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MarynMcKenna_2015-_当抗生素不再有用时，我们该怎么办？_
This is my great uncle, my father's father's younger brother. 这是我的叔公, 我父亲的父亲的弟弟。
His name was Joe McKenna. 他叫做乔?麦肯纳。
He was a young husband and a semi-pro basketball player and a fireman in New York City. 他是一位年轻的丈夫,一位半职業的棒球选手, 也是一个纽约市的消防员。
semi-pro:半职业选手; fireman:n.消防队员
Family history says he loved being a fireman, and so in 1938, on one of his days off, he elected to hang out at the firehouse . 根据家族历史记载,他热爱着担任消防员的工作。 1938年的某一天,在他下班之后, 他被排定在消防局内待命。
firehouse:n.消防站;消防队;
To make himself useful that day, he started polishing all the brass , the railings on the fire truck , the fittings on the walls, and one of the fire hose nozzles , a giant , heavy piece of metal, toppled off a shelf and hit him. 为了想要幫忙,他开始擦拭队上的黄铜制品, 包括消防车上的扶手、墙上的配件, 然而,当中有一座消防水枪, 这个巨大又沉重的金属制品, 从架子上掉了下来,然后砸到他。
polishing:v.擦光;修改;润饰;润色;(polish的现在分词) brass:n.黄铜;黄铜制品;铜管乐器;厚脸皮; railings:n.[建]栏杆(railing的复数);栅栏;围栏; fire truck:na.[艺]救火车; fittings:n.[机][电子]配件(fitting的复数);设备;家具; fire hose:n.消防水龙带;消防水管; nozzles:n.[航][机]喷嘴;接管(nozzle的复数); giant:n.巨人;伟人;巨兽;adj.巨大的;特大的 toppled:v.倾倒;倒塌;摇摇欲坠;
A few days later, his shoulder started to hurt. 过了几天之后,他的肩膀开始疼痛,
Two days after that, he spiked a fever. 之后又过了两天,他开始发高烧,
spiked:adj.尖的;有穗的;加入标准的;
The fever climbed and climbed. 他的体温不断升高,
His wife was taking care of him, but nothing she did made a difference, and when they got the local doctor in, nothing he did mattered either. 他的妻子在一旁照顾他, 但是病情并没有改善,即使请了医生来看诊, 也莫可奈何。
They flagged down a cab and took him to the hospital. 他们叫了一部计程车,把他送到医院,
The nurses there recognized right away that he had an infection , what at the time they would have called " blood poisoning ," 医院的护士马上判断出,他受到了感染, 当时他们将这种情况称为 毒血症 。
recognized:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;(recognize的过去分词和过去式) right away:立刻; infection:n.感染;传染;(身体某部位的)感染;传染病; blood poisoning:n.败血病;
and though they probably didn't say it, they would have known right away that there was nothing they could do. 虽然他们当时没有明说, 但是他们都清楚知道, 当时对于这种感染,是束手无策的。
There was nothing they could do because the things we use now to cure infections didn't exist yet. 原因在于,现在我们用来治疗感染的药品, 在当时尚未问世。
infections:n.传染病;口腔病害(infection复数形式);
The first test of penicillin , the first antibiotic , was three years in the future. 人类所发现的第一个抗生素－ 盘尼西林, 是在事故发生的三年之后,才首次进行人体临床实验。
penicillin:n.盘尼西林(青霉素); antibiotic:adj.抗生的;抗菌的;n.抗生素,抗菌素;
People who got infections either recovered, if they were lucky, or they died. 在当时受到感染的患者,如果不是幸运的康复了, 就是只有死亡。
My great uncle was not lucky. 我的叔公并不幸运,
He was in the hospital for a week, shaking with chills , dehydrated and delirious , sinking into a coma as his organs failed. 他在医院待了一个星期,过程中经历了发抖、 脱水、神智不清等症状, 由于器官衰竭,他陷入昏迷,
chills:n.寒冷; v.使变冷; dehydrated:v.使(食物)脱水;(身体)失水,脱水;(dehydrate的过去分词和过去式) delirious:adj.发狂的;神志昏迷的;精神错乱的; coma:n.[医]昏迷;[天]彗形像差; organs:n.[生物]器官;机构;风琴(organ的复数);
