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MarlaSpivak_2013G-_为什么蜜蜂逐渐在消失_
This is our life with bees, and this is our life without bees. 有蜜蜂,我们的生活是这样的 没有蜜蜂,我们的生活会变成这样
Bees are the most important pollinators of our fruits and vegetables and flowers and crops like alfalfa hay that feed our farm animals. 蜜蜂是水果,蔬菜,花朵的 最重要的传粉者 我们喂给农场动物的苜蓿草,也是由蜜蜂授粉的
pollinators:n.[植][农学]传粉者(pollinator的复数); alfalfa:n.[作物]苜蓿;紫花苜蓿;
More than one third of the world's crop production is dependent on bee pollination . 世界上三分之一的农产品都是依靠 蜜蜂来传授花粉。
dependent on:依赖于;依靠; pollination:n.[农学]授粉(作用);
But the ironic thing is that bees are not out there pollinating our food intentionally . 但是讽刺的是,蜜蜂并不是 有意地為我們的食物传授花粉的。
ironic:adj.讽刺的;反话的; pollinating:vt.对...授粉; intentionally:adv.故意地,有意地;
They're out there because they need to eat. 他们在那里是因为它们需要进食。
Bees get all of the protein they need in their diet from pollen and all of the carbohydrates they need from nectar . 蜜蜂从花粉中获得 每日所需的蛋白质 并从花蜜中获得所需的碳水化合物。
protein:n.蛋白质; pollen:v.传授花粉给;n.[植]花粉; carbohydrates:n.碳水化合物;糖类;(carbohydrate的复数) nectar:n.[植]花蜜;甘露;神酒;任何美味的饮料;
They're flower-feeders, and as they move from flower to flower, basically on a shopping trip at the local floral mart , they end up providing this valuable pollination service. 它们依靠花朵生存, 当它们从一朵花移到另一朵花的时候, 就像在逛当地的鲜花市场, 它们不经意间也传授了花粉。
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; floral:adj.花的;植物的,植物群的;花似的; mart:n.集市;商业中心; valuable:adj.有价值的;贵重的;可估价的;n.贵重物品;
In parts of the world where there are no bees, or where they plant varieties that are not attractive to bees, people are paid to do the business of pollination by hand. 在世界上没有蜜蜂的地区, 或者某些地区所种植的树木花草对蜜蜂不具吸引力, 必须雇佣工人进行人工授粉
attractive:adj.吸引人的;有魅力的;引人注目的;
These people are moving pollen from flower to flower with a paintbrush . 这些人用刷子将花粉 从一朵花转移到另一朵花上。
paintbrush:n.画笔;漆刷;
Now this business of hand pollination is actually not that uncommon . 如今,手工传授花粉这一工作 其实并不少见。
uncommon:adj.不寻常的;罕有的;adv.非常地;
Tomato growers often pollinate their tomato flowers with a hand-held vibrator . 西红柿种植者通常用手持振动仪 帮助西红柿花传授花粉。
growers:雏; pollinate:vt.对...授粉; hand-held:adj.手提式的,便携式的; vibrator:n.振动器;[电子]振子;振动按摩器;振动滚筒;簧片;
Now this one's the tomato tickler . (Laughter) 这是一张西红柿花粉振动器的照片（笑声）
tickler:n.难题;使人痒的东西或人;备忘录;使人高兴的人或物;
Now this is because the pollen within a tomato flower is held very securely within the male part of the flower, the anther , and the only way to release this pollen is to vibrate it. 这是因为西红柿花的花粉 被紧紧锁在 花的雄性部分,即花药之中, 释放花粉的唯一方法是震动花药。
securely:adv.安全地;牢固地;安心地;有把握地; anther:n.[植]花药;花粉囊; release:v.释放;发射;让与;允许发表;n.释放;发布;让与; vibrate:vi.振动;颤动;摇摆;踌躇;vt.使振动;使颤动;
So bumblebees are one of the few kinds of bees in the world that are able to hold onto the flower and vibrate it, and they do this by shaking their flight muscles at a frequency similar to the musical note C. 大黄蜂是世界上少数蜜蜂中 可以握住花朵并将其震动的, 他们通过抖动飞行肌来震动花朵 震动的频率类似于音乐的C大调。
bumblebees:n.[昆]大黄蜂; hold onto:抓紧 muscles:n.肌肉(muscle的复数); frequency:n.频率;发生率;重复率;频繁;
