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MatthieuRicard_2004-_论幸福_
So I guess it is a result of globalization that you can find 我认为全球化的后果之一就是你能在
globalization:n.全球化;
Coca-Cola tins on top of Everest and Buddhist monk in Monterey . 珠穆朗玛峰上发现可口可乐易拉罐,也能在Monterey(TED大会所在地)看到佛教僧侣。
Coca-Cola:n.可口可乐(美国饮料公司); tins:abbr.炮塔综合夜间瞄准镜(TurretIntegratedNightSight); Everest:n.珠穆朗玛峰(世界最高峰); Buddhist:n.佛教徒;adj.佛教的; monk:n.僧侣,修道士;和尚; Monterey:n.蒙特利(美国一座城市);
(Laughter) （笑声）
And so I just came, two days ago, from the Himalayas to your kind invitation . 两天前,我受邀从喜马拉雅来到这里。
invitation:n.邀请,引诱
So I would like to invite you, also, for a while , to the Himalayas themselves. 同时我也想邀请你们空时去喜马拉雅。
for a while:adv.片刻;暂时;一会儿;一时;
And to show the place where meditators, like me, who began with being a molecular biologist in Pasteur Institute , and found their way to the mountains. 在喜马拉雅,修行者们,譬如我-- 一位起初在巴斯德研究所从事分子研究的人, 寻得了心灵的归宿。
molecular:adj.[化学]分子的;由分子组成的; biologist:n.生物学家; Institute:v.开始(调查);制定;创立;提起(诉讼);n.学会,协会;学院;
So these are a few images I was lucky to take and be there. 屏幕上的这些照片是我有幸去过的地方。
images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数)
There's the Mount Kailash in Eastern Tibet -- wonderful setting. 这是位于西藏东部的岗仁波齐峰--非常美。
Mount:n.山;坐骑;山峰;衬纸板;v.登上;爬上;攀登;准备; Eastern:adj.东方的;向东的;东部的;东方国家的;n.东方人;东正教信徒;
This is from Marlboro country. 这是万宝路的产地（指美国）。
Marlboro:n.万宝路(美国香烟品牌);
(Laughter) （笑声）
This is Turquoise Lake. 这是碧湖。
Turquoise:n.绿松石;蓝绿色;adj.蓝绿色的;
A meditator. 这是一位修行者。
This is the hottest day of the year somewhere in Eastern Tibet on August 1st. 这是西藏东部一年中最热的一天,八月一号。
And the night before, we camped, and my Tibetan friends said, "We are going to sleep outside." And I said, "Why? We have enough space in the tent." 这是7月31号晚上,我们在露营,我的西藏朋友说-- “我们今晚在露天睡。”我说:“为什么？帐篷里有地方睡啊。”
Tibetan:adj.西藏的;藏族的;n.西藏人;藏语;
They said, "Yes, but it's summertime ." 我的朋友们说:“这可是夏天。”
summertime:n.夏季;
(Laughter) （笑声）
So now, we are going to speak of happiness. 现在,我们来谈谈幸福。
As a Frenchman, I must say that there are a lot of French intellectuals that think happiness is not at all interesting. 作为一个法国人,我不得不提及法国的许多知识分子, 他们皆认为幸福毫无乐趣。
intellectuals:n.[劳经]知识分子(intellectual的复数); not at all:毫无;一点也不;不用谢;
(Laughter) （笑声）
I just wrote an essay on happiness, and there was a controversy . 我曾写过一篇关于幸福的散文,但却引起一场辩论。
controversy:n.争论;论战;辩论;
And someone wrote an article saying, don't impose on us the dirty work of happiness. 有人撰文说:不要将幸福这烦人的话题强加于我们。
impose:v.推行;迫使;强制实行;把…强加于; dirty work:不法行为;卑鄙勾当;苦活;
(Laughter) （笑声）
'"We don't care about being happy. We need to live with passion . 我们不在乎幸不幸福。我们需要的是激情人生。
passion:n.激情;热情;酷爱;盛怒;
We like the ups and downs of life. 我们喜欢刺激的生活。
ups and downs:n.沉浮;盛衰;高低;
We like our suffering because it's so good when it ceases for awhile ." 我们喜欢痛苦,因为转瞬的痛苦是如此美好。
ceases:n.停止(cease的复数形式);v.停止(cease的第三人称单数);终了; awhile:adv.一会儿;片刻;
(Laughter) （笑声）
This is what I see from the balcony of my hermitage in the Himalayas. 这张照片是我所处的喜马拉雅的修道院阳台上看到的景象。
balcony:n.阳台;包厢;戏院楼厅; hermitage:n.隐士生活;隐士住处;
It's about two meters by three, and you are all welcome any time. 阳台只有两三米阔,欢迎你们随时来做客。
(Laughter) （笑声）
Now, let's come to happiness or well-being . 我们再说回幸福这个话题。
well-being:n.幸福;康乐;
And first of all , you know, despite what the French intellectuals say, it seems that no one wakes up in the morning thinking, "May I suffer the whole day?" 首先,不管法国的知识分子们如何评价幸福, 似乎没有人会在早上睡醒时想到 “今天我可以痛苦一回吗？”
first of all:adv.首先; despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱;
(Laughter) （笑声）
Which means that somehow -- consciously or not, directly or indirectly , in the short or the long term, whatever we do, whatever we hope, whatever we dream -- somehow, is related to a deep, profound desire for well-being or happiness. 这在某种程度上意味着--有意识地或无意识地 直接或间接地,短期或长期地, 我们的行为,我们的希望,我们的梦想-- 都为了寻求内心深处的幸福。
somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地; consciously:adv.自觉地;有意识地; indirectly:adv.间接地;不诚实;迂回地; profound:adj.深厚的;意义深远的;渊博的;
As Pascal said, even the one who hangs himself, somehow, is looking for cessation of suffering -- he finds no other way. 正如帕斯卡（法国数学家、物理学家、哲学家）所说:即使是上吊自杀的人 也是为了摆脱痛苦--因为别无他法。
Pascal:n.帕斯卡(压力的单位); cessation:n.停止;中止;中断;
But then, if you look in the literature , East and West, you can find incredible diversity of definition of happiness. 在东西方文学中,你能看到 关于幸福的各式各样定义。
literature:n.文学;文献;文艺;著作; incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的; diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化: definition:n.定义;清晰度;(尤指词典里的词或短语的)释义;解释;
Some people say, I only believed in remembering the past, imagining the future, never the present. 有人认为幸福只存于回忆中, 及对未来的憧憬,而不存在于当下。
Some people say happiness is right now; it's the quality of the freshness of the present moment. 有人则认为此刻即是幸福, 其意义在于即时鲜活的生命力。
freshness:n.新;新鲜;精神饱满;
And that led to Henri Bergson, the French philosopher , to say, "All the great thinkers of humanity have left happiness in the vague so that they could define -- each of them could define their own terms." 而法国哲学家亨利.柏格森认为 “人类所有伟大的思想家给幸福下的定义都是模糊的 他们按自己的思维方式给出不同的定义。”
philosopher:n.哲学家;深思的人;善于思考的人; humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科; vague:adj.模糊的;含糊的;不明确的;暧昧的; define:v.定义;使明确;规定;
Well, that would be fine if it was just a secondary preoccupation in life. 当然,如果幸福不是生活中最令人全神贯注的,模糊倒也无所谓。
secondary:adj.第二的;中等的;次要的;中级的;n.副手;代理人; preoccupation:n.全神贯注,入神;当务之急;关注的事物;抢先占据;成见;
But now, if it is something that is going to determine the quality of every instant of our life, then we better know what it is, have some clearer idea. 但如今,如果幸福会决定 我们的整个生活质量, 那我们最好还是弄清楚幸福到底是什么。
determine:v.决定;确定;测定;查明;形成;影响;裁决;安排; instant:n.瞬间; adj.立即的; conj.同"assoonas";
And probably, the fact that we don't know that is why, so often, although we seek happiness, it seems we turn our back to it. 而实际上我们很可能不知道为何我们总是 在寻找幸福而事实上却似乎是背道而驰,
seek:v.寻求;寻找;谋求;
Although we want to avoid suffering, it seems we are running somewhat towards it. 虽然我们不想遭受痛苦,却似乎在某种程度上奔向痛苦。
somewhat:n.几分;某物;adv.有点;多少;几分;稍微;
And that can also come from some confusions . 原因之一是概念混淆。
confusions:n.混淆,混乱;困惑;
One of the most common ones is happiness and pleasure. 其中最普遍的一个混淆是幸福和享乐。
But, if you look at the characteristics of those two, pleasure is contingent upon time, upon its object, upon the place. 如果比较二者的特征会发现 享乐视时间、对象、地点而定。
characteristics:n.特征;特点;品质;(characteristic的复数) contingent:n.代表团;一组与会者;小分队;adj.依情况而定的;
It is something that changes of nature. 享乐不是自然而然得到的。
Beautiful chocolate cake: first serving is delicious, second one not so much, then we feel disgust . 漂亮的巧克力蛋糕第一次吃起来觉得是美味, 吃多了就开始觉得恶心了。
disgust:n.厌恶;反感;憎恶;v.使作呕;使厌恶;使反感;
(Laughter) （笑声）
That's the nature of things: we get tired. 原因就是:我们觉得腻了。
I used to be a fan of Bach. I used to play it on the guitar, you know. 我曾经喜欢巴赫的音乐。常用吉他弹奏。
I can hear it two, three, five times. 我可以把一首乐曲听两遍,三遍,甚至五遍。
If I had to hear it 24 hours, non-stop , it might be very tiring. 可如果我连续24小时不停地听,就听腻了。
non-stop:adj.直达的;中途不停的;adv.不停地;
If you are feeling very cold, you come near a fire, it's so wonderful. 如果你觉得冷,烤烤火会觉得很舒服。
Then, after some moments, you just go a little back, and then it starts burning. 片刻后,你稍稍后退,火开始烧旺了。
It sort of uses itself as you experience it. 火的不同用处在于你不同的体验。
And also, again, it can -- also, it's something that you -- it is not something that is radiating outside. 这种体验只有你才有 只是你的体验而不是火自身的本质。
radiating:adj. v.发射出(光,热等)(radiate的现在分词);
Like, you can feel intense pleasure and some others around you can be suffering a lot. 你觉得舒服 而你周围的人可能会觉得痛苦。
