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MarthaMinow_2019W-_宽恕是如何创造出一个更公正的法律体系的？_-
Would you ever forgive a person who kills a member of your family? 你会原谅一个杀害了 你家人的罪犯吗？
forgive:v.原谅;免除(债务,义务等);
In September of 2019, 在 2019 年 9 月,
Dallas police officer Amber Guyger was sentenced for murder, and then the brother of the victim forgave her. 达拉斯警察安柏尔 · 盖格 （Amber Guyger）因谋杀被判刑, 紧接着受害者的兄弟 宽恕了她。
Dallas:n.达拉斯(美国城市); police officer:n.警官;警察;警务人员; Amber:adj.琥珀色的;琥珀制的;n.琥珀;琥珀色;vt.使呈琥珀色; victim:n.受害人;牺牲品;牺牲者;
Brandt Jean was 18 years old, and I joined the rest of the country watching on television in awe at that act of grace . 当时布兰特 · 基恩 （Brandt Jean）18 岁, 而我和全国的观众在电视上见证了 他这仁慈之举,并深感敬佩。
awe:vt.使敬畏;使畏怯;n.敬畏; grace:n.优雅;恩惠;魅力;慈悲;v.使优美;
But I also worried. 但我也担心,
I worried that people who are African American like Brandt Jean are expected to forgive more often than other people. 我担心像布兰特 · 基恩 这样的非裔美国人 会比他人更频繁地 被期望去原谅。
African American:非洲裔美国人(指美国黑人);
And I worried that a white police officer like Amber Guyger receives a lesser sentence than other people who commit wrongful killings. 我也担心像安柏尔 · 盖格 这样的白人警员, 比起犯下同样过失杀人罪的人 会受到更轻的责罚。
lesser:adj.较少的;次要的;更小的;adv.较少地;更小地;不及; commit:v.犯(罪等);干(坏事等);[法]提(审);判处; wrongful:adj.不正当的;不讲道理的;不合法的;
But because I'm a law professor, 但因为我是一位法律学教授,
I also worried about the law itself. 我也担心法律本身。
The law leans so severely towards punishment these days that it's part of the problem. 目前法律如此严重地倾向于惩罚, 这就是问题的一部分,
leans:n.倾斜;倾斜错觉(lean的复数);v.倚靠(lean的第三人称单数形式); severely:adv.严重地;严格地,严厉地;纯朴地; punishment:n.惩罚;严厉对待,虐待;
And that's what I want to talk about here. 而这便是我想在这里探讨的主题。
The powerful example of one individual's forgiveness makes me worry that lawyers and officials too often overlook the tools that law itself creates to allow forgiveness, when the principle should be the cornerstone of a thri ving society. 个人宽恕的有力案例 让我担心律师和官员经常会忽略 法律本身创造出来的 允许宽恕的工具, 而这条原则本应该是 一个繁荣社会的基石。
forgiveness:n.宽恕;原谅;宽宏大量 overlook:v.忽略;俯视;视而不见;眺望;
I worry that lawyers and officials do not adequately use the tools of forgiveness, by which I mean letting go of justified grievance . 我担心律师和官员不能够 合理地利用宽恕的工具, 我的意思是放过了正当的申诉。
adequately:adv.充分地;足够地;适当地; justified:adj.正当的; v.证明…正确; (justify的过去式和过去分词) grievance:n.不满,不平;委屈;冤情;
And those tools are many. 那样的工具有很多,
They include pardons, commutations , expungement, bankruptcy for debt and the discretion that's held by police and prosecutors and judges. 包括赦免、减刑、消除犯罪记录、 债务抵押, 以及警方、检察官和法官的酌情权。
commutations:n.减刑;交换;经常来往;代偿; bankruptcy:n.破产; debt:n.债务;借款;罪过; discretion:n.自由裁量权;谨慎;判断力;判定;考虑周到; prosecutors:n.检查官;告发者(prosecutor的复数);
But I also worry -- I worry a lot -- 但我还是担心—— 我担心的事很多——
(Laughter) （笑声）
I worry that these tools, when used, replicate the disparities , the inequities along the lines of race and class and other markers of advantage and disadvantage . 我担心这些工具, 使用时会再现悬殊差距, 即由种族、阶级和其他各种 划分优势、弱势的标记 而导致的不平等。
replicate:vt.复制; vi.重复; adj.复制的; n.复制品; disparities:不一致(disparity的复数); inequities:n.不公平待遇(inequity的复数形式); markers:n.(表示方位的)标记,记号;标识;表示;记号笔;(marker的复数) disadvantage:n.不利因素;障碍;不便之处;
Biases or privileged access are at work when United States presidents pardon people charged with crimes. 当美国总统赦免犯罪时, 偏见和特权也在起作用。
Biases:n.偏差,偏见(bias的复数形式);v.偏见(bias的三单形式); privileged:adj.有特权的; v.给予特权; (privilege的过去式和过去分词) United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