So they vibrate the flower, they sonicate it, and that releases the pollen in this efficient swoosh , and the pollen gathers all over the fuzzy bee's body, and she takes it home as food. 它们震动花朵,用近声波的频率震动花朵, 在高效的振动中,释放花粉, 花粉因而聚集到毛茸茸的蜜蜂身上, 她把花粉作为食物带回家。
releases:n.释放; vt.释放; efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的; swoosh:vi.哗哗响; n.嗖的一声(涡动); vt.嗖的一声(涡动); fuzzy:adj.模糊的;失真的;有绒毛的;
Tomato growers now put bumblebee colonies inside the greenhouse to pollinate the tomatoes because they get much more efficient pollination when it's done naturally and they get better quality tomatoes. 现在,西红柿种植者为了授粉西红柿 把大黄蜂的蜂巢放在温室里 因为它们在自然授粉时 更有成效 他们从而得到更好的西红柿。
greenhouse:n.温室;暖房; naturally:adv.自然地;自然而然地;轻而易举;天生地;大方地;
So there's other, maybe more personal reasons, to care about bees. 然而还有其他更个人的理由 去关心蜂。
personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词;
There's over 20,000 species of bees in the world, and they're absolutely gorgeous . 全世界拥有超过20,000个品种的蜂 它们非常让人赞叹。
species:n.[生物]物种;种类; absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; gorgeous:adj.华丽的,灿烂的;极好的;
These bees spend the majority of their life cycle hidden in the ground or within a hollow stem and very few of these beautiful species have evolved highly social behavior like honeybees . 这些蜂度过其生命周期的大部分 隐藏在地下或在一个空心茎内 而且很少数这些美丽的品种 已经像蜜蜂一样有高度进化的社会行为。
majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人: life cycle:n.生命周期;寿命(产品等从开发到使用完毕的一段时间); hollow:n.孔; v.挖; adj.中空的; v.彻底; evolved:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;(evolve的过去分词和过去式) highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地; honeybees:[蜂]蜜蜂;
Now honeybees tend to be the charismatic representative for the other 19,900-plus species because there's something about honeybees that draws people into their world. 蜜蜂倾向于是超凡魅力的代表 相对于其他 19,900多的蜂种 因为有一些关于蜜蜂的事情 吸引人们进入他们的世界。
charismatic:adj.超凡魅力的;神赐能力的; representative:n.代表; adj.典型的;
Humans have been drawn to honeybees since early recorded history, mostly to harvest their honey, which is an amazing natural sweetener . 人类自早期有记录的历史 开始就被蜜蜂所吸引, 主要是为了收获他们的蜜, 蜜是很棒的的天然甜味剂。
sweetener:n.甜料;好处;脱硫设备;
I got drawn into the honeybee world completely by a fluke . 我被吸引到蜜蜂世界 完全源于偶然。
fluke:n.侥幸;锚爪;意外的挫折;vt.侥幸成功;意外受挫;vi.侥幸成功;
I was 18 years old and bored , and I picked up a book in the library on bees and I spent the night reading it. 我那时18 岁,很无聊 我在图书馆随便拿起一本关于蜂的书 当晚阅读了这本书。
bored:adj.无聊的;厌倦的;烦闷的;v.使厌烦;钻,凿,挖;(bore的过去分词和过去式)
I had never thought about insects living in complex societies. 我从没想过昆虫 生活在复杂的社会。
complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施;
It was like the best of science fiction come true. 这就像最好的科幻成真。
science fiction:科幻小说;
And even stranger, there were these people, these beekeepers , that loved their bees like they were family, and when I put down the book, I knew I had to see this for myself. 而更奇怪的是,这些人, 这些养蜂人,像家人一样爱着蜜蜂, 当我放下这本书,我就知道我要亲自看看。
beekeepers:n.养蜂人;
So I went to work for a commercial beekeeper, a family that owned 2,000 hives of bees in New Mexico. 于是我去为商业养蜂人工作, 一个拥有 2,000 个蜂箱的新墨西哥州的家庭。
commercial:adj.贸易的;商业的;赢利的;以获利为目的的;n.(电台或电视播放的)广告; hives:n.蜂巢,蜂房(hive的复数); v.使(蜜蜂)入蜂箱(hive的第三人称单数);