His condition grew so desperate that the people from his firehouse lined up to give him transfusions hoping to dilute the infection surging through his blood. 他的情况变得非常危急, 消防局的同仁们,排着队要输血给他, 希望能藉由输血,减轻他的感染现象,
desperate:adj.不顾一切的;令人绝望的;极度渴望的; transfusions:n.倾注;灌输(transfusion的复数); dilute:adj.稀释的;淡的;vt.稀释;冲淡;削弱;vi.变稀薄;变淡; surging:v.汹涌;使强烈地感到;急剧上升;激增;(surge的现在分词)
Nothing worked. He died. 但是所有的尝试都无效,他最后还是死了。
He was 30 years old. 当时他只有30岁。
If you look back through history, most people died the way my great uncle died. 如果你回顾人类历史, 有许多人都像我叔公一样,死于感染。
Most people didn't die of cancer or heart disease, the lifestyle diseases that afflict us in the West today. 而不是死于像癌症或是心脏病 这一类现代西方所谓的「文明病」。
cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类; afflict:v.折磨;使痛苦;
They didn't die of those diseases because they didn't live long enough to develop them. 他们没有死于这些疾病,是因为他们活得不够久, 足以让这些文明病形成。
They died of injuries -- being gored by an ox, shot on a battlefield , crushed in one of the new factories of the Industrial Revolution -- and most of the time from infection, which finished what those injuries began. 他们往往死于外伤, 例如被牛的角撞伤、 在战场上中弹、 或是在工業革命后的现代工厂里受伤。 大部分的外伤,都会演变成为感染, 最后导致死亡。
injuries:n.伤害,损伤;挫伤;(injury的复数) gored:adj.有三角形布的;v.把…裁成楔形布(gore的过去式); battlefield:n.战场;沙场;斗争的领域;容易引发冲突的情况 crushed:v.压坏;压伤;挤压变形;(crush的过去分词和过去式) Industrial Revolution:n.工业革命;
All of that changed when antibiotics arrived. 当抗生素出现时,情况改变了。
antibiotics:n.抗菌素;抗生素(如青霉素);(antibiotic的复数)
Suddenly, infections that had been a death sentence became something you recovered from in days. 「感染」突然从死亡的代名词, 变成一个几天就能康复的疾病。
death sentence:n.死刑;
It seemed like a miracle , and ever since, we have been living inside the golden epoch of the miracle drugs. 看起来就像是魔法一样, 从那个时候起,我们一直生活在拥有魔法药物的黄金时代里。
miracle:n.奇迹,奇迹般的人或物;惊人的事例; epoch:n.[地质]世;新纪元;新时代;时间上的一点;
And now, we are coming to an end of it. 而到了现在,我们即将面临这个时代的结束。
My great uncle died in the last days of the pre-antibiotic era. 我的叔公在「前抗生素时代」末期过世,(指抗生素尚未发明的时代)
We stand today on the threshold of the post-antibiotic era, in the earliest days of a time when simple infections such as the one Joe had will kill people once again. 而我们正站在「后抗生素时代」的开端。 像我的叔公 Joe 所得到的看起来毫不起眼的感染, 现在可能卷土重来,再次夺走人们的生命。
threshold:n.入口;门槛;开始;极限;临界值;
In fact, they already are. 事实上,这件事已经发生了。
People are dying of infections again because of a phenomenon called antibiotic resistance . 人们再次死于感染,因为出现了称之为 「抗生素抗药性」的现象。
phenomenon:n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物); resistance:n.电阻;抵抗;阻力;抗力;
Briefly , it works like this. 简单说,它是这样运作的:
Briefly:adv.简要地;简短地;暂时地;
Bacteria compete against each other for resources , for food, by manufacturing lethal compounds that they direct against each other. 为了争夺资源与食物,细菌之间会相互竞争, 并藉由制造致命的化学物质,来互相对抗。