intense:adj.强烈的;紧张的;非常的;热情的;
Now, what then, will be happiness? 那么什么是幸福呢？
And "happiness," of course, is such a vague word, so let's say "well-being." 当然幸福这个词听来觉得比较含糊,就称呼其为美满吧。
And so, I think the best definition, according to the Buddhist view, is that well-being is not just a mere pleasurable sensation . 我认为佛教中关于美满的定义说得很好, 佛教认为美满不是单纯的享乐。
according to:根据,据说; mere:adj.仅仅的;只不过的;n.小湖;池塘; pleasurable:adj.快乐的;心情舒畅的;令人愉快的; sensation:n.感觉;轰动;感动;
It is a deep sense of serenity and fulfillment , a state that actually pervades and underlies all emotional states and all the joys and sorrows that can come one's way. 而是一种内心的安宁、圆满, 是一种能把所有内心情感融合的心境, 能把所有快乐和悲伤融合的心境。
serenity:n.平静,宁静;晴朗,风和日丽; fulfillment:n.履行;实行; pervades:vt.遍及;弥漫; underlies:vt.成为…的基础;位于…之下; emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的;
For you, that might be surprising. 听到这里,你们也许会觉得惊奇。
Can we have this kind of well-being while being sad? In a way, why not? 难道真的可以在悲伤的时候也能获得美满吗？但一切皆有可能！
Because we are speaking of a different level. 只要我们换个角度去想。
Look at the waves coming here to shore. 我们来看看涌向岸边的海浪。
When you are at the bottom of the wave, you hit the bottom. 当你被海浪打在水下时会触到水底。
You hit the solid rock. 会碰到水底的岩石。
When you are surfing on the top, you are all elated . 当你在浪尖上时,你兴高采烈。
surfing:v.冲浪;进行冲浪运动;(互联网上)浏览;(surf的现在分词) elated:adj.兴高采烈的;得意洋洋的;v.使兴奋(elate的过去式和过去分词);
So you go from elation to depression , there's no depth. 从高兴变得沮丧,是因为心性不定。
elation:n.兴高采烈,得意洋洋; depression:n.沮丧;洼地;不景气;忧愁;
Now, if you look at the high sea, there might be beautiful, calm ocean like a mirror. 当你看到大海,你可能觉得它美丽,如镜一般平静。
There might be storms, but the depth of the ocean is still there, unchanged . 即使风暴发生,但海底依旧平静。
unchanged:adj.未改变的;
So now, how is that? 这是一种什么状态呢？
It can only be a state of being, not just a fleeting emotion, sensation. 这是一种内心的平和,而不是短暂的情感变化。
fleeting:adj.转瞬即逝的;短暂的;闪现的;
Even joy, that can be the spring of happiness. 即使高兴可以引发幸福感,
But there's also wicked joy, you can rejoice in someone's suffering. 但也存在着病态的高兴--那就是幸灾乐祸。
wicked:adj.邪恶的;缺德的;调皮的;n.恶人;邪恶的人; rejoice:vi.高兴;庆祝;vt.使高兴;
So how do we proceed in our quest for happiness? Very often we look outside. 人们是如何寻找幸福的呢？通常都是借助外在的东西。
proceed:n.收入;卖得金额;收益;v.继续;接着做;行进;前往; quest:n.追求;寻找;vi.追求;寻找;vt.探索;
We think that if we could gather this and that, all the conditions, something that we say, "Everything to be happy -- to have everything to be happy." 觉得只要拥有了所有东西就能幸福了, 拥有一切就能幸福 拥有一切就拥有幸福。
That very sentence already reveals the doom of destruction of happiness. 这种说法本身就说明了幸福的脆弱。
reveals:v.揭示;显示;透露;展示;(reveal的第三人称单数) doom:n.厄运;毁灭;劫数;死亡;v.使…注定失败(或遭殃、死亡等); destruction:n.破坏,毁灭;摧毁;
To have everything. If we miss something, it collapses . 因为它的前提是拥有一切,而如果不能拥有一切幸福就消失了
collapses:v.(突然)倒塌,坍塌;昏倒;坐下;(collapse的第三人称单数)
And also, when things go wrong we try to fix the outside so much, but our control of the outer world is limited , temporary , and often, illusory . 另一方面,当生活出现问题时,我们关注的总是那些外在的因素, 但我们对外部世界的掌控是有限的、暂时的,而且通常是虚幻的。
outer:adj.外面的,外部的;远离中心的;n.环外命中; limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式) temporary:adj.暂时的,临时的;n.临时工,临时雇员; illusory:adj.错觉的;幻影的;虚假的;产生幻觉的;
So now, look at inner conditions. Aren't they stronger? 让我们来了解一下我们的内心世界吧。我们的内心世界难道不强大吗？
inner:n.内部;射中接近靶心部分的一发;adj.里面的;向内的;内部的;接近中心的;
Isn't it the mind that translates the outer condition into happiness and suffering? 难道不是只有内心世界才能把外部条件转换成幸福或痛苦吗？
And isn't that stronger? 难道内心世界不强大吗？
We know, by experience, that we can be what we call "in little paradise " 我们都亲身体验过内心的快乐
paradise:n.天堂;至福境地;
and yet, be completely unhappy within. 和不快乐。
The Dalai Lama was once in Portugal, and there was a lot of construction going on everywhere. 有一次,达赖喇嘛去葡萄牙, 当时那里到处在盖楼。