And I was permanently hooked . 我从此被迷住了。
permanently:adv.永久地,长期不变地; hooked:adj.弯曲的; v.(使)钩住,挂住; (hook的过去分词和过去式)
Honeybees can be considered a super-organism, where the colony is the organism and it's comprised of 40,000 to 50,000 individual bee organisms . 蜜蜂可以被视为一个超级有机体, 蜂巢就是这个有机体 它由 4万至5万只 蜜蜂有机个体组成。
colony:n.殖民地;移民队; comprised:v.包含(comprise的过去分词);由…组成; individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; organisms:n.[生物]生物体(organism的复数);[生物]有机体;
Now this society has no central authority . 这个社会并没有中央权力。
authority:n.权威;权力;当局;
Nobody's in charge. 没有人统领。
So how they come to collective decisions, and how they allocate their tasks and divide their labor, how they communicate where the flowers are, all of their collective social behaviors are mindblowing. 所以他们如何做统一的决定, 以及他们如何分配他们的任务和工作, 他们如何沟通鲜花在哪里, 他们所有的集体社会行为让人叹为观止。
collective:adj.集体的;共同的;集合的;集体主义的;n.集团;集合体;集合名词; allocate:vt.分配;拨出;使坐落于;vi.分配;指定;
My personal favorite, and one that I've studied for many years, is their system of healthcare . 我个人最喜欢的,也是我研究多年的, 是他们的保健系统。
healthcare:n.医疗保健;健康护理,健康服务;卫生保健;
So bees have social healthcare. 蜜蜂有社会医疗保健。
So in my lab, we study how bees keep themselves healthy. 所以在我的实验室,我们研究蜜蜂如何保持自己身体健康。
For example, we study hygiene , where some bees are able to locate and weed out sick individuals from the nest, from the colony, and it keeps the colony healthy. 例如,我们研究卫生, 一些蜜蜂能够找到并驱赶 生病的个体,离开蜂巢,離開聚居地, 保持蜂巢的健康。
hygiene:n.卫生;卫生学;保健法; weed:v.除草;铲除;n.杂草,野草;菸草; individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
And more recently , we've been studying resins that bees collect from plants. 最近,我们一直在研究 蜜蜂从植物收集的树脂。
recently:adv.最近;新近; resins:n.[树脂]树脂;松香酯(resin的复数);v.用树脂处理(resin的三单形式);
So bees fly to some plants and they scrape these very, very sticky resins off the leaves, and they take them back to the nest where they cement them into the nest architecture where we call it propolis . 蜜蜂飞到一些植物上,从叶子上刮取 这些非常、 非常粘的树脂, 然后带它们回巢 粘合成蜂巢结构 我们称之为蜂胶。
scrape:v.刮掉;削去;擦坏;擦伤;刮坏;n.擦伤;刮擦声;擦痕; sticky:adj.粘的;粘性的; cement:n.水泥;(干燥后硬化的)水泥;胶合剂;胶接剂;v.加强;胶合; architecture:n.建筑学;建筑风格;建筑式样;架构; propolis:n.[蜂]蜂胶;
We've found that propolis is a natural disinfectant . 我们发现蜂胶是天然的消毒剂。
disinfectant:n.消毒剂;adj.消毒的;
It's a natural antibiotic . 它是天然的抗生素。
antibiotic:adj.抗生的;抗菌的;n.抗生素,抗菌素;
It kills off bacteria and molds and other germs within the colony, and so it bolsters the colony health and their social immunity . 它杀死了蜂巢里的 细菌,霉菌和其他菌 从而,它奠基了蜂巢的健康和社会免疫功能。
bacteria:n.[微]细菌; molds:n.[机]模具;霉菌;鞋模(mold的复数); germs:n.[微]细菌; v.发生(germ的单三形式); bolsters:v.改善;加强;n.靠垫;垫枕(长而厚);(bolster的第三人称单数和复数) immunity:n.免疫力;豁免权;免除;
Humans have known about the power of propolis since biblical times. 人类早已知道蜂胶的功能 从圣经时代开始。
biblical:adj.圣经的;依据圣经的(等于biblical);
We've been harvesting propolis out of bee colonies for human medicine, but we didn't know how good it was for the bees. 我们一直从蜂巢中收集蜂胶 作为人类的药物, 但是我们不知道它给蜜蜂带来了多大的益处。
So honeybees have these remarkable natural defenses that have kept them healthy and thriving for over 50 million years. 蜜蜂一直有这些非凡的天然防卫 来保持他们健康和繁荣 在过去的5000万年里。