Historically , white people are pardoned four times as often as members of minority groups for the same crime, same sentence. 历史记录显示, 针对同样的罪行与惩罚, 白人被豁免的概率是 其他少数群体的四倍。
Historically:adv.历史上地;从历史观点上说; minority:n.少数民族;少数派;未成年;adj.少数的;属于少数派的;
Forgiveness between individuals is supported by every religious tradition, every philosophic tradition. 人与人之间的宽恕 是被所有宗教传统、 所有哲学传所支持的。
individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); religious:adj.宗教的;虔诚的;严谨的;修道的;n.修道士;尼姑; philosophic:adj.哲学的;贤明的;
And medical evidence now shows the health benefits of letting go of grievances and resentments . 而今医学证据显示, 放下不满和仇恨对我们的健康有益。
evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; grievances:n.不平的事;委屈;抱怨;牢骚;(grievance的复数) resentments:n.愤恨;怨恨;(resentment的复数)
As Nelson Mandela led South Africa's transition from apartheid to democracy , he explained, "Resentment is like drinking a poison and hoping it will kill your enemies." 正如曼德拉领导着南非 从种族隔离走向民主时, 他解释道, “仇恨就像是自己喝下毒药, 却希望它能杀死你的敌人。”
transition:n.过渡;转变;变革;变迁;v.经历转变过程;过渡; apartheid:n.种族隔离; democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治;
Law can remove the penalties for those who apologize and seek forgiveness. 法律能够为愿意道歉 并寻求宽恕者豁免刑罚。
penalties:n.处罚,惩罚;点球(penalty的复数);罚款; seek:v.寻求;寻找;谋求;
For example, in 39 states in the United States and the District of Columbia, there are laws that allow medical professionals to apologize when something goes wrong 比如,在美国的 39 个州 以及哥伦比亚特区, 有法律允许医务工作者 在出现问题时道歉,
professionals:n.[管理]专业人员(professional的复数);
and not fear that that statement could later be used against them in an action for damages. 而不用害怕道歉的内容 在后续的损害诉讼中 被用作指控他们的不利证据。
statement:n.声明;陈述,叙述;报表,清单;
More actively, bankruptcy law offers debtors , under some conditions, the chance to start anew . 更主动的是破产法, 在某些条件下会给负债人 一个重新开始的机会。
debtors:n.债务人;借方(debtor的复数);[会计]应收帐款; anew:重新,再
Pardons and expungements sealing criminal records can, too. 赦免和消除犯罪记录亦如是。
I have been teaching law for almost 40 years, hard to believe, but recently , I realized that we don't teach law students about the tools of forgiveness that are within the legal system, and nor do law schools usually explore the potential for new avenues for forgiveness that law can adopt or assist. 不敢相信,我教了快 40 年的法律, 但最近,我才意识到, 我们没有把法律体系内 有关宽恕的工具, 教给法学生们, 法学院通常也不会探索 法律能够采用或协助的 潜在的宽恕新途径。
recently:adv.最近;新近; legal:adj.法律的;合法的;法定的; explore:v.探索:探测:探险: potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; avenues:n.[建]林荫道,[公路]大街; adopt:v.采取;接受;收养;正式通过;
These are lost opportunities. 这些都是错失的机会,
These are lost obligations , even, because the students that I teach will become prosecutors, judges, governors, presidents. 甚至可以说是错失的义务, 因为我教的学生 将来会成为检察官、法官、州长、总统。
obligations:n.[法]义务;债务;承付款项(obligation的复数);
Barack Obama, my former student, used his power as the President of the United States to give pardons. 巴拉克 · 奥巴马（Barack Obama) 就是我以前的学生, 他曾用身为美国总统的特权给予特赦,
That released several hundred people from prison after the law changed to provide shorter sentences for the same drug crimes for which they had been convicted . 从监狱里释放了数百人, 相对应的刑期已被缩短。
released:v.释放;使免除;已发布;(release的过去分词和过去式) convicted:v.定罪;宣判…有罪;(convict的过去式和过去分词)
But if he hadn't used his pardon power, they would still be in prison. 如果他当时没有使用特赦权, 那么这些人至今仍将身处狱中。
Legal tools of forgiveness should be used more, but not without reason and not with bias. 法律内宽恕的工具应当被更多使用, 但必须要有理由,且不带偏见。