Dalai Lama:n.达赖喇嘛(西藏佛教领袖,从前为西藏统治者); construction:n.建设;建筑物;解释;造句;
So one evening he said, "Look, you are doing all these things, but isn't it nice, also, to build something within?" 一天晚上达赖说:“你们这里盖这么多楼, 但如果把精力用来提升人们的内心世界不是更好吗？
And he said, "Unless that -- even you get high-tech flat on the 100th floor of a super-modern and comfortable building, if you are deeply unhappy within, all you are going to look for is a window from which to jump." 就算你住的是现代化公寓 甚至是住在舒适的摩天大楼的第100层, 可如果你的内心不快乐, 窗户是解脱的唯一路径。”
high-tech:adj.高科技的,高技术的;仿真技术的;n.高科技;
So now, at the opposite, we know a lot of people who are in very difficult circumstances manage to keep serenity, inner strength, inner freedom, confidence . 相反, 有许多生活贫困的人 内心却能很平和,内心坚强、自由、自信。
circumstances:n.情况;环境;情形;(circumstance的复数) confidence:n.信心;信任;秘密;adj.(美)诈骗的;骗得信任的;
So now, if the inner conditions are stronger -- of course, the outer conditions do influence , and it's wonderful to live longer, healthier, to have access to information, education, to be able to travel, to have freedom, it's highly desirable . 拥有了强大的内心世界-- 当然在外在条件的辅助下, 人们能活得更健康、长寿, 能受教育,能去旅行, 能活得自由,这也是人们最想得到的。
influence:n.影响;势力;感化;有影响的人或事;v.影响;改变; highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地; desirable:adj.令人满意的;值得要的;n.合意的人或事物;
However, this is not enough; those are just auxiliary help, conditions. 然而,外在条件只能起辅助作用。
auxiliary:n.助动词;辅助者,辅助物;附属机构;adj.辅助的;副的;附加的;
The experience that translates everything is within the mind. 实践证明内心决定着如何转化外部世界的一切。
So then, when we ask oneself how to nurture the condition for happiness, the inner conditions, and which are those which will undermine happiness. 接下来大家可能要问:如何培育幸福的心田呢, 决定幸福与否的关键是什么呢？
nurture:v.养育;培养;养护;支持; undermine:vt.破坏,渐渐破坏;挖掘地基;
So then, this needs to have some experience. 从我们的切身体验中能找到答案。
We have to know from ourself , there are certain state of mind that are conducive to this flourishing , to this well-being, what the Greeks called eudaimonia, flourishing. 我们需要明确的就是在我们的内心有一种境界 能让我们沐浴在幸福中, 也就是希腊语所说的恩赐、幸福、繁荣。
ourself:pron.我们;自己; conducive:adj.有益的;有助于…的; flourishing:adj.繁荣的;繁茂的;v.繁荣;兴旺;茁壮成长;(flourish的现在分词)
There are some which are adverse to this well-being. 不过也有相反的一面。
adverse:adj.不利的;相反的;敌对的(名词adverseness,副词adversely);
And so, if we look from our own experience -- anger, hatred , jealousy , arrogance , obsessive desire, strong grasping -- they don't leave us in such a good state after we have experienced it. 如果我们自省-- 愤怒、怨恨、嫉妒、傲慢、强迫、占有欲-- 这些心态会让人迷失。
hatred:n.仇恨;憎恨;厌恶; jealousy:n.嫉妒;猜忌;戒备; arrogance:n.自大;傲慢态度; obsessive:adj.强迫性的;着迷的;分神的; grasping:adj.贪婪的;紧紧抓住的;v.理解,领会;抓紧,抓牢;(grasp的现在分词形式)
And also, they are detrimental to others' happiness. 而且也会给别人带来不幸。
detrimental to:有害的;
So we may consider that the more those are invading our mind, and, like a chain reaction , the more we feel miserable , we feel tormented . 我们被这些心态侵蚀的越深, 就越感到迷茫和痛苦,这是种连锁反应。
invading:v.武装入侵;侵略;侵犯;涌入;干扰(invade的现在分词) chain reaction:连锁反应; miserable:adj.悲惨的;痛苦的;卑鄙的; tormented:v.使备受折磨;使痛苦;烦扰;戏弄;捉弄;(torment的过去分词和过去式)
At the opposite, everyone knows deep within that an act of selfless generosity , if from the distance, without anyone knowing anything about it, we could save a child's life, make someone happy. 反之,无私地去做些事情, 默默无闻地做些好事, 比如挽救一个处境危险的孩子,就会令他人幸福。
selfless:adj.无私的;不考虑自己的; generosity:n.慷慨,大方;宽宏大量;
We don't need the recognition . We don't need any gratitude . 做这些不是为了让别人知道,让别人来感激。
recognition:n.识别;认识;承认;认可; gratitude:n.感谢(的心情);感激;
Just the mere fact of doing that, fills such a sense of adequation with our deep nature. 而是出于人的本性,只是做了该做的。
And we would like to be like that all the time. 其实这种行为可以成为一种习惯。
So is that possible, to change our way of being, to transform one's mind? 那么人的行为方式和心态能够改变吗？