remarkable:adj.卓越的;非凡的;值得注意的; thriving:v.兴旺发达;繁荣;旺盛;茁壮成长;(thrive的现在分词)
So seven years ago, when honeybee colonies were reported to be dying en masse , first in the United States, it was clear that there was something really, really wrong. 所以七年前,当蜂巢 头一次在美国 被报道正逐渐集体消亡时, 很明显,这意味着有些事情很严重地错了。
en masse:adv.一起;全体; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
In our collective conscience , in a really primal way, we know we can't afford to lose bees. 以我们集体意志出发,以最原始的点出发, 我们知道我们不能承受失去蜜蜂。
conscience:n.道德心,良心; primal:adj.原始的; n.被压抑童年情绪的释放; vt.释放(被压抑的童年情绪); afford:v.给予,提供;买得起;
So what's going on? 所以,到底怎么了？
Bees are dying from multiple and interacting causes, and I'll go through each of these. 蜜蜂正消失缘于很多交互的因素, 我会一一讲解。
multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; interacting:v.交流;沟通;合作;相互影响;(interact的现在分词)
The bottom line is, bees dying reflects a flowerless landscape and a dysfunctional food system. 底线是, 蜜蜂的消失反映了没有花朵的景观 和功能失调的食物系统。
The bottom line:底线;本质内容;最底线; reflects:v.反映;映出(影像);反射;表明,表达;(reflect的第三人称单数) landscape:n.景观;乡村风景画;(文件的)横向打印格式;v.对…做景观美化;美化…的环境; dysfunctional:机能失调的,功能障碍的;
Now we have the best data on honeybees, so I'll use them as an example. 现在我们拥有最好的蜜蜂数据, 我会以它为例。
In the United States, bees in fact have been in decline since World War II. 在美国,蜜蜂其实 从二战时期就开始减少。
decline:v.下降;衰退;减少;谢绝;n.下降;
We have half the number of managed hives in the United States now compared to 1945. 现在我们只拥有半数的蜂巢 相较于1945年的美国。
compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词)
We're down to about two million hives of bees, we think. 我们估计,我们只剩大约200万的蜂巢
And the reason is, after World War II, we changed our farming practices. 原因是,在二战后, 我们更改了耕作方式。
We stopped planting cover crops. 我们停止种植氮肥作物。
We stopped planting clover and alfalfa, which are natural fertilizers that fix nitrogen in the soil, and instead we started using synthetic fertilizers. 我们停止种植三叶草和苜蓿, 它们是天然的肥料,可以固定土壤里游离氮, 然而,我们开始使用人工肥料。
clover:n.[植]三叶草;苜蓿;红花草; fertilizers:n.[肥料]肥料(fertilizer的复数形式);化肥;底肥; nitrogen:n.氮;氮气; synthetic:adj.综合的;合成的,人造的;n.合成物;
Clover and alfalfa are highly nutritious food plants for bees. 三叶草和苜蓿是能提供蜜蜂高营养食物的植物。
nutritious:adj.有营养的,滋养的;
And after World War II, we started using herbicides to kill off the weeds in our farms. 并且二战后,我们开始使用除草剂 杀死农田里的杂草。
herbicides:n.[农药]除草剂;除锈剂(herbicide的复数); weeds:n.野草(weed的复数形式); v.清除(weed的第三人称单数形式);
Many of these weeds are flowering plants that bees require for their survival . 很多这些杂草是开花植物 蜜蜂需要这些花存活。
survival:n.幸存,残存;幸存者,残存物;
And we started growing larger and larger crop monocultures . 而且我们开始种植越来越大片的单一作物。
monocultures:n.(美)[农]单作;(monocultures是monoculture的复数);
Now we talk about food deserts, places in our cities, neighborhoods that have no grocery stores. 我们现在讨论的是食物沙漠, 在我们城市的很多地方,附近没有杂货店。
grocery:n.食品杂货店;食品杂货;
The very farms that used to sustain bees are now agricultural food deserts, dominated by one or two plant species like corn and soybeans . 那曾经维持蜜蜂生计的农田 现在成了农作物荒漠, 只有一两种植物 例如玉米和大豆。