Bacteria:n.[微]细菌; compete:v.竞争;对抗;参加比赛(或竞赛); resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); manufacturing:n.制造业;工业;v.制造;生产(manufacture的现在分词); lethal:adj.致命的,致死的;n.致死因子; compounds:n.混合物,化合物;大院(compound的复数形式);
Other bacteria, to protect themselves, evolve defenses against that chemical attack. 某些细菌为了保护自己, 会发展出防御系统,来对抗化学物质的攻击。
evolve:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成; chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的;
When we first made antibiotics, we took those compounds into the lab and made our own versions of them, and bacteria responded to our attack the way they always had. 当我们早期制造抗生素时, 就是把这些化学物质带进实验室,并模仿合成出抗生素。 然而,细菌也不断地用它们的方式,来回应我们的攻击。
responded:v.回答,回应;作出反应;响应;反应灵敏;(respond的过去式和过去分词)
Here is what happened next: 接下来的发展是:
Penicillin was distributed in 1943, and widespread penicillin resistance arrived by 1945. 盘尼西林在1943年发明, 而盘尼西林的抗药性,出现在1945年。
distributed:adj.分布的;分散的;v.分发;分配;使分布(distribute的过去分词和过去式) widespread:adj.普遍的,广泛的;分布广的;
Vancomycin arrived in 1972, vancomycin resistance in 1988. 万古霉素在1972年发明, 而万古霉素的抗药性,出现在1988年。
Vancomycin:n.万古霉素;
Imipenem in 1985, and resistance to in 1998. 亚胺培南在1985年发明, 而亚胺培南的抗药性,出现在1998年。
Daptomycin, one of the most recent drugs, in 2003, and resistance to it just a year later in 2004. 达托霉素,这是2003年的新药之一, 而它的抗药性,仅仅一年之后在2004年就出现了。
For 70 years, we played a game of leapfrog -- our drug and their resistance, and then another drug, and then resistance again -- and now the game is ending. 70年来,我们研发的新药,以及细菌的抗药性, 不断地试图「超越对方」, 然后我们研发出另一种新药,然后又出现新的抗药性...... 现在,这个游戏将要结束了。
leapfrog:n.跳背游戏;跳蛙游戏;交互跃进;vi.跳背;跳蛙;交替前进;vt.跃过;
Bacteria develop resistance so quickly that pharmaceutical companies have decided making antibiotics is not in their best interest, so there are infections moving across the world for which, out of the more than 100 antibiotics available on the market , two drugs might work with side effects, or one drug, or none. 细菌产生抗药性的速度愈来愈快, 由于不符经济效益,使得药厂决定不再研发新的抗生素。 于是,新的感染症再度蔓延全球, 在目前市面上能购买得到的 100多种抗生素当中, 某些感染症只有两种抗生素具有疗效,而且还伴随着副作用 有些感染症只有一种抗生素可以治疗, 某种感染症甚至还没有特效药。
pharmaceutical:adj.制药(学)的;n.药物; on the market:上市;出售的;
This is what that looks like. 这就是目前的情况。
In 2000, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , the CDC, identified a single case in a hospital in North Carolina of an infection resistant to all but two drugs. 西元2000年,疾病控制和预防中心,简称CDC 证实了一个 在北卡罗莱纳州某一所医院的案例, 这个感染病例,几乎对所有的药物都有抗药性,
Prevention:n.预防;阻止;妨碍; identified:v.确认;认出;找到;发现;说明身份;(identify的过去式和过去分词) Carolina:n.卡罗莱纳州(在美国东南部); resistant:adj.抵抗的,反抗的;顽固的;n.抵抗者;
Today, that infection, known as KPC, has spread to every state but three, and to South America , Europe and the Middle East . 现在我们知道,这种称为 KPC 的感染症状, 已经散布到美国各大州,仅有三个州幸免, 另外还传染到南美洲、欧洲, 以及中东地区。
South America:n.南美洲; Middle East:n.中东(包括亚洲西南部和非洲东北部);
In 2008, doctors in Sweden diagnosed a man from India with a different infection resistant to all but one drug that time. 在2008年,瑞典的医生发现, 有位印度男子得到一种有别以往的感染病, 这个案例对所有的抗生素都有抗药性,只有一种药物例外。
