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MarkPlotkin_2014G-_世人不知的亚马逊人智慧_
Now, I'm an ethnobotanist. 我是名民族植物学家。
That's a scientist who works in the rainforest to document how people use local plants. 我在热带雨林工作, 记录人们如何使用当地植物。
rainforest:n.(热带)雨林;
I've been doing this for a long time, and I want to tell you, these people know these forests and these medicinal treasures better than we do and better than we ever will. 我做这项工作很久了, 我可以告诉大家, 这些人对当地森林和里面医药珍宝的了解 比我们多得多,永远多得多。
medicinal:adj.药的;药用的;治疗的(等于medicinable);有益的;
But also, these cultures, these indigenous cultures, are disappearing much faster than the forests themselves. 但是,这些文化, 这些土着文化, 消失得比森林还快。
indigenous:adj.本土的;土著的;国产的;固有的; disappearing:v.消失;不复存在;灭绝;丢失(disappear的现在分词)
And the greatest and most endangered species in the Amazon Rainforest is not the jaguar , it's not the harpy eagle, it's the isolated and uncontacted tribes. 在亚马逊热带雨林中, 最伟大而最濒危的物种 不是美洲豹, 也不是美洲角雕, 而是与世隔绝的人类部落。
endangered:v.使遭危险;危及;危害;(endanger的过去分词和过去式) species:n.[生物]物种;种类; Amazon:亚马逊;古希腊女战士; jaguar:n.捷豹(汽车品牌); harpy:n.鸟身女妖;残酷贪婪的人; isolated:adj.偏远的; v.隔离,孤立,脱离;
Now four years ago, I injured my foot in a climbing accident and I went to the doctor. 四年前,我在爬山时伤了脚, 我去看医生。
injured:adj.受伤的:委屈的: v.伤害,使受伤: n.伤员;
She gave me heat, she gave me cold, aspirin , narcotic painkillers , anti-inflammatories , cortisone shots. 她给我进行热疗, 进行冰疗,用阿司匹林, 用麻醉止痛剂,抗炎药, 注射可的松。
aspirin:n.阿司匹林(解热镇痛药); narcotic:adj.麻醉的;有麻醉作用的;催眠的;n.[药]麻醉药;镇静剂;起麻醉作用的事物; painkillers:n.止痛药(painkiller的复数形式); anti-inflammatories:adj.抗炎的;n.抗炎药; cortisone:n.[药]可的松;肾上腺皮质酮;
It didn't work. 没有疗效。
Several months later, 几个月后,
I was in the northeast Amazon, walked into a village, and the shaman said, "You're limping ." 我在亚马逊东北部, 我走进一个村落, 萨满说,“你跛了。”
northeast:adj.东北的;来自东北的;n.东北;adv.向东北;来自东北; shaman:n.巫师;萨满教的道士;僧人; limping:n.跛行;v.跛行(limp的现在分词);
And I'll never forget this as long as I live. 这一幕我一生都不会忘记。
as long as:conj.只要;长达;如果;既然;
He looked me in the face and he said, "Take off your shoe and give me your machete ." 他看着我的脸,对我说, “脱鞋,把你的砍刀给我。”
machete:n.弯刀;大砍刀;马谢特琴;
(Laughter) （笑声）
He walked over to a palm tree and carved off a fern , threw it in the fire, applied it to my foot, threw it in a pot of water, and had me drink the tea. 他走向一棵棕榈树, 切下来一片蕨, 扔到火里, 然后敷在我脚上, 然后又扔进了一壶水中, 让我把那个当茶喝了。
palm:n.手掌;手心;棕榈树;v.把…藏在手中(尤指玩戏法); carved:v.雕刻;刻;把(熟肉)切成块;(carve的过去分词和过去式) fern:n.[植]蕨;[植]蕨类植物; applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式)
The pain disappeared for seven months. 整整七个月,我再也没疼过。
disappeared:adj.消失的;消失了的;v.消失,失踪;(disappear的过去式和过去分词)
When it came back, I went to see the shaman again. 复发后,我又去见萨满。
He gave me the same treatment , and I've been cured for three years now. 他对我进行同样的疗法, 现在我已经痊愈三年了。
treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;
Who would you rather be treated by? 你想让谁给你治病？
treated:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;(treat的过去分词和过去式)
(Applause) （鼓掌）
Now, make no mistake — Western medicine is the most successful system of healing ever devised , but there's plenty of holes in it. 别误会 — 西医 是人类发明的最成功的医疗体系, 但它也有缺陷。
healing:n.康复; adj.痊愈中的; v.(使)康复,复原; (heal的现在分词) devised:v.设计(devise的过去式和过去分词);计划;发明;
Where's the cure for breast cancer ? 乳腺癌的疗法在哪里？
cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤;
Where's the cure for schizophrenia ? 神经分裂症的疗法在哪里？
schizophrenia:n.[内科]精神分裂症;
Where's the cure for acid reflux ? 胃酸倒流的疗法在哪里？
reflux:n.逆流;退潮;
Where's the cure for insomnia ? 失眠症的疗法在哪里？
insomnia:n.失眠症,失眠;
The fact is that these people can sometimes, sometimes, sometimes cure things we cannot. 事实是,这些土着人 在有些时候,能治疗 我们治不了的病。
Here you see a medicine man in the northeast Amazon treating leishmaniasis , a really nasty protozoal disease that afflicts 12 million people around the world. 这是一位亚马逊东北部的药师 在治疗利什曼病。 利什曼病是一种非常恶心的原虫疾病, 全世界超过一千两百万人受其困扰。
medicine man:n.巫医; treating:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;处理;讨论;(treat的现在分词) leishmaniasis:n.[内科]利什曼病; nasty:adj.极差的:令人厌恶的:不友好的:n.令人不愉快的事物: disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; afflicts:vt.折磨;使痛苦;使苦恼;
Western treatment are injections of antimony . 西医的疗法是进行锑注射。
injections:n.注射(injection的复数);注射剂;注射室; antimony:n.[化学]锑(符号Sb);
They're painful , they're expensive, and they're probably not good for your heart; it's a heavy metal . 这种疗法让人很痛苦,也很昂贵, 而且这种疗法对病人的心脏也可能有副作用。 锑是重金属。
painful:adj.痛苦的;疼痛的;令人不快的; heavy metal:重金属;
This man cures it with three plants from the Amazon Rainforest. 这名药师能用三种亚马逊雨林的草药来进行治疗。
This is the magic frog. 这个是魔蛙。
My colleague , the late great Loren McIntyre, discoverer of the source lake of the Amazon, 我已故的同事洛伦·麦金太尔, 他发现了亚马逊的河源湖,
colleague:n.同事,同僚; discoverer:n.发现者; source:n.来源;水源;原始资料;
Laguna McIntyre in the Peruvian Andes , was lost on the Peru-Brazil border about 30 years ago. 秘鲁安第斯的麦金太尔湖, 他30年前在秘鲁巴西边境迷路了。
Laguna:n.小池;小湖; Andes:n.安第斯山脉;
He was rescued by a group of isolated Indians called the Matsés. 他被一群叫做Matsés的与世隔绝的印第安人救了下来。
rescued:v.营救;援救;抢救;(rescue的过去分词和过去式)
They beckoned for him to follow them into the forest, which he did. 他们示意他跟随他们进入丛林,他照做了。
beckoned:vt.召唤;吸引;vi.吸引;(招手或点头)示意;n.表召唤的点头;手势;
There, they took out palm leaf baskets. 在那里,他们拿出了棕榈树叶筐,
There, they took out these green monkey frogs — these are big suckers , they're like this — and they began licking them. 里面他们拿出了这种绿色的猴蛙 — 个头都是大家伙,有这么 — 然后他们开始舔这种蛙。
suckers:n.吸咀(sucker复数); licking:n.惨败,一败涂地;v.舔;舔吃;掠过;舔食;(lick的现在分词)
It turns out, they're highly hallucinogenic . 这种蛙有高度的致幻作用。
highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地; hallucinogenic:adj.引起幻觉的;迷幻药的;
McIntyre wrote about this and it was read by the editor of High Times magazine. 麦金太尔把这个写了出来,《鼎盛时期》杂志的编辑看了。
You see that ethnobotanists have friends in all sorts of strange cultures. 从中你可以看出民族植物学家在各种奇怪的圈子都有朋友。
This guy decided he would go down to the Amazon and give it a whirl , or give it a lick, and he did, and he wrote, "My blood pressure went through the roof, 这名编辑决定自己去亚马逊爽一下, 舔一下,他真这样做了,他写到, “我的血压爆表了,
whirl:v.旋转;打转;混乱不清,激动;n.旋转;回旋;接连不断的活动; blood pressure:n.[医]血压;
I lost full control of my bodily functions, 我对我的身体机能完全失去了控制。
bodily:adv.整体地;亲自地;以肉体形式;adj.身体的;肉体的;
I passed out in a heap, 我昏厥了,
I woke up in a hammock six hours later, felt like God for two days." 六个小时后我在一张吊床里醒来, 两天内都觉得自己跟神仙似的。”
hammock:n.吊床;吊铺;吊带;vt.睡吊床;
(Laughter) （笑声）
An Italian chemist read this and said, "I'm not really interested in the theological aspects of the green monkey frog. 一位意大利化学家读后说, “我对这种绿猴蛙魔幻的一面没太大兴趣,
chemist:n.化学家;药剂师;药房;化学师; theological:adj.神学的,神学上的; aspects:n.方面;相位;面貌(aspect的复数);
What's this about the change in blood pressure?" 可这个血压变化是怎么回事？”
Now, this is an Italian chemist who's working on a new treatment for high blood pressure based on peptides in the skin of the green monkey frog, and other scientists are looking at a cure for drug-resistant Staph aureus . 现在,这名意大利化学家 正在研究新的治疗高血压的方法, 用的就是绿猴蛙皮肤中的肽, 而其他科学家也正在研究用这个肽来 治疗耐药性的金黄色葡萄球菌。
peptides:n.多肽类;[生化]缩氨酸; drug-resistant:adj.耐药的;抗药性的; Staph:n.葡萄球菌(staphylococcus); aureus:n.奥里斯(古罗马的金质货币);
How ironic if these isolated Indians and their magic frog prove to be one of the cures. 如果这些隔绝的印第安人和他们的魔蛙 是答案的话,那该有多讽刺。
ironic:adj.讽刺的;反话的;
Here's an ayahuasca shaman in the northwest Amazon, in the middle of a yage ceremony . 这里是一位亚马逊西北部的死藤水萨满, 在卡皮木仪式中。
ayahuasca:n.死藤水(用南美一种藤本植物的根泡制而成有致幻作用的饮料); northwest:adj.西北的;来自西北的;n.西北;adv.在西北;来自西北; ceremony:n.典礼,仪式;礼节,礼仪;客套,虚礼;
I took him to Los Angeles to meet a foundation officer looking for support for monies to protect their culture. 我带他去洛杉矶见一位基金会工作人员, 寻求资金来保护他们的文化。
foundation:n.基础;地基;基金会;根据;创立; monies:n.货币;金钱(money的复数形式);
This fellow looked at the medicine man, and he said, "You didn't go to medical school, did you?" 这个工作人员看了看这位药师,说, “你没上过医学院吧？”
The shaman said, "No, I did not." 萨满回答,“没有。”
He said, "Well, then what can you know about healing?" 他说,“那么,对治病你能懂什么？”
The shaman looked at him and he said, "You know what? If you have an infection , go to a doctor. 萨满看着他,说, “你知道么？如果你有感染,那你去看医生。
infection:n.感染;传染;(身体某部位的)感染;传染病;
But many human afflictions are diseases of the heart, the mind and the spirit. 但很多人类疾病是心灵,头脑,和灵魂的病。
afflictions:n.折磨;痛苦;(affliction的复数) diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