sustain:v.支持;支撑;遭受;证实; agricultural:adj.农业的;农艺的; dominated:v.支配;控制;左右;影响;(dominate的过去式和过去分词) soybeans:n.[作物]大豆(soybean的复数);[作物]黄豆;
Since World War II, we have been systematically eliminating many of the flowering plants that bees need for their survival. 从二战开始,我们一直在系统地 消除很多开花植物 蜜蜂赖以生存的植物。
systematically:adv.有系统地;有组织地; eliminating:v.排除;清除;消除;淘汰;(eliminate的现在分词)
And these monocultures extend even to crops that are good for bees, like almonds . 这种单一栽培甚至延伸到 对蜜蜂有益的作物,像杏树。
extend:vt.延伸; vi.延伸; almonds:n.[食品]杏仁;杏仁粉(almond的复数);
Fifty years ago, beekeepers would take a few colonies, hives of bees into the almond orchards , for pollination, and also because the pollen in an almond blossom is really high in protein. It's really good for bees. 五十年前,养蜂人会放几箱蜂箱, 在杏树中间,为了授粉, 同时也因为杏树开花期的花粉 富含蛋白质营养。对蜜蜂很好。
orchards:n.[园艺]果园(orchard的复数形式); blossom:n.花朵,花簇;v.开花;变得更加健康(或自信、成功);
Now, the scale of almond monoculture demands that most of our nation's bees, over 1.5 million hives of bees, be transported across the nation to pollinate this one crop. 现在,杏树单一耕作的规模 要求我们全国大多数的蜜蜂, 超过150万蜂箱的蜜蜂, 由全国运送到这里 为这单一作物授粉
scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; transported:v.(用交通工具)运输,运送,输送;(transport的过去分词和过去式)
And they're trucked in in semi-loads, and they must be trucked out, because after bloom , the almond orchards are a vast and flowerless landscape. 它们被装入大货柜车运输来, 它们还必须被运输走, 因为开花期后,杏树果园 会是一片很大的无花地景。
bloom:v.盛开;开花;繁殖;繁盛;n.水华;风华正茂;霜;青春;
Bees have been dying over the last 50 years, and we're planting more crops that need them. 过去的50年间,蜜蜂一直在消亡, 而我们种植了更多需要它们的植物。
There has been a 300 percent increase in crop production that requires bee pollination. 需要蜜蜂的植物 已经增长了超过300%。
And then there's pesticides . 接下来是杀虫剂。
pesticides:n.[农药]农药;[农药]杀虫剂(pesticide的复数);
After World War II, we started using pesticides on a large scale, and this became necessary because of the monocultures that put out a feast for crop pests. 二战后,我们开始大规模使用杀虫剂 这变成必要的, 因为单一耕作模式 为害虫提供了一顿盛宴。
feast:n.盛宴;宴会;(宗教的)节日;v.尽情享用(美味佳肴);
Recently, researchers from Penn State University have started looking at the pesticide residue in the loads of pollen that bees carry home as food, and they've found that every batch of pollen that a honeybee collects has at least six detectable pesticides in it, and this includes every class of insecticides , herbicides, fungicides , and even inert and unlabeled ingredients that are part of the pesticide formulation that can be more toxic than the active ingredient. 最近,来自宾夕法尼亚州立大学的研究人员 开始研究花粉上的杀虫剂残留物 这些蜜蜂将当做食物带回家的花粉, 他们发现 蜜蜂收集的每批花粉 都至少含有六种可测的杀虫剂, 覆盖了各类杀虫剂, 除草剂,除菌剂, 甚至杀虫剂中 惰性的和未标示的成份 都可能比活性成份更有毒性。
State University:n.(美国)州立大学; residue:n.残渣;剩余;滤渣; batch:n.一批;一炉;一次所制之量;v.分批处理; detectable:adj.可检测的;可发觉的; insecticides:n.[农药]杀虫剂(insecticide的复数); fungicides:n.[药]杀菌剂(fungicide的复数); inert:adj.[化学]惰性的;呆滞的;迟缓的;无效的; unlabeled:无标号的;未标记的;未贴标签的; ingredients:n.成分;(尤指烹饪)原料;(成功的)要素;(ingredient的复数) formulation:n.构想,规划;公式化;简洁陈述; toxic:adj.有毒的;中毒的;
This small bee is holding up a large mirror. 小小的蜜蜂正举着一面巨大的镜子。
holding up:举起;阻挡;拦截(holdup的现在分词形式);