diagnosed:v.诊断(疾病);判断(问题的原因);(diagnose的过去分词和过去式)
The gene that creates that resistance, known as NDM, has now spread from India into China, Asia, Africa, 造成细菌产生抗药性的基因, 被称为NDM,目前已经从印度散播到中国、亚洲、非洲、
gene:n.基因;遗传基因;遗传因子;
Europe and Canada, and the United States. 欧洲、加拿大,还有美国。
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
It would be natural to hope that these infections are extraordinary cases, but in fact, in the United States and Europe, 50,000 people a year die of infections which no drugs can help. 我们会理所当然地认为, 这些感染病例,只是非常极端的例子; 但事实上, 在美国和欧洲, 每年有五万人 死于无药可治的感染病。
extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的;
A project chartered by the British government known as the Review on Antimicrobial Resistance estimates that the worldwide toll right now is 700,000 deaths a year. 这是来自英国政府所进行的 一项关于抗药性的调查报告, 当中估计全球每年有七十万人,因感染而死亡,
chartered:adj.受特许的;v.特许建立(charter的过去分词); Antimicrobial:n.[药]抗菌剂;杀菌剂;adj.抗菌的; estimates:n.估计;估价;估计的成本;v.估价;估算(estimate的第三人称单数和复数) worldwide:adj.全世界的;adv.在世界各地; toll:n.伤亡人数; v.(缓慢而有规律地)敲(钟); (尤指)鸣(丧钟);
That is a lot of deaths, and yet, the chances are good that you don't feel at risk, that you imagine these people were hospital patients in intensive care units 那是非常惊人的死亡人数。 即使如此,你我大概尚未感受到危机, 你可能想这些病例,主要是医院里的病人, 长期于加护病房,
patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数) intensive care:n.(医院里的)特别护理病房;重症监护;
or nursing home residents near the ends of their lives, people whose infections are remote from us, in situations we can't identify with. 或是接受安宁照顾临终病患, 这些受到感染的病患与我们相隔甚远, 他们处于我们无法理解的环境中。
nursing home:养老院; residents:n.居民;住院医生;房客;(resident的复数) remote:adj.偏远的;偏僻的;遥远的;久远的; identify:v.识别:鉴定:确认:发现:
What you didn't think about, none of us do, is that antibiotics support almost all of modern life. 但是你或是我们任何人,都未曾想到过, 抗生素几乎支持着我们生活中的一切。
If we lost antibiotics, here's what else we'd lose: 如果我们失去了抗生素, 我们还会失去以下的东西:
First, any protection for people with weakened immune systems -- cancer patients, AIDS patients, transplant recipients , premature babies. 首先是缺乏免疫系统功能的病患,他们会失去抗生素的保护, 包括癌症病患、爱滋病患、 接受器官移植的病患,以及早产儿。
weakened:v.(使)虚弱,衰弱;减弱;削弱;动摇;(weaken的过去分词和过去式) immune:adj.免疫的;免于…的,免除的;n.免疫者;免除者; transplant:v.移植;迁移;使移居;n.移植;移居者; recipients:n.收件人(recipient的复数); premature:adj.早产的;不成熟的;比预期早的;n.早产儿;过早发生的事物;
Next, any treatment that installs foreign objects in the body: stents for stroke , pumps for diabetes , dialysis , joint replacements . 接下来是,植入人造物品的所有医疗方式, 包括中风治疗用的血管支架、糖尿病幫浦、 血液透析、人工关节。
treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论; installs:安装;安置; stents:n.支架(stent的复数);分配的任务;v.给…分配任务;节省(stent的三单形式); stroke:n.中风;笔画;钟声;抚摩;v.抚摩(动物的毛皮);轻抚;轻挪;轻触; pumps:n.[机]泵; v.用泵送; diabetes:n.糖尿病;多尿症; dialysis:n.[医][分化]透析;[分化]渗析; joint:n.关节; adj.共同的; v.连接,贴合; replacements:n.替代,替换件;补充;
How many athletic baby boomers need new hips and knees? 你能否想像战后婴儿潮世代,现在有多少人需要人工髋和膝关节？