Western medicine can't touch those. I cure them." 西医治不了。我能。”
(Applause) （掌声）
But all is not rosy in learning from nature about new medicines. 但是从自然中提炼新药物也并不是那么美好。
rosy:adj.蔷薇色的,玫瑰红色的;美好的;乐观的;涨红脸的;
This is a viper from Brazil , the venom of which was studied at the Universidade de S?o Paulo here. 这是条巴西毒蛇, 毒液经圣保罗大学研究,
viper:n.蝰蛇;毒如蛇蝎的人;险恶的人; Brazil:n.巴西(拉丁美洲国家); venom:n.毒液;恶意;vt.使有毒;放毒;
It was later developed into ACE inhibitors . 后来发展成ACE抑制剂。
inhibitors:n.[助剂]抑制剂;禁制因素,[化学]抑制因子;阻止剂(inhibitor的复数);
This is a frontline treatment for hypertension . 治疗高血压的尖端药物。
frontline:n.前线;锋线(包括大前锋,小前锋,中锋); hypertension:n.高血压;过度紧张;
Hypertension causes over 10 percent of all deaths on the planet every day. 地球上人类每天超过10%的死亡 是因为高血压。
This is a $4 billion industry based on venom from a Brazilian snake, and the Brazilians did not get a nickel . 这是个价值40亿美元的行业, 用的就是巴西蛇的毒液, 但巴西人却一分钱也没得到。
nickel:n.镍;镍币;五分镍币;vt.镀镍于;
This is not an acceptable way of doing business. 这样的做法是不可接受的。
acceptable:adj.认同的;可接受的;令人满意的;
The rainforest has been called the greatest expression of life on Earth. 热带雨林被称作地球上最伟大的生态体系。
expression:n.表现,表示,表达;
There's a saying in Suriname that I dearly love: "The rainforests hold answers to questions we have yet to ask." 苏里南有一句谚语我很喜欢: “热带雨林中有我们还未知晓的问题的答案。”
dearly:adv.深深地;昂贵地; rainforests:n.(热带)雨林;
But as you all know, it's rapidly disappearing. 但是正如大家都知道的,热带雨林正在快速消失。
Here in Brazil, in the Amazon, around the world. 在巴西是这样,在亚马逊是这样, 在全世界也是。
I took this picture from a small plane flying over the eastern border of the Xingu indigenous reserve in the state of Mato Grosso to the northwest of here. 我从一架小飞机上拍了这张照片, 当时正在飞过Xingu土着保护区的东部边境, 是从马托格罗索州到这里的西北部。
eastern:adj.东方的;向东的;东部的;东方国家的;n.东方人;东正教信徒; reserve:n.储备,储存; vt.储备; vi.预订;
The top half of the picture, you see where the Indians live. 照片的上半部分, 你能看到是印第安人的居住地。
The line through the middle is the eastern border of the reserve. 中间的线 是保护区的东部边界。
Top half Indians, bottom half white guys. 上半部分印第安人,下半部分白人。
Top half wonder drugs, bottom half just a bunch of skinny-ass cows. 上半部分是奇妙的医药, 下半部分就是一群脑残。
a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆;
Top half carbon sequestered in the forest where it belongs, bottom half carbon in the atmosphere where it's driving climate change. 上半部分碳被储存在他们所属的森林中, 下半部分碳排放到大气中, 导致气候变化。
carbon:n.[化学]碳;碳棒;复写纸;adj.碳的;碳处理的; sequestered:adj.僻静的;隐蔽的;与外界隔绝的;v.隔离;(sequester的过去分词和过去式) atmosphere:n.大气;气氛;气压;风格;
In fact, the number two cause of carbon being released into the atmosphere is forest destruction . 事实上,大气碳排放的 第二个原因就是 森林破坏。
released:v.释放;使免除;已发布;(release的过去分词和过去式) destruction:n.破坏,毁灭;摧毁;
But in talking about destruction, it's important to keep in mind that the Amazon is the mightiest landscape of all. 说到破坏, 很重要的是要记得 亚马逊是最神奇的景观。
