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MaxLittle_2012G-_电话也能检测帕金森症_
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| So, well, I do applied math, and this is a peculiar problem for anyone who does applied math, is that we are like management consultants . |
话说,我是学应用数学的 对于每一个学应用数学的人来说 有一个特殊的难题,就是 我们和管理顾问都很像 |
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applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式) peculiar:adj.特殊的;独特的;奇怪的;罕见的;n.特权;特有财产; management:n.管理;管理人员;管理部门;操纵;经营手段; consultants:n.[经]顾问;咨询顾问;咨询公司;咨询人员(consultant的复数);
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| No one knows what the hell we do. |
没人知道我们是干嘛的 |
| So I am going to give you some -- attempt today to try and explain to you what I do. |
所以我今天会给你们一些实例 来解释我们是干什么的 |
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I am going to:我将要做什么事情 attempt:n.企图,试图;攻击;v.企图,试图;尝试;
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| So, dancing is one of the most human of activities. |
嗯,跳舞是人类众多的活动之一 |
| We delight at ballet virtuosos and tap dancers you will see later on. |
我们会因芭蕾舞大师和踢踏舞蹈者而感到欣悦 稍后你们就会知道了 |
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delight:n.高兴;vi.高兴;vt.使高兴; ballet:n.芭蕾舞;芭蕾舞团;芭蕾舞剧; virtuosos:adj.技艺精湛的; n.技艺超群的人; (virtuoso的复数);
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| Now, ballet requires an extraordinary level of expertise and a high level of skill, and probably a level of initial suitability that may well have a genetic component to it. |
如今芭蕾需要非凡的专业知识 和杰出的专业技巧 甚至一定的初级适应性 这可能就是所说的天赋 |
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extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的; expertise:n.专门知识;专门技术;专家的意见; initial:adj.最初的; n.(名字的)首字母; v.用姓名的首字母作标记(或签名)于; suitability:n.适合;适当;相配; genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的; component:n.成分;部件;组成部分;adj.构成的;
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| Now, sadly, neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease gradually destroy this extraordinary ability, as it is doing to my friend Jan Stripling , who was a virtuoso ballet dancer in his time. |
不过,可悲的是,神经系统疾病,例如帕金森症 慢慢地在摧毁这一卓越的才能 这正发生在我的朋友Jan Striling身上 他曾是他那个时代的芭蕾舞大师 |
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neurological:adj.神经病学的,神经学上的; disorders:n.无秩序,混乱; v.[电子]扰乱(disorder的单三形式); gradually:adv.渐渐地;逐步地; Stripling:n.年轻人,小伙子;
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| So great progress and treatment has been made over the years. |
这些年他接受过很多治疗也有很大的进步 |
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treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;
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| However, there are 6.3 million people worldwide who have the disease, and they have to live with incurable weakness, tremor , rigidity and the other symptoms that go along with the disease, so what we need are objective tools to detect the disease before it's too late. |
然而,世上有630万的人 患有这种疾病,而且他们还得忍受 无法治愈的虚弱,震颤,僵化 等其他伴随而来的症状的折磨 所以我们需要客观的工具 在病重之前将之检测出来 |
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worldwide:adj.全世界的;adv.在世界各地; incurable:adj.不能治愈的;无可救药的;n.患不治之症者,不能治愈的人; tremor:n.[医]震颤;颤动; rigidity:n.[物]硬度,[力]刚性;严格,刻板;僵化;坚硬; symptoms:n.症状;征候;征兆;(symptom的复数) go along with:赞同;陪…一起去; objective:n.目标; adj.客观的; detect:vt.察觉;发现;探测;
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| We need to be able to measure progression objectively , and ultimately , the only way we're going to know when we actually have a cure is when we have an objective measure that can answer that for sure. |
我们需要客观地测量进展 最后,想要知道何时有治愈之方的唯一方法 就是当我们 拥有了能准确回答那些问题的客观测量法 |
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progression:n.前进;连续; objectively:adv.客观地; ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究;
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| But frustratingly , with Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders, there are no biomarkers , so there's no simple blood test that you can do, and the best that we have is like this 20-minute neurologist test. |