athletic:adj.健壮的;体育运动的;田径运动的 baby boomers:婴儿潮出生的一代人(babyboomer的名词复数); hips:n.臀部;髋;臀部…的;野蔷薇果(hip的复数)
A recent study estimates that without antibiotics, one out of ever six would die. 一个最近的研究估计显示,如果没有抗生素, 每六个人当中就会有一位死亡。
Next, we'd probably lose surgery . 接下来,我们很有可能无法进行各种手术。
surgery:n.外科;外科手术;手术室;诊疗室;
Many operations are preceded by prophylactic doses of antibiotics. 许多的手术过程, 都需要施打预防剂量的抗生素。
preceded:v.在…之前发生(或出现);先于;走在…前面;(precede的过去分词和过去式) prophylactic:n.[药]预防药;预防法;避孕用具;adj.预防疾病的; doses:v.服药(dose的三单形式);n.[药][核]剂量(dose的复数);
Without that protection, we'd lose the ability to open the hidden spaces of the body. 如果没有这样的保护, 我们就无法切开身体的部位。
So no heart operations, no prostate biopsies , no Cesarean sections. 所以,不会再有心脏手术, 没有摄护腺切片檢查, 没有剖腹生产。
prostate:adj.前列腺的;n.[解剖]前列腺; biopsies:活组织检查; Cesarean:adj.剖腹产的;凯撒的;n.剖腹产(等于Caesarean);
We'd have to learn to fear infections that now seem minor . 我们必须开始学着害怕那些现在看来毫不起眼的感染,
minor:adj.未成年的; n.未成年人; vi.副修;
Strep throat used to cause heart failure . 抗生素尚未问世前,咽喉炎曾经引发心脏衰竭、
Strep throat:n.脓毒性咽喉炎; heart failure:n.心力衰竭;
Skin infections led to amputations . 皮肤感染曾可能导致截肢。
amputations:n.截肢(术),切断(术);删除,削减;(amputation的复数)
Giving birth killed, in the cleanest hospitals, almost one woman out of every 100. 过去即使在最干净的医院中,因难产而死亡的案例, 几乎每一百位孕妇当中就有一位。
Pneumonia took three children out of every 10. 每10位感染肺炎的儿童当中,就有3位因此而离开人世。
Pneumonia:n.肺炎;
More than anything else, we'd lose the confident way we live our everyday lives. 更糟的是, 我们不再有足够的自信,能在日常环境当中,平安地生活。
confident:adj.自信的;确信的;
If you knew that any injury could kill you, would you ride a motorcycle, bomb down a ski slope , climb a ladder to hang your Christmas lights, let your kid slide into home plate ? 如果你知道,任何的受伤都可能害死自己, 你还会骑摩托车吗？ 你还会从斜坡上进行滑雪跳跃？ 你还会爬上梯子,悬挂圣诞节灯泡？ 你还会让你的孩子滑向本垒？
injury:n.伤害,损害;受伤处; slope:n.斜坡;坡度;坡地;山坡;v.倾斜;有坡度;悄悄地走;潜行; ladder:n.阶梯;途径;梯状物;v.成名;发迹;在…上装设梯子; home plate:n.本垒;本垒板;abbr.(=homebase2);
After all, the first person to receive penicillin, a British policeman named Albert Alexander, who was so ravaged by infection that his scalp oozed pus and doctors had to take out an eye, was infected by doing something very simple. 当初第一位接受盘尼西林治疗的人, 一位名叫Albert Alexander的英国警察, 曾经饱受细菌感染的折磨,甚至严重到头皮发脓, 医生甚至必须摘除他的一只眼睛, 而他所受到的感染,却是来自于生活中的事物:
ravaged:v.毁坏;损坏;严重损害;(ravage的过去分词和过去式) scalp:n.头皮;带发头皮;标志;v.(作为战利品,从被杀的敌人头上)剥下带发头皮; oozed:vt.渗出;泄漏;vi.渗出;泄漏;n.[地质]软泥; pus:n.脓;脓汁; infected:adj.带菌的; v.传染; (infect的过去分词和过去式)
He walked into his garden and scratched his face on a thorn . 当他走进花园时,他的脸被尖刺划过。
scratched:adj.受抓损的;有刮痕;v.抓;搔;(scratch的过去式及过去分词) thorn:n.刺;[植]荆棘;
That British project I mentioned which estimates that the worldwide toll right now is 700,000 deaths a year also predicts that if we can't get this under control by 2050, not long, the worldwide toll will be 10 million deaths a year. 我刚才提到的英国研究报告, 估计每年全球死亡人数约七十万人, 另外它也预测了,如果我们无法在2050年之前控制住这些情况, 不久之后,全球每年死亡人数将攀升至每年一千万人。