transform:v.使改变;使改观;使转换;n.[数]变换式;[化]反式;
Aren't those negative emotions , or destructive emotions , inherent to the nature of mind? 那些负面情感 是与生俱来的吗？
negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝; emotions:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感;(emotion的复数) destructive:adj.破坏的;毁灭性的;有害的,消极的; inherent:adj.固有的;内在的;与生俱来的,遗传的;
Is change possible in our emotions, in our traits , in our moods ? 情感和心理特征是可以改变的吗？
traits:n.特性,特质,性格(trait的复数); moods:n.情绪(mood的复数);
For that we have to ask, what is nature of mind? 要弄清这些疑问首先要弄清本性是指什么。
And if we look from the experiential point of view , there is a primary quality of consciousness , that's just the mere fact to be cognitive , to be aware. 通常认为 意识的一个基本特征 就是其可被认知性。
experiential:adj.经验的;经验上的;根据经验的; point of view:观点;见地;立场; consciousness:n.意识;知觉;觉悟;感觉; cognitive:adj.认知的,认识的;
Consciousness is like a mirror that allows all images to rise on it. 意识如镜。
You can have ugly faces, beautiful faces in the mirror. 不管人长得漂不漂亮,
ugly:adj.丑陋的;邪恶的;令人厌恶的;
The mirror allows that, but the mirror is not tainted , is not modified , is not altered by those images. 镜子都能接受,镜子不会因照镜子的人长得丑而变脏, 也不会因照镜子的人漂亮而变干净,镜子自身不会改变。
tainted:v.使腐坏;污染;玷污,败坏(名声);(taint的过去分词和过去式) modified:adj.改进的,修改的;改良的;v.修改;缓和;(modify的过去分词); altered:adj.改变了的:v.(使)改变,更改,改动:(alter的过去分词和过去式)
Likewise , behind every single thought there is the bare consciousness, pure awareness . 同样如此,每个想法后面存在的意识也是不会随着想法的好坏而改变的。
Likewise:adv.同样地;也; bare:adj.空的;赤裸的,无遮蔽的;v.露出,使赤裸; awareness:n.意识,认识;明白,知道;
This is the nature. It cannot be tainted intrinsically with hatred or jealousy because, then, if it was always there -- like a dye that would permeate the whole cloth -- then it would be found all the time, somewhere. 这就是本性。本性不会因怨恨或嫉妒而改变, 本性是固有的--就像染料能把布染上颜色-- 本性终究会被发觉。
intrinsically:adv.本质地;内在地;固有地; dye:n.染料;染液;v.染;给…染色; permeate:vt.渗透,透过;弥漫;vi.弥漫;透入;散布;
We know we're not always angry, always jealous, always generous . 人不会总是发怒、嫉妒,也不会总是很慷慨。
generous:adj.慷慨的,大方的;宽宏大量的;有雅量的;
So, because the basic fabric of consciousness is this pure cognitive quality that differentiates it from a stone, there is a possibility for change because all emotions are fleeting. 意识的基本特征 是其可认知性,这也是人和石头的区别, 所有情感都是可以改变的,因为情感是瞬间产生的。
fabric:n.织物;布料;(社会,机构等的)结构; differentiates:区分;差别;使有差别;
That is the ground for mind training. 因此,人的心灵可以修炼。
Mind training is based on the idea that two opposite mental factors cannot happen at the same time . 修心的可行性在于两种相反的心态 不会同时产生。
factors:n.因素(factor的复数); v.做代理商; at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
You could go from love to hate. 人的心理可以从爱转变到恨。
But you cannot, at the same time, toward the same object, the same person, want to harm and want to do good. 但不能同时对同一对象 对同一个人既想伤害又想给予帮助。
You cannot, in the same gesture , shake hand and give a blow. 人不可能在和别人握手的同时攻击对方。
gesture:n.手势;姿势;示意动作;表示;v.做手势;用手势表示;
So there are natural antidotes to emotions that are destructive to our inner well-being. 纾解情感自然有其方法。就是用与之相反的情感来纾解, 纾解不平和的心态。
antidotes:n.[药]解毒剂(antidote的复数);v.解毒(antidote的三单形式);
So that's the way to proceed. Rejoicing compared to jealousy. 这就是修心之法。喜悦和嫉妒,二者相比较
Rejoicing:n.喜庆;欢庆;v.非常高兴;深感欣喜;(rejoice的现在分词) compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词)
A kind of sense of inner freedom as opposite to intense grasping and obsession . 前者让心灵自由,相反,后者将心灵禁锢。
obsession:n.痴迷;困扰;[内科][心理]强迫观念;
Benevolence , loving kindness against hatred. 与仁爱相反的是怨恨。
Benevolence:n.仁慈;善行;
But of course, each emotion then would need a particular antidote. 每种情感都有对应的解药。
Another way is to try to find a general antidote to all emotions, and that's by looking at the very nature. 另一种方法是给所有情感找一种通行的解药, 这种方法就是探寻本性。
