. |
小罗斯福增加了联邦对商業银行的监督 并开始银行保险制度 以保证银行有钱可以让人随时提款 |
| Next, he established the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. |
然后,他设立联邦紧急救援署 |
| FERA cataloged each state’s need for relief and provided funds to help citizens afford groceries , rent, clothing, coal, and other necessities. |
这个单位编列每一州所需的救援 并提供资金以幫助人民 支付食品杂货、房租、衣服、煤炭 及其他民生必需品 |
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oversight:n.疏忽;忽略;失察;负责;照管; commercial:adj.贸易的;商业的;赢利的;以获利为目的的;n.(电台或电视播放的)广告; insurance:n.保险;保险业;保险费;保费;adj.胜券在握的; guarantee:n.保证;担保;保证人;保证书;抵押品;v.保证;担保; deposited:v.存放;储存;放置(deposit的过去分词);adj.存放的;堆积的; funds:n.[会计]资金,现金(fund的复数);基金;v.资助(fund的三单形式);提供资金; established:adj.已确立的;著名的;v.建立;创立;设立;(establish的过去分词和过去式) Emergency:n.紧急情况;突发事件;非常时刻;adj.紧急的;备用的; Relief:n.救济;减轻,解除;安慰;浮雕; cataloged:v.将…编入目录;登记(catalog的过去分词);adj.编入目录的; provided:conj.假如; v.提供; (provide的过去分词和过去式) afford:v.给予,提供;买得起; groceries:n.杂货;食品杂货;食品杂货店;(grocery的复数)
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| Meanwhile , the Agricultural Adjustment Administration subsidized farmers and educated them in improving planting techniques . |
同时,农業调整管理局补助农民 并教育他们改良种植技术 |
| These policies fed and housed thousands, but they didn’t significantly address the New Deal’s biggest promise: reducing unemployment. |
这些政策解决了成千上万人吃住的问题 却没有明显兑现新政最大的承诺: 减少失業率 |
| So the Civilian Conservation Corps was established to employ over 250,000 young men for projects like tree planting, irrigation , and fire prevention . |
所以平民保育团就此成立 以雇用超过二十五万的年轻人 参与如种树、灌溉及防火等计画 |
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Meanwhile:adv.同时,其间;n.其间,其时; Agricultural:adj.农业的;农艺的; Adjustment:n.调整,调节;调节器; subsidized:adj.补贴的,补助的;v.资助或补助(subsidize的过去时和过去分词); improving:v.改进;改善;(improve的现在分词) techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数) policies:n.政策;方针;原则;为人之道;保险单(policy的复数) significantly:adv.意味深长地;值得注目地; Civilian:adj.民用的;百姓的,平民的;n.平民,百姓; Conservation:n.保存,保持;保护; Corps:n.兵团;(陆军)特种部队;(从事某工作或活动的)一群人; irrigation:n.灌溉;[临床]冲洗;冲洗法; prevention:n.预防;阻止;妨碍;
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| The CCC offered onsite work camps that provided food, shelter, and education to those employed; mostly young, single men with families in need of relief. |
平民保育团在工地现场扎营 提供食宿并教育员工 大多数是年轻的单身男性 有家人需要救济 |
| Subsequent programs like the Works Progress Administration and the Tennessee Valley Authority added projects building roads, bridges, and hydroelectric dams. |
后续计画如公共事業振兴署 及田纳西河谷管理局 增加了铺路、造桥及建水坝等公共工程 |
| The WPA also funded art, writing, and theater programs. |
公共事業振兴署还资助 艺术、写作及戏剧等计画 |
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onsite:adj.在场的,就地的; Subsequent:adj.后来的,随后的; Tennessee:n.田纳西州(美国州名); Authority:n.权威;权力;当局; hydroelectric:adj.水力发电的;水电治疗的; funded:adj.提供资金的;v.提供资金;积存;提供资金偿付的本息;(fund的过去式);
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| These initiatives cut civilian unemployment in half. |
这些举措使百姓的失業率减半 |
| And they did so alongside labor acts that abolished child labor, granted unions the right to collective bargaining , and set the first national minimum wage . |
同时还有劳工法废除童工 授予公会集体协商的权利 并定下第一个全国最低工资标准 |
| Benefits were also created to help those unable to work. |
还有福利制度以幫助无法工作的人 |
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initiatives:n.积极性;主动权(initiative的复数);创始; abolished:adj.废除的;v.彻底废除;摧毁(abolish的过去分词); granted:v.不错,的确; conj.因为; v.同意,准予,允许; (grant的过去分词和过去式) collective bargaining:n.(劳资双方就工资和工作条件进行的)集体谈判; minimum wage:n.(法定的)最低工资;
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| The Social Security Act established an old-age pension system in addition to unemployment insurance, disability benefits, and welfare assistance. |
《社会保障法》创立养老金制度 以及失業保险、身心障碍者给付 及福利援助 |
| But despite these sweeping policies, the New Deal helped some groups more than others. |
尽管这些政策相当全面 新政对不同族群的幫助还是不太一致 |
| Black Americans were hit hardest by the economic downturn , and the New Deal’s impact on Black communities varied widely. |
经济不振对非裔美国人的冲击最大 但新政对各黑人社区的冲击却不一 |
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Social Security:n.社会保障金(政府定期向贫穷、失业、患病等人发放); old-age pension:n.养老金;老年抚恤金; in addition to:除…之外; disability:n.残疾;无能;无资格;不利条件; welfare:n.福祉;(政府给予的)福利; despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; sweeping:n.扫除; adj.影响广泛的; v.打扫; (sweep的现在分词) economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; downturn:n.衰退(经济方面);低迷时期; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) varied:adj.多变的;各式各样的;杂色的;v.改变;使多样化;(vary的过去式和过去分词)