predicts:vt.预报,预言;预知;vi.作出预言;作预料,作预报;
How did we get to this point where what we have to look forward to is those terrifying numbers? 我们为何会走到现在这个地步？ 使得我们必须面对 眼前这样的可怕的数字？
look forward to:盼望,期待; terrifying:adj.令人恐惧的;骇人的;极大的;v.使害怕,使恐怖;(terrify的现在分词)
The difficult answer is, we did it to ourselves. 令人难堪的答案是:由我们自己造成的。
Resistance is an inevitable biological process , but we bear the responsibility for accelerating it. 抗药性,是一种必然出现的生物过程, 但我们必须承担加速它的责任,
inevitable:adj.必然的,不可避免的; biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; accelerating:adj.促进的,[物]加速的;催化的;
We did this by squandering antibiotics with a heedlessness that now seems shocking. 我们滥用抗生素,加速了它的发展, 当时我们掉以轻心的态度,现在看来却怵目惊心。
squandering:浪费;滥用;
Penicillin was sold over the counter until the 1950s. 直到1950年代为止,盘尼西林都可以在药局专柜购买,
In much of the developing world, most antibiotics still are. 在许多发展中国家,民众可以自行买到大部分抗生素。
In the United States, 50 percent of the antibiotics given in hospitals are unnecessary. 在美国,医院所提供的抗生素, 有50%其实都不是必要的。
Forty-five percent of the prescriptions written in doctor's offices are for conditions that antibiotics cannot help. 由医生诊疗后所开出的处方签, 有45%都是抗生素无法发挥作用的。
prescriptions:n.医药处方,[医]药方(prescription复数形式);
And that's just in healthcare . 而这只不过是医疗界的情形。
healthcare:n.医疗保健;健康护理,健康服务;卫生保健;
On much of the planet, most meat animals get antibiotics every day of their lives, not to cure illnesses, but to fatten them up and to protect them against the factory farm conditions they are raised in. 在地球上许多地方,大部分动物每天都在摄取抗生素, 原因不是为了治疗疾病, 而是为了加速牠们成长,用来保护牠们, 以适应工厂以及农舍的生活环境。
fatten:v.(使)长胖,长肥;(尤指动物宰杀前)育肥; factory farm:n.工厂化农场;
In the United States, possibly 80 percent of the antibiotics sold every year go to farm animals, not to humans, creating resistant bacteria that move off the farm in water, in dust, in the meat the animals become. 在美国,每年约有80%的抗生素 是卖给农场的动物,而不是人类, 这使得农场培养出具有抗药能力的细菌, 并且透过水、尘埃, 还有这些动物的肉品,散播各地。
Aquaculture depends on antibiotics too, particularly in Asia, and fruit growing relies on antibiotics to protect apples, pears, citrus , against disease. 水产养殖也很依赖抗生素, 尤其是在亚洲, 水果种植也依赖抗生素, 用来保护苹果、梨子、柑橘,避免病虫害。
Aquaculture:n.[水产]水产养殖;水产业; particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; relies:信任; citrus:n.[园艺]柑橘属果树;柑橘类的植物;adj.柑橘属植物的;
And because bacteria can pass their DNA to each other like a traveler handing off a suitcase at an airport , once we have encouraged that resistance into existence, there is no knowing where it will spread. 由于病菌之间可以互相传递DNA, 就像一个旅客,在机场托运行李一样, 一旦我们激发出细菌的抗药性, 我们无法知道它会散播到哪里。
suitcase:n.[轻]手提箱;衣箱; airport:n.机场;航空港;
This was predictable . 这种情形是可以预见的。
predictable:adj.可预言的;
In fact, it was predicted by Alexander Fleming, the man who discovered penicillin. 事实上,曾有一个预测, 来自亚历山大·弗莱明,他是发现盘尼西林的人。
predicted:v.预言;预告;预报;(predict的过去分词和过去式)