Usually, when we feel annoyed , hatred or upset with someone, or obsessed with something, the mind goes again and again to that object. 每当我们感到恼怒、怨恨、不安时, 内心就会一遍又一遍地萦绕这些情节。
annoyed:adj.恼怒;生气;烦恼;v.使恼怒;使生气;打扰;骚扰(annoy的过去分词和过去式) upset:adj.沮丧; v.打乱; n.苦恼; (意外的)混乱; obsessed:v.使痴迷;使迷恋;使着迷;(obsess的过去式和过去分词) again and again:adv.再三地,反复地;
Each time it goes to the object, it reinforces that obsession or that annoyance . 越想就越不能自拔。
reinforces:加固;加强;增援;巩固; annoyance:n.烦恼;可厌之事;打扰;
So then, it's a self-perpetuating process . 这就是自我重复记忆的过程。
self-perpetuating:adj.能使自身永久存在的; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
So what we need to look now is, instead of looking outward , we look inward . 让我们换个角度,不从外部去找原因,而是从我们的内心来找原因。
outward:n.外表; adj.表面的; v.同"outwards.outwardandhomeward"; inward:adj.向内的; v.向内; n.内部;
Look at anger itself; it looks very menacing , like a billowing monsoon cloud or thunder storm. 以愤怒为例, 它看起来很有威胁性,就好像阵阵的雨季云或雷电交加的暴风雨。
menacing:adj.威胁的;危险的;恐吓的;v.威胁;对…构成危险;危及;(menace的现在分词) billowing:v.鼓起;(烟雾)涌出,汹涌向前;大量冒出(billow的现在分词) monsoon:n.季风;(印度等地的)雨季;季候风; thunder:n.雷;雷声;轰隆声;v.打雷;发出雷鸣般响声;
But we think we could sit on the cloud, but if you go there, it's just mist . 其实我们可以控制住愤怒,认清了这一点,就会觉得它只如同薄雾一样。
mist:n.薄雾; v.(使)结满雾气(模糊不清);
Likewise, if you look at the thought of anger, it will vanish like frost under the morning sun. 当你理智地审视愤怒这种情绪, 它就会像阳光下的霜气一样很快消失掉。
vanish:v.消失;突然不见;成为零;n.弱化音;
If you do this again and again, the propensity , the tendencies for anger to arise again will be less and less each time you dissolve it. 如果你经常这样审视,形成习惯, 那么生气的几率 就会越来越小。
propensity:n.倾向,习性;癖好,偏爱; tendencies:趋势; arise:v.出现;发生;产生;起身; dissolve:v.溶;使(固体)溶解;解除;终止;解散;消除;n.(电影、电视等画面的)渐隐
And, at the end, although it may rise, it will just cross the mind, like a bird crossing the sky without leaving any track . 到最后,即时偶尔出现愤怒的情绪,也只会一闪即逝, 就像鸟飞过天空却不留痕迹。
track:n.小道;足迹;车辙;轨道;v.追踪;跟踪;
So this is the principal of mind training. 这就是修炼内心的妙处。
principal:adj.主要的;资本的;n.首长;校长;资本;当事人;
Now, it takes time because we -- it took time for all those faults in our mind, the tendencies, to build up, so it will take time to unfold them as well. 因为我们的内心有负面的东西,所以修炼心灵需要时间, 因为负面心态是长期以来所形成的,所以修正它们也需要时间。
unfold:v.(使)展开;打开;展示;透露;
But that's the only way to go. 这个过程是必须的。
Mind transformation , that is the very meaning of meditation . 冥想其实就是修炼内心。
transformation:n.转变;(用于南非)民主改革; meditation:n.冥想;沉思,深思;
It means familiarization with a new way of being, new way of perceiving things which is more an adequation with reality, with interdependence , with the stream and continuous transformation which our being and our consciousness is. 是让内心去熟悉适应一种新的状态, 是让内心能够洞察事物的本真, 能够认识到事物之间是相互关联的,能够持续不断地修正内心 这样才能找回最初的自我。
perceiving:v.注意到;意识到;将…理解为;认为;(perceive的现在分词) interdependence:n.互相依赖; continuous:adj.连续的,持续的;继续的;连绵不断的;
So: the interface with cognitive science, since we need to come to that, and it was, I suppose , the subject of -- we have to deal in such a short time -- with brain plasticity . The brain was thought to be more or less fixed. 这当中的道理可以用认知科学来解释。 既然和认知科学相关, 我们有必要在如此有限的时间内讲一下。 关于大脑的可塑性,以往的理论认为大脑的可塑性几乎是有限的。
interface:n.接口;人机界面;连接电路;v.连接; suppose:v.推断:假定:假设:设想: short time:adj.短暂的;快速的(shorttime的变形); plasticity:n.塑性,可塑性;适应性;柔软性; more or less:或多或少;
All the nominal connections, in numbers and quantities , were thought -- until the last 20 years, thought to be more or less fixed when we reached adult age. 大脑所有的可塑性 在20岁时也就是成年后就几乎不会再改变了。
nominal:adj.名义上的;有名无实的;[会计]票面上的;n.[语]名词性词; quantities:n.数量;数目;大量;大宗;(quantity的复数)
Now, recently , it has been found that it can change a lot. 最近,研究发现大脑的可塑性在成年后还可以有很大变化。
recently:adv.最近;新近;