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| In northern cities like Chicago, |
在北部的城市如芝加哥 |
| Black citizens received a large share of jobs, vocational training, and education, with New Deal programs teaching more than one million Black Americans to read. |
非裔获得大部分的工作 职训及教育配额 新政的计画教了一百多万黑人识字 |
| Northern Black communities also received an influx of public housing , though it was heavily segregated . |
北方的黑人社区也分到比较多的国宅 即便种族隔离相当严格 |
| In the South, results were less positive . |
在南方,成果就没这么好了 |
| Roosevelt relied heavily on the support of Southern Democrats , who welcomed economic development but fought to preserve white supremacy . |
小罗斯福极为仰赖南方民主党员的支持 他们欢迎经济发展 却极力拥护白人至上主义 |
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vocational:adj.职业的,行业的; influx:n.流入;汇集;河流的汇集处; public housing:n.(美国政府为低收入者修建的)公共住房; segregated:adj.被隔离的;v.隔离(segregate的过去式);分离; positive:adj.积极的;[数]正的,[医][化学]阳性的;确定的;n.正数;[摄]正片; relied:v.依赖;依靠;信赖;信任;(rely的过去分词和过去式) Democrats:n.民主党员(democrat的复数);民主主义者; preserve:vt.保存;保护;维持;腌;禁猎;n.保护区;禁猎地;加工成的食品; supremacy:n.霸权;至高无上;主权;最高地位;
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| They ensured that new labor laws excluded domestic servants and agricultural workers, occupations held by many Black Americans. |
他们确保新的劳工法 会排除家庭幫佣及农工 这些工作通常是黑人在做 |
| These politicians and many others also undermined Eleanor Roosevelt’s attempts to push her husband toward supporting a federal anti-lynching law. |
这些政客和许多其他人 也破坏爱莲娜·罗斯福促使丈夫 支持一项联邦反私刑法的努力 |
| As a result , the New Deal has often been called a “raw deal” for Black communities. |
因此,新政通常被称为 黑人的不平等待遇 |
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ensured:v.保证;担保;确保(ensure的过去分词和过去式) excluded:v.排除;拒绝;把…除外;驱除;(excluded是exclude的过去分词) domestic:n.佣人;家佣;家庭纠纷;家庭矛盾;adj.本国的;国内的;家用的;家庭的; servants:n.仆人;服务员(servant的复数); occupations:n.[劳经]职业;行业;占有;日常活动(occupation的复数); politicians:n.政治家;(蔑)政客;(美)政治贩;(politician的复数) undermined:v.暗地里破坏;挖…的下面(undermine的过去分词); attempts:n.企图,试图;尝试(attempt的复数);v.试图;努力去做(attempt的三单形式); As a result:结果;
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| And many modern inequities in housing, employment, and financial stability are partially due to New Deal programs prioritizing white Americans. |
许多现代的住宅、就業 及财务不平等现象 可部分归究于新政优先考虑美国白人 |
| In these ways and more, the New Deal didn’t fully live up to its promises. |
因为如此,再加上其他原因 新政没有完全兑现其承诺 |
| Despite employing over 8 million Americans, unemployment never went lower than 14%. |
即使超过八百万名美国人受雇 失業率却从未低于 14% |
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inequities:n.不公平待遇(inequity的复数形式); financial:adj.金融的;财政的,财务的; stability:n.稳定性;坚定,恒心; partially:adv.部分地;偏袒地; prioritizing:v.按重要性排列;划分优先顺序;优先处理;(prioritize的现在分词) live up to:不辜负;做到;实践;
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| And the US economy wouldn’t fully recover until the country’s mobilization for World War II. |
美国经济并没有完全恢复 直到全国动员起来 打第二次世界大战 |
| But this bold campaign of progressive policies did empower unions to start their own revolution . |
但是此项以进步政策为基的大胆运动 的确赋予公会开始自己的革命 |
| In the coming decades, northern liberals , Black Americans, and other working minorities , united to fight discriminatory hiring. |
接下来数十年,北方的自由派、黑人 及其他少数族裔劳工 联合起来对抗招聘时的歧视 |
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economy:n.经济;节约;理财; mobilization:n.动员;调动; bold:adj.大胆的,英勇的;黑体的;厚颜无耻的;险峻的; progressive:adj.进步的;先进的;开明的;稳步的;n.进步人士;开明人士;改革派; empower:vt.授权,允许;使能够; revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环; liberals:n.自由主义者(liberal的复数); minorities:n.少数(minority的复数形式);少数民族;少数族裔; united:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) discriminatory:adj.有辨识力的;差别对待的;
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| In the process , they reshaped the Democratic Party; challenging its racist leadership, and laying the groundwork for an emerging civil rights coalition . |
在过程中,他们重塑了民主党 挑战其带种族主义的领导 并为新兴的民权运动联盟奠基 |
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process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; reshaped:vt.改造;再成形; racist:n.种族主义者;种族主义的; groundwork:n.基础;地基,根基; emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词) civil rights:na.公民权; coalition:n.联合;结合,合并;
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