He was given the Nobel Prize in 1945 in recognition , and in an interview shortly after, this is what he said: "The thoughtless person playing with penicillin treatment is morally responsible for the death of a man who succumbs to infection with a pencillin-resistant organism ." 他在1945年得到诺贝尔奖, 他在获奖后不久,接受记者采访时说过: 那些轻率地滥用青霉素治疗的人, 应该对于那些由于细菌产生抗药性 受到感染而死亡的人 背负道德责任。
Nobel Prize:n.诺贝尔奖; recognition:n.识别;认识;承认;认可; interview:n.接见,采访;面试,面谈;v.采访;接见;对…进行面谈; thoughtless:adj.轻率的;欠考虑的;考虑不周的;不顾及他人的; morally:adv.道德上;有道德地;确实地; responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的; succumbs:vi.屈服;死;被压垮; organism:n.生物;有机体;有机组织;(尤指)微生物;
He added, "I hope this evil can be averted ." 他还补充说: 我希望这种罪恶是可以避免的。
evil:adj.邪恶的;不幸的;有害的;讨厌的;n.罪恶,邪恶;不幸; averted:v.防止,避免;转移目光;背过脸;(avert的过去分词和过去式)
Can we avert it? 我们可以避免吗？
There are companies working on novel antibiotics, things the superbugs have never seen before. 有些公司致力于研发新型抗生素, 来对抗从未见过的超级病毒。
novel:adj.新奇的;异常的;n.小说; superbugs:n.超级病菌;
We need those new drugs badly, and we need incentives : discovery grants , extended patents , prizes, to lure other companies into making antibiotics again. 我们急切需要这些新的药物, 因此需要奖励政策: 补助研发、延长专利年限、 提供奖金,以吸引其他企業重新投入抗生素的制造。
incentives:n.激励;奖励;诱因(incentive的复数形式);奖励措施; grants:n.补助金; v.[专利]授予; extended:adj.延长了的;扩展了的;v.使伸长;扩大;扩展;(extend的过去式和过去分词) patents:n.[专利]专利(patent的复数形式);专利权;
But that probably won't be enough. 但是,只有这些仍然不够。
Here's why: Evolution always wins. 原因是:演化最后还是会获得胜利。
Bacteria birth a new generation every 20 minutes. 细菌每隔20分钟就能繁殖出下一代。
It takes pharmaceutical chemistry 10 years to derive a new drug. 但是在药物化学领域,研发一种新药需要花费10年的时间。
derive:vt.源于;得自;vi.起源;
Every time we use an antibiotic, we give the bacteria billions of chances to crack the codes of the defenses we've constructed . 每一次我们使用抗生素, 就提供了细菌数十亿次的机会, 来破解我们已经构筑的防御体系。
crack:v.使破裂;打开;变声;n.裂缝;声变;噼啪声;adj.最好的;高明的; constructed:v.修建;建造;组成;编制,绘制;(construct的过去分词和过去式)
There has never yet been a drug they could not defeat. 没有任何一种药物, 能完全抵抗细菌的攻击。
This is asymmetric warfare , but we can change the outcome . 这是一场不对称的战争, 但我们可以改变结果。
asymmetric:adj.不对称的;非对称的; warfare:n.战争;冲突; outcome:n.结果,结局;成果;
We could build systems to harvest data to tell us automatically and specifically how antibiotics are being used. 我们可以建立一套系统来分析数据, 抗生素的使用情况。
automatically:adv.自动地;机械地;无意识地;adj.不经思索的; specifically:adv.特别地;明确地;
We could build gatekeeping into drug order systems so that every prescription gets a second look. 我们可以建立药物医嘱系统的把关机制, 对每一个处方签进行再次确认。
We could require agriculture to give up antibiotic use. 我们可以要求种植农作物时不再使用抗生素。
We could build surveillance systems to tell us where resistance is emerging next. 我们可以建立监视系统, 告诉我们下一波的抗药性细菌何处出现
surveillance:n.监督;监视; emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词)
Those are the tech solutions. 这些都是运用高科技的解决方案。
They probably aren't enough either, unless we help. 但是这些建议仍然不够, 除非我们愿意付出心力。
Antibiotic resistance is a habit. 细菌会产生抗药性,是一种必然的习性。