A violinist, as we heard, who has done 10,000 hours of violin practice, some area that controls the movements of fingers in the brain change a lot, increasing reinforcement of the synaptic connections. 我们知道一个小提琴家在经过一万个小时的小提琴练习后, 脑部控制手指运动的那个区域就会产生很大变化, 神经元的节点强度有所加强。
reinforcement:n.加固;增援;援军;加强; synaptic:adj.突触的;(染色体)联合的;
So can we do that with human qualities? 那么同理我们是不是也能改变人的心性呢？
With loving kindness, with patience , with openness ? 是不是能够通过耐心地培养友善的心态,开放胸襟,来改变心性呢？
patience:n.耐性,耐心;忍耐,容忍; openness:n.公开;宽阔;率真;
So that's what those great meditators have been doing. 那些沉思者就是这样做的。
Some of them who came to the labs , like in Madison, Wisconsin , or in Berkeley, did 20 to 40,000 hours of meditation. 他们当中一部分人在麦迪逊、威斯康辛、伯克利的实验室里 做过20到40000小时的冥想。
labs:n.实验室;实验大楼;(lab的复数) Wisconsin:n.威斯康星州(美国州名);
They do, like three years retreat , where they do meditate 12 hours a day. 他们在实验室大概进行了3年静修,每天冥想12个小时。
retreat:v.撤退;退却;后退;退缩;n.撤退;退却;退缩;退避; meditate:vt.考虑;计划;企图;vi.冥想;沉思;
And then, the rest of their life, they will do that three or four hours a day. 在以后的余生中,他们每天将冥想3到4个小时。
They are real Olympic champions of mind training. 在内心修炼方面,他们是真正的奥运冠军。
(Laughter) （笑声）
This is the place where the meditators -- you can see it's kind of inspiring . 这就是他们冥想的地方--你能有所启示。
inspiring:adj.鼓舞人心的;灌输的;v.鼓舞;激发;使感悟;(inspire的现在分词)
Now, here with 256 electrodes . 这是256的电极。
electrodes:n.[电]电极(electrode的复数);电焊条;
(Laughter) （笑声）
So what did they find? Of course, same thing. 他们的收获是什么？当然是内心的提升。
The scientific embargo -- if ever has been to submitted to "Nature," 科学所解释不了的--如果回归人的本性,
scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; embargo:vt.禁止出入港口;禁止或限制贸易;征用或扣押;n.禁令;禁止;封港令; submitted:v.提交;顺从;投降;表示;认为;建议;(submit的过去分词和过去式)
hopefully, it will be accepted. 就不难理解了。
It deals with the state of compassion , unconditional compassion. 内心变得充满同情心,是那种纯粹的同情心。
compassion:n.同情;怜悯; unconditional:adj.无条件的;绝对的;无限制的;
We asked meditators, who have been doing that for years and years and years, to put their mind in a state where there's nothing but loving kindness -- total availability to sentient being. 我们向那些有多年静修经历的冥想者请教, 他们的内心在冥想时除了慈悲再无其他杂念-- 只有慈悲。
availability:n.可用性;有效性;实用性; sentient:adj.有感情的;有感觉力的;意识到的;n.有知觉的人;
Of course, during the training, we do that with objects. 当然,在修炼内心时,需要有媒介物。
We think of people suffering, we think of people we love, but at some point, it can be a state which is all pervading . 我们修炼内心时可以想着那些受苦受难的人,可以想着我们关爱的人, 到某种程度时,就可以蔓延内心。
pervading:溥;
Here is the preliminary result, which I can show because it's already been shown. 在这里我能展示的只是初步成果,这些成果是已经公开宣布过的。
preliminary:n.准备;预赛;初步措施;adj.初步的;开始的;预备的;
The bell curve shows 150 controls, and what is being looked at is the difference between the right and the left frontal lobe . 这个钟形曲线显示的是对脑部150个点的监测结果,也就是 大脑的左右脑叶之间的差异。
bell curve:n.钟形曲线; frontal lobe:n.额叶(与行为、学习和个性有关);
In very short, people who have more activity in the right side of the prefrontal cortex are more depressed , withdrawn -- they don't describe a lot of positive affect. 大脑的右前额叶活动频繁的人 更加抑郁,很少积极地看待事物。
prefrontal:adj.[解剖]前额的;额叶前部的;n.[解剖]额前骨; cortex:n.[解剖]皮质;树皮;果皮; depressed:adj.沮丧的; v.使抑郁; (depress的过去式和过去分词) withdrawn:adj.偏僻的;沉默寡言的;孤独的;v.取出;撤退(withdraw的过去分词); describe:v.描述;形容;把…称为;画出…图形; positive:adj.积极的;[数]正的,[医][化学]阳性的;确定的;n.正数;[摄]正片;
It's the opposite on the left side: more tendency to altruism , to happiness, to express , and curiosity and so forth. 相反,左前额叶活动频繁的人更能为他人着想, 更乐观,更善表达,求知欲更强因而更进步。
tendency:n.倾向,趋势;癖好; altruism:n.利他;利他主义; express:v.表达; adj.特快的; n.特快列车; v.使用快速服务; curiosity:n.好奇,好奇心;珍品,古董,古玩;
So there's a basic line for people. And also, it can be changed. 这里有条基本线。它是可以改变的。
If you see a comic movie, you go off to the left side. 在看喜剧电影时,你的左前额叶就变得活跃。
If you are happy about something, you'll go more to the left side. 在高兴的时候,你的左前额叶就更加活跃。