A "New Yorker" cartoon shows a judge with a big nose and a big mustache looking down at a defendant with the exact same nose and exact same mustache and says, "Obviously not guilty ." 《纽约客》杂志有幅漫画, 一位大鼻子、大胡须的法官, 他向下看着的被告 也有和他一模一样的鼻子 和一模一样的胡须, 然后法官说,“很明显,无罪。”
defendant:adj.[法律]被告的;辩护的;n.[法律]被告人;被告方; guilty:adj.有罪的;内疚的;
(Laughter) （笑声）
Forgiveness could undermine the commitment that law has to treat people the same under the same circumstances , to apply rules evenly . 宽恕有可能会动摇法律的承诺: 在同样的情况下, 一视同仁地对待所有人, 公正地应用法律条例。
undermine:vt.破坏,渐渐破坏;挖掘地基; commitment:n.承诺;投入;保证;许诺; treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣; circumstances:n.情况;环境;情形;(circumstance的复数) apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求; evenly:adv.均匀地;平衡地;平坦地;平等地;
In this age of resentment, mass incarceration , widespread consumer debt, we need more forgiveness, but we need a philosophy of forgiveness. 在这个充满仇恨、大量监禁、 消费债务泛滥的时代, 我们需要更多的宽恕, 但我们更需要宽恕的哲学。
mass:n.块,团; adj.群众的,民众的; v.聚集起来,聚集; incarceration:n.监禁;下狱;禁闭; widespread:adj.普遍的,广泛的;分布广的; consumer:n.[经]消费者;[生,生态]消费者; philosophy:n.哲学;哲理;人生观;
We need to forgive fairly . 我们需要公平的宽恕。
fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直;
Contrast the treatment globally of child soldiers with the treatment of juvenile offenders in the United States. 让我们将全世界儿童兵所受到的待遇 和美国少年犯所受到的待遇对比。
Contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比; treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论; juvenile:adj.青少年的;幼稚的;n.青少年;少年读物; offenders:n.罪犯(offender的复数);冒犯者;
International human rights condemn and punish adults who involve children in armed conflict as those most responsible , but treat the children themselves quite differently. 国际人权条例会谴责并惩罚那些 让孩童涉入武装冲突的成人, 认为他们最该为此负责, 而对那些孩童本身的处置 则大为不同。
condemn:v.谴责;判刑,定罪;声讨; involve:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加; conflict:n.冲突;矛盾;争执;抵触;v.抵触; responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的;
The International Criminal Court, now with 122 member nations, convicted Thomas Lubanga, warlord in the [Democratic Republic of the] Congo, for enlisting , recruiting and deploying children, teens , as soldiers. 国际刑事法院 现在有 122 个成员国, 该法庭将刚果（民主共和国）的军阀 托马斯 · 卢班加（Thomas Lubanga）定罪, 因其征募、招募和部署 儿童和青少年从军。
warlord:n.军阀; enlisting:v.征募;支持(enlist的ing形式);n.征募;支持; recruiting:v.吸收(新成员);征募(新兵);动员;(recruit的现在分词) deploying:v.部署,调度(军队或武器);有效地利用;调动;(deploy的现在分词) teens:n.十多岁,十几岁;青少年;
Many nations commit to ensuring that people under the age of 15 do not become child soldiers, and most nations treat those who do become soldiers not as objects of punishment but as people deserving a fresh start. 许多国家致力于 确保 15 岁以下的人 不会成为儿童兵, 而且大多数国家不会把那些 而是认为他们理应获得 重新开始的机会。
ensuring:v.保证;确保;担保(ensure的现在分词); under the age of:在年龄之下;16岁以下; deserving:adj.值得的;应得的;有功的;v.值得;应得到(deserve的现在分词);
Compare and contrast how the United States treats juvenile offenders, where we severely punish minors , often moving them to adult courts, even adult prisons. 与之比较美国是怎么惩罚少年犯的, 我们会严厉惩罚未成年人, 经常会把他们送上成人法庭, 甚至成人的监狱。
Compare:v.比较;对比;n.比较; treats:v.以…态度对待; n.乐事; minors:n.未成年人(minor的复数);
And yet, like child soldiers, teens and children are drawn into violent activity in the United States when there are few options , when they are threatened or when adults induce them with money or ideology . 然而就像儿童兵一样, 在美国,青少年和孩子被卷入暴力活动, 是因为他们没有选择, 他们受到威胁, 或被成年人以金钱或意识形态引诱。