We all know how hard it is to change a habit. 我们都知道要改变习性是多么的困难。
But as a society, we've done that in the past. 但作为社会的一份子,我们过去曾经做到了。
People used to toss litter into the streets, used to not wear seatbelts , used to smoke inside public buildings. 过去,人们习惯在路上丢弃垃圾、 习惯开车时不系安全带、 习惯在室内吸烟。
toss:v.扔,抛,掷;甩(使)摇摆,挥动,颠簸;摇匀;n.掷硬币决定;向上甩头;投掷 seatbelts:n.座位安全带;
We don't do those things anymore. 可是现在,我们不会再做这些事。
We don't trash the environment or court devastating accidents or expose others to the possibility of cancer, because we decided those things were expensive, destructive , not in our best interest. 我们选择 不再乱丢垃圾 、 避免意外事故的发生 , 或是 不再让别人暴露于致癌的环境中 , 因为我们这些行为的代价高昂, 且具有破坏性,违反个人的利益。
trash:n.垃圾;废物;v.丢弃;修剪树枝; devastating:adj.毁灭性的; v.毁灭; (devastate的现在分词) expose:v.揭露,揭发;使曝光;显示; destructive:adj.破坏的;毁灭性的;有害的,消极的;
We changed social norms . 因此,我们改变了这些社会规范。
norms:n.[标准]标准,规范;基准(norm复数形式);
We could change social norms around antibiotic use too. 同样的,我们可以改变滥用抗生素的社会风气。
I know that the scale of antibiotic resistance seems overwhelming , but if you've ever bought a fluorescent lightbulb because you were concerned about climate change, or read the label on a box of crackers 我知道,抗生素抗药性的规模, 已经势不可挡, 但如果你曾经因为 关心气候变迁而购买了节能灯泡; 或是因为关心棕榈树林的砍伐,
scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; overwhelming:adj.势不可挡的; v.压倒; (overwhelm的现在分词) fluorescent:adj.荧光的;萤光的;发亮的;n.荧光;日光灯; concerned:adj.有关的;关心的;v.关心;与…有关;(concern的过去时和过去分词) label:n.标签;标记;谓;唱片公司;v.贴标签于;用标签标明; crackers:adj.疯狂;发狂;n.薄脆饼干;彩包爆竹;十分愉快的事;(cracker的复数)
because you think about the deforestation from palm oil, you already know what it feels like to take a tiny step to address an overwhelming problem. 而在购买饼干时仔细阅读盒子上的成分标签, 你一定可以体会到那种感觉: 要解决大问题,必须从小事做起。”
deforestation:n.采伐森林;森林开伐; palm:n.手掌;手心;棕榈树;v.把…藏在手中(尤指玩戏法);
We could take those kinds of steps for antibiotic use too. 所以,我们也可以把这些行动,应用在抗生素的使用上。
We could forgo giving an antibiotic if we're not sure it's the right one. 当我们无法确定抗生素是必需的。我们可以不使用。
forgo:vi.放弃; vt.放弃;
We could stop insisting on a prescription for our kid's ear infection before we're sure what caused it. 当我们的孩子感染中耳炎时,我们不必坚持用抗生素, 直到我们找出病因为止。
We could ask every restaurant, every supermarket, where their meat comes from. 我们可以询问每家餐厅 或是超市, 它们的肉品从何而来。
We could promise each other never again to buy chicken or shrimp or fruit raised with routine antibiotic use, and if we did those things, we could slow down the arrival of the post-antibiotic world. 我们可以承诺, 不再购买长期施用抗生素的鸡肉、虾子或水果, 如果我们能做到这些事情, 就可能减缓 后抗生素世界 的到来。
shrimp:n.虾;小虾;矮小的人;vi.捕虾;adj.有虾的;虾制的;
But we have to do it soon. 但是,我们必须尽快采取行动。
Penicillin began the antibiotic era in 1943. 1943年,盘尼西林开启了抗生素时代。
In just 70 years, we walked ourselves up to the edge of disaster . 在短短的70年后,我们却让自己走到了灾难的边缘。
disaster:n.灾难,灾祸;不幸;
We won't get 70 years to find our way back out again. 我们不再有另一个70年, 可以寻找未来的出路。
Thank you very much. 非常谢谢大家。
(Applause) (掌声)