If you have a bout of depression, you'll go to the right side. 在压抑的时候,你的右前额叶就变得活跃。
bout:n.回合;较量;发作;一阵;
Here, the -0.5 is the full standard deviation of a meditator who meditated on compassion. 这个-0.5显示的是全部的负值 也就是冥想者在以慈悲之心冥想时所显示的负面情绪只有-0.5。
standard deviation:n.标准差;标准偏差; meditated:vt.考虑;计划;企图;vi.冥想;沉思;
It's something that is totally out of bell curve. 这个数据已经离开了钟形曲线图的范围。
So, I've no time to go into all the different scientific results. 时间有限,我就不一一列举其他的科学研究结果了。
Hopefully, they will come. 将来那些冥想者很可能也会到这来。
But they found that -- this is after three-and-a-half hours in a fMRI, it's like coming out of a space ship. 经过三个半小时的核磁共振检测后,冥想者觉得 好像是刚从太空舱里出来。
Also, it has been shown in other labs -- for instance , Paul Ekman's labs in Berkeley -- that some meditators are able, also, to control their emotional response more than it could be thought. 其他实验室-- 例如,伯克利Paul Ekman 的实验室发现-- 一些冥想者 对情感的控制比想象的还要强。
instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; response:n.响应;反应;回答;
Like the startle experiments, for example. 例如在测试惊吓反应的试验中,
startle:v.使惊吓;使吓一跳;n.惊愕;惊恐;吃惊;
If you sit a guy on a chair with all this kind of apparatus measuring your physiology , and there's kind of a bomb that goes off, it's so instinctive response that, in 20 years, they never saw anyone who will not jump. 让被测试者坐在椅子上,用这类装置测试生理反应, 模拟有炸弹将引爆的场景,一般来说这时人都会有本能反应, 20年的试验结果显示所有人都会跳起来,
apparatus:n.装置,设备;仪器;器官; physiology:n.生理学;生理机能; instinctive:adj.本能的;直觉的;天生的;
Some meditators, without trying to stop it, but simply by being completely open, thinking that that bang is just going to be just a small event like a shooting stars, they are able not to move at all. 可是一些冥想者的反应却不是试图阻止炸弹爆炸, 而是很平静, 他们觉得炸弹的爆炸只不过如同流星一瞬即逝, 他们根本不去在乎。
bang:n.猛敲; v.猛敲; v.正好;
So the whole point of that is not, sort of, to make, like, a circus thing of showing exceptional beings who can jump, or whatever. 这个测试不是 一次马戏表演,不是为了告诉大家有人异于常人--不会在受惊吓时跳起来。
circus:n.马戏;马戏团; exceptional:adj.异常的,例外的;n.超常的学生;
It's more to say that mind training matters. That this is not just a luxury . 这个测试说明了修炼内心的作用。说明了修炼内心不是单纯的奢侈,
luxury:n.奢侈,奢华;奢侈品;享受;adj.奢侈的;
This is not a supplementary vitamin for the soul; this is something that's going to determine the quality of every instant of our lives. 也不是给灵魂提供营养的维生素, 修炼内心将决定我们人生中每一刻的生活质量。
supplementary:adj.补充的;追加的;n.补充者;增补物; vitamin:n.维生素;维他命;
We are ready to spend 15 years achieving education. 我们花15年的时间去受教育。
We love to do jogging , fitness . 我们热衷于慢跑、减肥。
jogging:n.慢跑锻炼;v.慢跑(尤指锻炼);(偶然地)轻击;轻碰;(jog的现在分词) fitness:n.健康;适当;适合性;
We do all kinds of things to remain beautiful. 我们尽其所能想让自己外表漂亮。
Yet we spend surprisingly little time taking care of what matters most: the way our mind functions. 可是我们花在最关键要素上的时间却少得令人吃惊: 这个最关键要素就是我们的心态。
surprisingly:adv.令人惊讶地;出乎意料地
Which, again, is the ultimate thing that determines the quality of our experience. 这个要素也最终决定着我们的人生质量。
ultimate:adj.最终的;极限的;根本的;n.终极;根本;基本原则; determines:v.查明;测定;准确算出;决定;裁决;安排;(determine的第三人称单数)
Now, our compassion is supposed to be put in action. 现在,我们来设想一下我们的内心充满同情。
supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式)
That's what we try to do in different places. 这就是我们在许多地方努力在做的事情。
Just this one example is worth a lot of work. 这个例子说明我们的许多努力是值得的。
This lady with bone TB, left alone in a tent, is going to die with her only daughter. 这个孤独呆在帐篷里的妇女患肺结核,将要死去,她只有一个女儿。
One year later, how she is. 这是一年后她的样子。
Different schools and clinic we've been doing in Tibet. 我们在西藏的许多学校和诊所里进行着我们的工作。
clinic:n.诊所;临床实习;(医院的)门诊部;门诊时间;
And just, I leave you with the beauty of those looks that tells more about happiness that I could ever say. 我把这些美丽的面孔留给大家。 这些面孔传达的幸福是我无法用语言表达的。
And jumping monks of Tibet. 这是跳起来的西藏僧侣。
(Laughter) （笑声）
Flying monks. 飞起来的僧侣。
Thank you very much. 非常感谢。