How much is it going to take to contaminate humans? 要污染到人类需要多少呢？
contaminate:v.污染;玷污,毒害(人的思想或品德);
One of these class of insecticides, the neonicontinoids, is making headlines around the world right now. 其中的一类杀虫剂, 新类烟碱化合物, 正在全世界各大头条中出现。
You've probably heard about it. 你可能听说过。
This is a new class of insecticides. 这是一类新的杀虫剂。
It moves through the plant so that a crop pest, a leaf-eating insect, would take a bite of the plant and get a lethal dose and die. 它包含在植物中,所以害虫, 食叶害虫, 只要吃一口植物 只要吃一口植物
lethal:adj.致命的,致死的;n.致死因子; dose:n.剂量;一剂,一服;v.服药;给药;给…服药;
If one of these neonics, we call them, is applied in a high concentration , such as in this ground application , enough of the compound moves through the plant and gets into the pollen and the nectar, where a bee can consume , in this case, a high dose of this neurotoxin that makes the bee twitch and die. 如果其中之一的neonics, 被高浓度的应用, 比如在这耕地应用, 足够的化合物会通过植物 到达花粉和花蜜中, 那里蜜蜂会进食,在本例中, 高剂量的这类神经毒素 会使得蜜蜂抽搐并死去。
applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式) concentration:n.浓度;含量;集中;专心; application:n.应用;申请;应用程序;敷用; compound:v.合成; adj.混合; n.大院; consume:v.消耗;吃;毁灭;烧毁; neurotoxin:n.[生化]神经毒素; twitch:n.抽搐;抽动;痉挛;阵痛;vi.抽搐;抽动;阵痛;vt.使抽动;攫取;猛拉;
In most agricultural settings, on most of our farms, it's only the seed that's coated with the insecticide, and so a smaller concentration moves through the plant and gets into the pollen and nectar, and if a bee consumes this lower dose, either nothing happens or the bee becomes intoxicated and disoriented and she may not find her way home. 大多数农业状况下,在我们的多数农场中, 只有种子会被涂上杀虫剂, 所以只有较小浓度通过植物 到达花粉和花蜜中, 如果蜜蜂摄入较少剂量, 可能什么都不发生 或是让蜜蜂中毒并失去方向 它可能找不到回家的路。
consumes:v.消耗,耗费;吃;喝;饮;使充满(强烈的感情);(consume的第三人称单数) intoxicated:adj.喝醉的; v.(酒)使喝醉; (intoxicate的过去分词和过去式) disoriented:adj.无判断力的; v.使迷失方向; (disorient的过去时和过去分词)
And on top of everything else, bees have their own set of diseases and parasites . 在所有这些原因之外,蜜蜂 有它们自己的疾病和寄生虫。
diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类; parasites:n.[基医]寄生虫;[生物]寄生生物(parasite的复数);
Public enemy number one for bees is this thing. 蜜蜂的头号公敌是这个。
Public enemy:n.人民公敌;社会公敌;
It's called varroa destructor . 它叫做瓦螨。
varroa:瓦螨属(Varroa),是蜜蜂的体外寄生螨之一。; destructor:n.破坏者;垃圾焚毁炉;爆炸装置;
It's aptly named. 它被很巧妙的命名。
aptly:adv.适宜地;适当地;
It's this big, blood-sucking parasite that compromises the bee's immune system and circulates viruses. 它是大吸血寄生虫 损害蜜蜂的免疫系统 和传播病毒。
compromises:n.妥协; v.妥协; immune system:n.免疫系统; circulates:v.(液体或气体)环流,循环;传播;流传;散布;(circulate的第三人称单数)
Let me put this all together for you. 让我给你一个全面概念。
I don't know what it feels like to a bee to have a big, bloodsucking parasite running around on it, and I don't know what it feels like to a bee to have a virus, 我不知道那是什么感觉 带着一个在身上游荡的吸血虫 我也不知一只蜜蜂感染了病毒会有什么感觉,
bloodsucking:n.吸血动物;吸血鬼;adj.吸血动物的;
but I do know what it feels like when I have a virus, the flu, and I know how difficult it is for me to get to the grocery store to get good nutrition . 但我知道,我患流感的感觉, 我知道让我（生病时）去杂货店买有营养的食物 有多难。
nutrition:n.营养,营养学;营养品;
But what if I lived in a food desert? 尤其,如果我生活在食物荒漠中呢？
what if:如果…怎么办?