violent:adj.暴力的;猛烈的; options:n.选择; v.得到或获准进行选择; (option的三单形式) induce:v.导致;引起;诱使;劝说; ideology:n.意识形态;思想意识;观念学;
The rhetoric of innocence is resonant when we talk about child soldiers, but not when we talk about teen gang members in the United States. 当我们谈论儿童兵时,关于他们的 天真无邪的辞藻总会引起共鸣, 但是当我们谈论美国 青少年帮派成员时却并非如此,
rhetoric:n.修辞,修辞学;华丽的词藻;adj.花言巧语的; innocence:n.清白,无罪;天真无邪; resonant:adj.洪亮的,共振的;共鸣的; gang:n.一群; v.(英)去;
Yet in both settings, youth are caught in worlds that are made by adults, and forgiveness can offer both accountability and fresh starts. 但在两种情况下,年轻人 都被困在成年人制造的世界, 而宽恕能让他们 担起责任,重新开始。
accountability:n.有义务;有责任;可说明性;
What if , instead, young people caught in criminal activity and violence could have chances to accept responsibility while learning and rebuilding their lives and their own communities ? 如果取而代之,因涉入 犯罪活动和暴力而被逮捕的年轻人 能有机会在学习与重建 自己的生活与社区的过程中
What if:如果…怎么办? violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数)
Legal frameworks inviting youth to describe their conduct could also involve community members to hear and forgive. 能够让年轻人叙述自己所作所为 的法律框架, 也能让社区成员去倾听与原谅他们。
describe:v.描述;形容;把…称为;画出…图形; conduct:v.实施;执行;表现;引导;n.举止;管理方法;经营方式;实施办法; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
Called " restorative justice ," 这被称为“修复式司法” （restorative justice）,
restorative:n.[药]恢复药,滋补剂;adj.滋补的,有助于复元的;恢复健康的; justice:n.公平;公正;司法制度;审判;
such efforts emphasize accountability and service rather than punishment. 这些努力更强调的是责任和服务, 而非责罚。
emphasize:v.强调;重视;着重;使突出;
Many schools in the United States have turned to use restorative justice methods to resolve conflicts and to prevent them, and to disrupt the school-to-prison pipeline. 美国的许多学校已经 开始使用修复式司法的方式 来解决矛盾和防止冲突, 从而瓦解从学校到监狱的路径。
resolve:vt.决定; vi.解决; n.坚决; conflicts:n.冲突; v.抵触; disrupt:vt.破坏;使瓦解;使分裂;使中断;使陷于混乱;adj.分裂的,中断的;分散的;
Some American high schools have replaced automatic suspensions with opportunities for victims to narrate their experiences and for offenders to take responsibility for their actions. 有些美国高中已经 取消了自动停学措施, 而是给受害者机会讲述他们的遭遇, 也让加害者有机会为他们的行为负责。
automatic:adj.自动的;无意识的;必然的;n.自动步枪;自动换挡汽车; suspensions:n.[化工]悬浮液;悬挂(suspension的复数);[化学]悬浮体; narrate:vt.叙述;给…作旁白;vi.叙述;讲述;
As they describe their experiences and feelings about a theft or hateful graffiti or a verbal or physical assault , the victims and offenders often express strong emotions . 当他们在描述自己有关盗窃、 仇恨涂鸦、言语或肢体攻击 的经历和感受时, 受害者和加害者经常会情绪激动。
hateful:adj.可憎的;可恨的;可恶的; graffiti:n.墙上乱写乱画的东西(graffito的复数形式); verbal:adj.口头的;言语的;动词的;照字面的;n.动词的非谓语形式; physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; assault:v.袭击;殴打;威胁;非议;(assault的现在分词) express:v.表达; adj.特快的; n.特快列车; v.使用快速服务; emotions:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感;(emotion的复数)
And other members of the community take turns describing the impact of the offense on them. 接着,其他的社区成员会轮流 描述这些罪行对他们的影响。
take turns:按顺序来 describing:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的现在分词) impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响; offense:n.犯罪,过错;进攻;触怒;引起反感的事物;
The leader is often a student peer , who is trained to deescalate the conflict and orchestrate a conversation about what the offender can do that would help the victim. 谈话的领导者通常是同龄学生, 他们受过如何缓和冲突的训练, 并且能组织对话, 探讨加害者能做些什么 才能帮助受害者。
peer:n.同辈;同龄人;身份(或地位)相同的人;(英国)贵族成员;v.仔细看;端详; deescalate:v.逐步降(级);缩小(冲突范围); orchestrate:v.编配(或创作管弦乐曲);精心安排;策划;密谋;