但令人泄气的是,帕金森症 和其他运动障碍疾病,都没有生物标志物 所以你没法做简单的血液检查 我们能做到的最好的 就是像这个20分钟的神经学测试 |
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frustratingly:adv.令人泄气地;使人沮丧地(frustrate的副词形式); biomarkers:n.生物标记;生物指标(biomarker的复数); blood test:n.验血;vi.作血液检查; neurologist:神经学家;神经科专门医师;
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| You have to go to the clinic to do it. It's very, very costly , and that means that, outside the clinical trials, it's just never done. It's never done. |
你必须得到诊所去,而且花费相当相当大 这也意味着,在临床试验之外 从来没人做过这个测试,从来没有 |
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costly:adj.昂贵的;代价高的; clinical:adj.临床的;诊所的;
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| But what if patients could do this test at home? |
但如果病人能在家完成这个测试呢？ |
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what if:如果…怎么办? patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数)
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| Now, that would actually save on a difficult trip to the clinic, and what if patients could do that test themselves, right? |
这也能为病人节省下那段去诊所的路程 如果病人能独立完成这个测试呢？ |
| No expensive staff time required. |
就不需要花大量的钱去雇佣员工 |
| Takes about $300, by the way , in the neurologist's clinic to do it. |
顺便提下,如果去神经科诊所做的话 这个费用要300美金 |
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by the way:顺便说一下;
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| So what I want to propose to you as an unconventional way in which we can try to achieve this, because, you see, in one sense, at least, we are all virtuosos like my friend Jan Stripling. |
所以我想向你们提出一个非常规的的方法 一个我们能尝试去达到目的的方法 因为你也知道,在某种意义上,至少 我们都是像我朋友Jan Stripling一样的艺术大师 |
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propose:v.建议;提议;求婚;打算; unconventional:adj.非常规的;非传统的;不依惯例的;
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| So here we have a video of the vibrating vocal folds. |
我这里有一个关于声襞颤动的视频 |
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vibrating:v.(使)振动,颤动,摆动(vibrate的现在分词) vocal:adj.嗓音的;发声的;大声表达的;直言不讳的;n.(乐曲中的)歌唱部分;
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| Now, this is healthy and this is somebody making speech sounds, and we can think of ourselves as vocal ballet dancers, because we have to coordinate all of these vocal organs when we make sounds, and we all actually have the genes for it. FoxP2, for example. |
这个是健康状态下的某人在发声 我们把自己想当作是声音的芭蕾舞者 因为当我们发声时 我们得去协调这些发声器官,确实 这些是与生俱来的,例如Foxp2基因 |
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coordinate:n.坐标; v.协调; adj.同等的; organs:n.[生物]器官;机构;风琴(organ的复数); genes:n.基因;(gene的复数)
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| And like ballet, it takes an extraordinary level of training. |
而且和芭蕾一样,这也需要经过特殊地训练 |
| I mean, just think how long it takes a child to learn to speak. |
可以想一想,小孩学说话得花多长时间 |
| From the sound, we can actually track the vocal fold position as it vibrates , and just as the limbs are affected in Parkinson's, so too are the vocal organs. |
从声音里,我们可以追寻到 声襞颤动时的位置 正如帕金森能影响我们四肢 它也能影响我们发声器官 |
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track:n.小道;足迹;车辙;轨道;v.追踪;跟踪; fold:v.折叠;包;可叠平(以便贮存或携带);裹;n.褶;褶层;折叠部分;褶痕; vibrates:v.使震动;使颤动;使摆动(vibrate的第三人称单数); limbs:n.[解剖]四肢(limb的复数);
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| So on the bottom trace , you can see an example of irregular vocal fold tremor. |
你可以看到底部的颤动轨迹 是一种不规则的声襞颤动 |
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trace:追溯,追踪 irregular:n.不规则物;不合规格的产品;adj.不规则的;无规律的;非正规的;不合法的;
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| We see all the same symptoms. |
我们看到了一样的症状 |
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all the same:仍然:依然:照样:
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| We see vocal tremor, weakness and rigidity. |
声音颤动,虚弱,和僵化 |
| The speech actually becomes quieter and more breathy after a while, and that's one of the example symptoms of it. |
讲话会变得小声而且之后伴随更多气息音 这些都是症状的例子 |
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breathy:adj.带呼吸声的;缺少声量的;