And what if I had to travel a long distance to get to the grocery store, and I finally got my weak body out there and I consumed , in my food, enough of a pesticide, a neurotoxin, that I couldn't find my way home? 如果我一定要走很远的距离 才能到达杂货店, 而最终当我虚弱的身体到达那里时 我说吃的食物中, 含有足够的杀虫剂,神经毒素, 让我不能找到回家的路？
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; consumed:adj.沉迷…的; v.消耗,耗费; (consume的过去分词和过去式)
And this is what we mean by multiple and interacting causes of death. 这就是我们所说的 多重交互的死亡原因。
And it's not just our honeybees. 而且这不仅仅关于我们的蜜蜂。
All of our beautiful wild species of bees are at risk, including those tomato-pollinating bumblebees. 所有美好的野生蜂类 都在危险中,包括那些给西红柿传粉的大黄蜂。
These bees are providing backup for our honeybees. 这些蜂类是我们蜜蜂的后备力量。
backup:n.后援;增援;(文件等的)备份;adj.后补的;支持性的;伴奏的;
They're providing the pollination insurance alongside our honeybees. 他们在提供传粉保险 同我们的蜜蜂一起。
insurance:n.保险;保险业;保险费;保费;adj.胜券在握的;
We need all of our bees. 我们需要所有的蜂类。
So what are we going to do? 所以,我们应该怎么做呢？
What are we going to do about this big bee bummer that we've created? 我们要怎么处理我们制造的 这个巨大的蜂类无赖？
bummer:n.懒汉;游手好闲的人;吸食迷幻药的反效果;
It turns out, it's hopeful. It's hopeful. 结果是,它是充满希望。它是充满希望。
Every one of you out there can help bees in two very direct and easy ways. 你们中的每一个人都可以通过 两个非常直接、 简单的方式帮助蜜蜂。
Plant bee-friendly flowers, and don't contaminate these flowers, this bee food, with pesticides. 种植蜂类友好的花类, 并且不用杀虫剂污染这些 是蜂类食物的花朵
So go online and search for flowers that are native to your area and plant them. 所以上网并搜索当地的开花植物 并种植它们。
native:adj.本国的;土著的;天然的;与生俱来的;天赋的;n.本地人;土产;当地居民;
Plant them in a pot on your doorstep . 把它们种到你门口台阶的花盆中
doorstep:n.门阶;
Plant them in your front yard, in your lawns , in your boulevards . 将它们种植到你的前院,你的草坪上, 你的林荫大道上。
lawns:n.[建]草地(lawn的复数形式); v.将地修改成草坪(lawn的第三人称单数); boulevards:n.[建]林荫大道; adj.娱乐性的; vt.给…提供林阴大街;
Campaign to have them planted in public gardens, community spaces, meadows . 提倡运动将它们种植到公共花园里, 社区空间,草地上。
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; meadows:n.[畜牧]草地;[地理]草甸(meadow的复数);
Set aside farmland . 撇开农田不说,
farmland:n.农田;
We need a beautiful diversity of flowers that blooms over the entire growing season , from spring to fall. 我们需要美丽的多样的花 在整个生长期盛开, 从春天到秋天。
diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化: blooms:n.花朵(bloom的复数);[生态]水华;v.开花(bloom的三单形式); growing season:n.(植物的)生长季节;
We need roadsides seeded in flowers for our bees, but also for migrating butterflies and birds and other wildlife. 我们需要在路边种上花,为了我们的蜜蜂, 也为了迁徙的蝴蝶和鸟类 和其他野生动物。
roadsides:n.路边;路旁;adj.路边的;路旁的; seeded:adj.已播种了的;去籽的; migrating:v.迁移;迁徙;移居(migrate的现在分词);
And we need to think carefully about putting back in cover crops to nourish our soil and nourish our bees. 所以我们需要认真考虑 重新种植固氮作物,滋养我们的土地 也滋养我们的蜜蜂。
nourish:vt.滋养;怀有;使健壮;
And we need to diversify our farms. 我们需要让我们的农田多样化。
diversify:vt.使多样化,使变化;增加产品种类以扩大;
We need to plant flowering crop borders and hedge rows to disrupt the agricultural food desert and begin to correct the dysfunctional food system that we've created. 我们需要种植有花的稻物边界和缓冲田埂 瓦解农作物食物沙漠 并更正我们曾创建的 机能失调的食物系统。