Together, they come to an agreement about how to move forward, what the wrongdoer can do to repair the injury and what all could do to better avoid future conflicts. 他们一同达成如何前进的共识, 做错事的人知道该 做些什么去弥补伤害, 而大家可以知道要怎样 才能避免未来的冲突。
wrongdoer:n.做坏事的人;违法犯罪者; repair:v.修理;修补;修缮;补救;n.修理;修补;修缮; injury:n.伤害,损害;受伤处;
Consider this example, recently in a publication . 比如说最近发布的这个案例:
publication:n.出版物;发表;公布;发行;
A young woman named Mercedes M. transferred , in California, from one high school to another after she was so repeatedly suspended in her old high school for getting into fights. 一名位于加州,名叫梅赛德斯 · M 的年轻女性, 由于在她原来的高中经常打架, 而被多次停学, 不得不转校。
transferred:v.(使)转移,搬迁;(使)调动;(transfer的过去分词和过去式) repeatedly:adv.反复地;再三地;屡次地; suspended:v.悬;挂;吊;暂停;中止;(suspend的过去式和过去分词)
And here in her new high school, two other young women accused her of lying and called her the b-word. 在她就读的新高中里, 另外两名女生指责她撒谎, 并用脏话（“婊子”）骂她。
accused:v.控告;控诉;谴责;(accuse的过去分词和过去式)
A counselor came over and talked to her and earned enough trust that she acknowledged she had stolen the shoes of one of the other classmates. 一位辅导员过来与她交谈, 并取得了她的信任, 她承认她偷了其中一位同学的鞋子。
counselor:n.顾问;法律顾问;参事(等于counsellor);
Turns out, the three of them had known each other for a long time, and they didn't know any other way to deal with each other other than to fight. 真相是,她们三个相识已久, 但是除了打架外,她们不知道 如何与彼此相处。
The facilitator invited them to participate in a circle, a confidential conversation about what happened, and they agreed. 于是协调人邀请她们参加一次交流会, 在保密环境下讨论所发生的事情。 而她们同意参加。
facilitator:n.服务商;促进者; participate:v.参加;参与; confidential:adj.机密的;表示信任的;获信任的;
And initially , each of them expressed a lot of emotion. 起初,她们每个人都情绪激动,
initially:adv.最初,首先;开头; expressed:v.表示;表达;显而易见;不言自明;(express的过去分词和过去式)
And then Mercedes apologized. 接着,梅赛德斯道歉了,
And she said she had stolen the shoes, but she did so because she wanted to sell them and take the money to pay for a drug test so that her mother could show she was clean and try to regain custody of two younger children who were then in state protective care. 她说她确实偷了鞋子, 但她这样做是因为想卖掉它们, 然后把钱用来支付妈妈的药检费。 这样她的妈妈就能证明清白, 她就可能重新获得 两个年幼孩子的监护权, 他们此时正在接受 政府保护机构的看护。
regain:vt.再次得到;重新获得,恢复;返回;n.恢复;收复;收回 custody:n.保管;监护;拘留;抚养权; protective:adj.防护的;关切保护的;保护贸易的;
The other girls heard this, saw Mercedes crying and they hugged her. 另外两个女孩听完这些, 看到梅赛德斯的眼泪, 她们拥抱了她。
They did not ask her to return what she'd stolen, but they did say they wanted a restart. 她们没有叫她归还偷走的东西, 而是说她们想要重新开始。
They wanted a reason they could trust her. 她们想要重新信任她的理由。
Later, Mercedes explained that she was sure she would have been suspended if they hadn't had this process . 后来,梅赛德斯解释说, 如果没有这次交流, 她一定又会被停学。
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
And her high school has reduced suspensions by more than half through the use of this kind of restorative justice method. 她的高中用这种修复式司法的方式 已经将停学人数减少了一半。
Restorative justice alternatives involve offenders and victims in communicating in ways that an adversarial and defensive process does not allow, and it's become the go-to method 修复式司法的选项 让加害者和受害者 能有更多机会去沟通, 而这些沟通方式在 诉讼和辩护程序中是不允许的, 而它在诸如哥伦比亚特区 未成年人司法系统的地方,
alternatives:n.可供选择的事物;(alternative的复数) adversarial:adj.对抗的;对手的,敌手的; defensive:n.辩护;守势;adj.防御的;保护的;保卫的;戒备的;
in places like the District of Columbia juvenile justice system and innovations like Los Angeles's Teen Court.