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| So these vocal effects can actually be quite subtle , in some cases, but with any digital microphone , and using precision voice analysis software in combination with the latest in machine learning, which is very advanced by now, we can now quantify exactly where somebody lies on a continuum between health and disease using voice signals alone. |
事实上,这些声效大部分时候挺难以捉摸的 但只要有任何一款数码麦克风 搭上精密的声音分析软件 再组合用上最新的目前已非常先进的 机器研究 现在我们就能准确地定量 他人处于健康和疾病这一直线上的位置 这仅仅只需要语音信号而已 |
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subtle:adj.微妙的;精细的;敏感的;狡猾的;稀薄的; digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键; microphone:n.麦克风;传声器;话筒; precision:n.精度,[数]精密度;精确;adj.精密的,精确的; analysis:n.分析;分解;验定; combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合; advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式) quantify:vt.量化;为…定量;确定数量;vi.量化;定量; continuum:n.[数]连续统;[经]连续统一体;闭联集;
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| So these voice-based tests, how do they stack up against expert clinical tests? We'll, they're both non-invasive . |
那么这些以语音为基础的测试,他们会怎样 与专业的临床测试展开较量呢？其实他们都是无创技术 |
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stack:n.堆栈;一摞;大量;许多;v.(使)放成整齐的一叠(或一摞,一堆); non-invasive:adj.非侵入性的;非入侵的;
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| The neurologist's test is non-invasive. They both use existing infrastructure . |
神经学测试是无创性的,而且他们都使用现有的基础设备 |
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infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造;
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| You don't have to design a whole new set of hospitals to do it. |
你无需去设计一系列新的医院来完成测试 |
| And they're both accurate . Okay, but in addition , voice-based tests are non-expert. |
他们也都具有精确性。虽然这么说,但是 基于语音的测试却不是专家级别的 |
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accurate:adj.精确的; addition:n.添加;[数]加法;增加物;
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| That means they can be self-administered . |
这意味着患者能自己搞定 |
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self-administered:adj.自行管理的;
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| They're high-speed, take about 30 seconds at most. |
而且速度也快,最多只要30秒 |
| They're ultra-low cost, and we all know what happens. |
价格很低,我们也知道是怎么一回儿事 |
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ultra-low:超低的;
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| When something becomes ultra-low cost, it becomes massively scalable . |
一旦价格低廉 它也就能被大规模地扩展 |
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massively:adv.大量地;沉重地;庄严地; scalable:adj.可攀登的;可去鳞的;可称量的;
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| So here are some amazing goals that I think we can deal with now. |
我这儿有些现在能拿出来说的伟大的目标 |
| We can reduce logistical difficulties with patients. |
我们能减少和病人有关的后勤问题 |
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logistical:adj.后勤方面的;运筹的,逻辑的;
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| No need to go to the clinic for a routine checkup . |
没必要去诊所做例行的检查 |
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checkup:na.检验;(严格的)健康检查;身体检查;
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| We can do high-frequency monitoring to get objective data. |
我们能进行高频率的监测以获取客观数据 |
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high-frequency:adj.高频率的;高周波的;
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| We can perform low-cost mass recruitment for clinical trials, and we can make population-scale screening feasible for the first time. |
我们能为临床试验组织大量征召且耗费很低 我们也能使人数的规模的展示 在第一时间变得可行 |
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perform:v.表演;执行;履行;演出;工作,运转(好/不好); low-cost:adj.廉价的;价格便宜的; recruitment:n.补充;征募新兵; feasible:adj.可行的;可能的;可实行的;
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| We have the opportunity to start to search for the early biomarkers of the disease before it's too late. |
我们也有机会开始寻找 这种疾病在病入膏肓前的早期生物标志物 |
| So, taking the first steps towards this today, we're launching the Parkinson's Voice Initiative . |
所以,从今天开始朝这个方向迈出第一步 我们开始了Parkinson*s Voice Initiative(帕金森主创声音测试)这个项目 |
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launching:n.发射;开办;起飞;v.开始从事,发起,发动;(launch的现在分词) Initiative:n.倡议;主动性;积极性;主动权;adj.起始的;