hedge:n.树篱; v.避免正面回答; adj.树篱的; disrupt:vt.破坏;使瓦解;使分裂;使中断;使陷于混乱;adj.分裂的,中断的;分散的;
So maybe it seems like a really small countermeasure to a big, huge problem -- just go plant flowers -- but when bees have access to good nutrition, we have access to good nutrition through their pollination services. 所以,也许它看起来是个 对应巨大的问题很小的对策--仅仅去种花-- 但是当蜂类能够得到更好的营养, 我们就能够得到更好的营养 通过他们的授粉服务。
countermeasure:n.对策;反措施;反抗手段;
And when bees have access to good nutrition, they're better able to engage their own natural defenses, their healthcare, that they have relied on for millions of years. 当蜂类能够得到更好的营养, 它们就能更好的使用它们自己的天然防御 它们曾经 它们曾经
engage:v.吸引,占用;使参加;雇佣;使订婚;预定; relied:v.依赖;依靠;信赖;信任;(rely的过去分词和过去式)
So the beauty of helping bees this way, for me, is that every one of us needs to behave a little bit more like a bee society, an insect society, where each of our individual actions can contribute to a grand solution , an emergent property, that's much greater than the mere sum of our individual actions. 这种帮助蜂类的动人之处,对我来说, 在于我们每个人都需要表现得 更像蜂类社会一些,一个昆虫社会, 那里我们每个人的行动 可以成就一个巨大的解决办法, 一个新兴的财富, 它比我们每个人的小小行动的加和 要大得多。
behave:v.表现;(机器等)运转;举止端正;(事物)起某种作用; contribute to:有助于;捐献; solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答; emergent:adj.紧急的;浮现的;意外的;自然发生的; mere:adj.仅仅的;只不过的;n.小湖;池塘;
So let the small act of planting flowers and keeping them free of pesticides be the driver of large-scale change. 所以让我们这微小的种花行动 及保持它们无杀虫剂 成为大规模改变的动力。
large-scale:adj.大规模的,大范围的;大比例尺的;
On behalf of the bees, thank you. 代表所有的蜂类,谢谢。
On behalf of:代表;为了;
(Applause) （鼓掌）
Chris Anderson: Thank you. Just a quick question. Chris Anderson:谢谢。几个小问题。
The latest numbers on the die-off of bees, is there any sign of things bottoming out? 最近的关于消亡蜂类的数据 有没有任何迹象显示会走出低谷？
die-off:绝种;顺次枯死;物种数量非人为锐减;
What's your hope/depression level on this? 你对这件事情的希望或者绝望程度是多少？
Maria Spivak: Yeah. Maria Spivak:是。
Maria:n.母驴;母马;[天文学]海(指月亮,火星表面的阴暗部分);
At least in the United States, an average of 30 percent of all bee hives are lost every winter. Maria Spivak:是。 平均30%的蜂巢 在每年冬天消失。
About 20 years ago, we were at a 15-percent loss. 大约20年前, 这个数据是15%。
So it's getting precarious . 所以越来越危险。
precarious:adj.危险的;不确定的;
CA: That's not 30 percent a year, that's -- MS: Yes, thirty percent a year. CA:不会是每年30%。那是--- MS:是的,每年30%。
CA: Thirty percent a year. MS: But then beekeepers are able to divide their colonies and so they can maintain the same number, they can recuperate some of their loss. CA:每年30%。 MS:但是那时养蜂人会把他们的蜂巢分出来。 这样他们可以维持同样的数量, 他们可以弥补一些损失。
maintain:v.维持;保持;维修;保养;坚持(意见); recuperate:v.康复;恢复;恢复健康;挽回(损失)
We're kind of at a tipping point . 我们近乎在临界点
tipping point:n.(个案积累终成大趋势的)引爆点;
We can't really afford to lose that many more. 我们其实不能承担失去更多了。
We need to be really appreciative of all the beekeepers out there. Plant flowers. 我们真的需要感谢 所有的养蜂人。种花者。
appreciative:adj.感激的;赏识的;有欣赏力的;承认有价值的;
CA: Thank you. CA:谢谢。
(Applause) CA:谢谢。