innovations:n.创新(innovation的复数);改革;
If tuned to fairness, forgiveness methods like bankruptcy would be available not only for the for-profit college that goes belly-up but also for the students stuck with the loans; 如果为了追求公平, 类似破产法的宽恕方法 不仅可以用于 濒临破产的盈利性大学, 也可以适用于那些 因贷款陷入困境的学生;
tuned:v.(为乐器)调音,校音;调整,调节(发动机);调频道(tune的过去分词和过去式) for-profit:以盈利为目的的; belly-up:adj.死的;破产的;垮掉;有倒闭;破产了的;
pardons would not be given to campaign contributors; and black men would no longer have 20 percent longer criminal sentences than do white men, due to how judges exercise discretion. 赦免令不应该只给予那些选举支持者, 黑人的刑期也不再会比白人长 20%, 而这些是由于法官 行使自由裁定权所致。
Forgiveness across the board is one way to avoid such biases. 广泛的宽恕 是避免这类偏见的一种方式,
across the board:全面地,整体地;
Sometimes, a society just needs a reset when it comes to punishment and debt. 有时,当涉及到责罚和债务时, 社会需要的只是重启。
reset:vi.重置;清零;重新组合;n.重新设定;重新组合;重排版;
The Bible calls for periodic forgiveness of debts and freeing prisoners, and it recently helped to inspire a global movement. 《圣经》呼吁要定期解除债务, 释放囚犯, 而它最近启发了一场全球性运动,
Bible:n.有权威的书; periodic:adj.周期的;定期的; debts:n.负债类,债务(debt的复数形式); inspire:v.激发;鼓舞;启示;产生;使生灵感; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的;
Jubilee 2000 joined Pope John Paul II and rock star Bono and over 60 nations in an effort to seek the cancellation and succeed in canceling the debt of developing countries, amounting to over 100 billion dollars of debt canceled, resulting in measurable reduction in poverty . 教皇约翰保罗二世与摇滚巨星波诺, 他们致力于呼吁取消 发展中国家的债务, 并取得了成功。 最终,总计超过 1000 亿美元 的债务被取消, 使世界上贫困人口显着减少。
Jubilee:n.(尤指25周年或50周年的)周年纪念,周年大庆,周年庆祝; Pope:n.教皇,罗马教皇;权威,大师; Bono:n.宝鸟服饰;报喜鸟(品牌名); cancellation:n.取消;删除; amounting:vi.总计,合计;相当于;共计;产生…结果;n.数量;总额,总数; measurable:adj.可测量的;重要的;重大的; reduction:n.减少;缩小;降低;减价;折扣;缩图; poverty:n.贫困;困难;缺少;低劣;
In a similar spirit, there are people who are copying the techniques of commercial debt collectors who purchase debt for pennies on the dollar and then seek to enforce it. 本着同样的理念, 有人借鉴了那些 商业买债公司的技巧, 这些公司花费几美分 就能购买 1 美元的债务, 然后通过追债获利。
techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数) commercial:adj.贸易的;商业的;赢利的;以获利为目的的;n.(电台或电视播放的)广告; collectors:n.收藏家;收集者;聚集剂;[电子]集电极(collector的复数); purchase:n.购买;采购;购买的东西;购买项目;v.购买;采购; enforce:v.强制执行;强迫;迫使;
Late-night television host John Oliver partnered with a nonprofit group called RIP Medical Debt, and for only 60,000 dollars, they purchased 15 million dollars' worth of medical debt, and then they forgave it. 深夜电视节目主持人 约翰 · 奥利弗（John Oliver） 只花了六万美元, 他们就购买了价值 1500 万美元的医疗债务, 接着,他们将这些债务一笔勾销。