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| With Aculab and PatientsLikeMe, we're aiming to record a very large number of voices worldwide to collect enough data to start to tackle these four goals. |
和Aculab还有PatientsLikeMe一起合作,我们希望 记录下大量世界各地的声音 收集足够的数据来达到这四个目标 |
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tackle:v.处理; n.用具;
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| We have local numbers accessible to three quarters of a billion people on the planet. |
我们的市话号码能接通地球上 7亿5000万人的来电 |
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accessible:adj.易接近的;可进入的;可理解的; three quarters:adj.四分之三的;n.四分之三;
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| Anyone healthy or with Parkinson's can call in, cheaply, and leave recordings, a few cents each, and I'm really happy to announce that we've already hit six percent of our target just in eight hours. |
任何健康或者患有帕金森疾病的人都能打进来,很便宜 留下录音,每次只要几分钱 我很高兴宣布我们仅在8小时内 就达到了我们目标的6% |
| Thank you. (Applause) |
谢谢（掌声） |
| (Applause) |
（掌声） |
| Tom Rielly: So Max, by taking all these samples of, let's say, 10,000 people, you'll be able to tell who's healthy and who's not? |
Tom Rielly: Max,靠着这些采样 不妨说,在一万人中 你能够辨别出谁是健康的,谁是患病的？ |
| What are you going to get out of those samples? |
你又想从这些采样中得出什么呢？ |
| Max Little: Yeah. Yeah. So what will happen is that, during the call you have to indicate whether or not you have the disease or not, you see. TR: Right. |
Max Little:对,是的。所以是这样的 在来电期间,你得告诉我们 你是否患有这种疾病。TR:嗯 |
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indicate:v.表明;显示;象征;暗示; whether or not:是否…;
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| ML: You see, some people may not do it. They may not get through it. |
ML:要知道,有些人可能不会打给我们,或者没接通 |
| But we'll get a very large sample of data that is collected from all different circumstances , and it's getting it in different circumstances that matter because then |
但我们还是会得到大量 来自不同环境下的采样数据 而且重点是不同的环境,因为这样 |
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circumstances:n.情况;环境;情形;(circumstance的复数)
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| we are looking at ironing out the confounding factors , and looking for the actual markers of the disease. |
我们才能消除掉那些混淆的因素 寻求这种疾病真正的标记 |
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confounding:v.使困惑惊讶;使惊疑;证明…有错;战胜;(confound的现在分词) factors:n.因素(factor的复数); v.做代理商;
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| TR: So you're 86 percent accurate right now? |
TR:所以你现在拥有86%的准确率了？ |
| ML: It's much better than that. |
ML:已经远远不止了 |
| Actually, my student Thanasis, I have to plug him, because he's done some fantastic work, and now he has proved that it works over the mobile telephone network as well, which enables this project, and we're getting 99 percent accuracy . |
事实上,我的学生Thanasis,我得提一下他 因为他做出一些出色的成果 现在他已经证明了在移动电话网上也能进行这个项目 所以现在我们接近99%的准确率了 |
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plug:n.插头;塞子;栓;v.塞住;用插头将与电源接通; fantastic:奇异的,空想的 mobile:n.手机;汽车;移动电话;adj.活跃的;可动的; enables:v.使得; (enable的第三人称单数) accuracy:n.[数]精确度,准确性;
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| TR: Ninety-nine. Well, that's an improvement . |
TR:九十九,好吧,这还挺了不起的 |
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improvement:n.改进,改善;
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| So what that means is that people will be able to ?? |
所以这也意味着人们能—— |
| ML: (Laughs) |
ML:（笑） |
| TR: People will be able to call in from their mobile phones and do this test, and people with Parkinson's could call in, record their voice, and then their doctor can check up on their progress, see where they're doing in this course of the disease. |
TR:人们能用手机打进你们的电话 然后做这项测试,帕金森病人也能打通电话 然后记录下声音,之后他们的医生就能检查他们的进展 确定他们处于这种疾病的哪个阶段 |
| ML: Absolutely . |
ML:就是这样 |
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Absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地;
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| TR: Thanks so much. Max Little, everybody. |
TR:非常感谢,Max Little和所有人 |
| ML: Thanks, Tom. (Applause) |
ML:谢谢你Tom（掌声） |