Late-night:adj.深夜的;午夜的; nonprofit:adj.非赢利的;不以赢利为目的的; RIP:v.撕破;突然拉开;割开;n.撕开的大口子;巨澜;清管器;废马; purchased:v.买;购买;采购;(purchase的过去式和过去分词)
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That allowed nearly 9,000 people to have a restart in their lives. 那使得近 9000 人可以 重新开始他们的生活,
This kind of precedent should trigger and encourage more such actions. 这种先例应能引起和鼓励 更多这样的行动。
precedent:n.先例;前例;adj.在前的;在先的; trigger:n.触发器; v.触发;
It's time for a reset, given mass incarceration, medical and consumer debt and given indigent criminal defendants who are charged and put in debt because they're expected to pay for their own probation officers and their own electronic monitors. 是时候重启了, 想想大量的监禁, 医疗和消费债务, 还有那些因受到指控而深陷债务 的穷困被告们, 因为他们要支付自己的缓刑官, 以及自己的电子监控器。
indigent:adj.贫困的;贫穷的(副词indigently); defendants:n.[法]被告(defendant的复数); probation:n.试用;缓刑;查验; electronic:adj.电子的;电子器件的;电子设备的;
Forgiving violations of law or promises to pay back loans does pose risks. 宽恕违法行为 或者待偿的借贷, 确实有风险。
violations:n.违反,妨碍;违规或不雅行为(violation的复数形式); pose:v.引起; n.装腔作势; (为画像、拍照等摆的)姿势;
Forgiveness may encourage more violations. 宽恕可能会鼓励更多的犯罪,
Economists even have a name for it. 经济学家们甚至为此起了名,
They call it " moral hazard ." 他们称之为“道德风险 ”。
moral:n.寓意;品行;教益;adj.道德的;道义上的;道德上的;品行端正的; hazard:n.危害;危险;v.试着提出;大胆猜测;冒…的风险;使处于危险中;
Should there be amnesty for immigration violations? 违反移民法规的人可以得到赦免吗？
amnesty:n.特赦;赦免,大赦;赦免期;vt.赦免;对…实行大赦 immigration:n.外来移民;移居;
Should a president offer pardons to protect himself or to induce lawbreaking ? 总统应该提出特赦来保护他自己, 或是促使违法行为吗？
lawbreaking:adj.违反法律的;n.违反法律;
These are tough questions for our time. 这些都是我们时代的难题,
But escalating resentments hold their own dangers. 但是不断升级的仇恨 也有其自身的危害,
escalating:v.(使)逐步扩大,不断恶化,加剧;(escalate的现在分词)
So does attributing blame to individuals for circumstances largely outside their own control. 把不在其自身掌控范围的责任 归咎于个人也同样有其危害。
attributing:v.归因;归于(attribute的现在分词); largely:adv.主要地;大部分;大量地;
To ask how law may forgive is not to deny the fact of wrongdoing . 寻求法律上的宽恕 并不是在否认犯罪事实,
deny:v.否定,否认;拒绝给予;拒绝…的要求; wrongdoing:n.不法行为;坏事;作恶;欺骗行径;
Rather, it's to widen the lens to enable glimpses of the larger patterns and to enable new choices that can go forward if we can wipe the slate clean. 而是在拓展视野, 能让我们窥见大局, 从而找到走向未来的新选择, 前提就是我们能既往不咎。
widen:v.(使)变宽;拓宽;(使)扩展,程度加深,范围扩大; lens:n.透镜,镜头;晶状体;隐形眼镜;汽车的灯玻璃;v.给…摄影; enable:v.使能够;使有机会;使成为可能;使可行; glimpses:n.一瞥;一看;;v.瞥见;看一眼;开始领悟;(glimpse的第三人称单数和复数) wipe:v.擦;抹;拭;消除;n.擦;拭;揩;(湿)抹布; slate:n.石板;板岩;候选人名单;v.批评;抨击;预定;计划;安排;选定;
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）