keep in mind:记住; mightiest:强大的;有力的(mighty的最高级); landscape:n.景观;乡村风景画;(文件的)横向打印格式;v.对…做景观美化;美化…的环境;
It's a place of beauty and wonder. 壮丽的地方,神奇的地方。
The biggest anteater in the world lives in the rain forest, tips the scale at 90 pounds. 世界上最大的食蚁兽 就生活在热带雨林, 重达90磅。
anteater:n.食蚁兽; tips:n.尖端; v.(使)倾斜,翻覆; (tip的第三人称单数和复数) scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢;
The goliath bird-eating spider is the world's largest spider. 巨型的捕鸟蛛, 世界上最大的蜘蛛,
goliath:n.巨人;哥利亚(圣经中被大卫杀死的巨人); spider:n.蜘蛛;
It's found in the Amazon as well. 也是在亚马逊。
The harpy eagle wingspan is over seven feet. 美洲角雕翼展超过7英尺,
wingspan:n.翼展;翼幅;
And the black cayman — these monsters can tip the scale at over half a ton. 还有黑鳄鱼 — 这些巨兽体重超过半吨。
cayman:n.鳄鱼;
They're known to be man-eaters . 他们据称能食人。
man-eaters:n.食人族;食人者;食人动物;
The anaconda , the largest snake, the capybara , the largest rodent . 还有水蟒,最大的蛇类, 水豚,最大的啮齿类。
anaconda:n.水蟒;蟒蛇; capybara:n.[脊椎]水豚(南美无尾大水鼠); rodent:adj.啮齿类的;咬的,嚼的;侵蚀性的;n.[脊椎]啮齿动物;
A specimen from here in Brazil tipped the scale at 201 pounds. 巴西的一个标本 重达201磅。
specimen:n.标本;样品;样本;(尤指动植物的)单一实例; tipped:v.倾斜;倒出;倾倒;轻触;轻碰;(tip的过去分词和过去式)
Let's visit where these creatures live, the northeast Amazon, home to the Akuriyo tribe . 让我们来看看这些生物的家园, 亚马逊东北部, Akuriyo部落的所在地。
creatures:n.生物;动物;(具有某种特征的)人(creature的复数) tribe:n.部落;族;宗族;一伙;
Uncontacted peoples hold a mystical and iconic role in our imagination . 与世隔绝的部落在我们的想象中 是神秘而有代表性的。
mystical:adj.神秘的;神秘主义的; iconic:adj.图标的,形象的; imagination:n.想象;想象力;创造力;想象的事物;
These are the people who know nature best. 他们是最了解自然的人。
These are the people who truly live in total harmony with nature. 他们是真正与自然 和谐相处的人。
harmony:n.协调;和睦;融洽;调和;
By our standards , some would dismiss these people as primitive . 用我们的标准来看,有人会觉得他们原始。
standards:n.标准,水平,规格(standard的复数) dismiss:v.不予考虑;摒弃;消除;解雇; primitive:adj.原始的,远古的;简单的,粗糙的;n.原始人;
'"They don't know how to make fire, or they didn't when they were first contacted ." “他们不会生火。 起码刚跟外界接触时,他们不会。”
contacted:v.联系,联络(如用电话或信件)(contact的过去分词和过去式)
But they know the forest far better than we do. 但他们对森林的了解远远多于我们。
The Akuriyos have 35 words for honey, and other Indians look up to them as being the true masters of the emerald realm . Akuriyos人有35种词汇形容蜂蜜, 其他印第安人将他们视为 热带雨林中真正的大师。
look up to:尊敬; emerald:n.绿宝石;[宝]祖母绿;翠绿色;adj.翠绿色的; realm:n.领域,范围;王国;
Here you see the face of my friend Pohnay. 这是我的朋友博奈。
When I was a teenager rocking out to the Rolling Stones in my hometown of New Orleans , 当我还年轻,在家乡新奥尔良 听滚石乐队的歌时,
Orleans:n.奥尔良(法国城市);
Pohnay was a forest nomad roaming the jungles of the northeast Amazon in a small band, looking for game, looking for medicinal plants, looking for a wife, in other small nomadic bands . 博奈就已经在森林游牧, 漫步在亚马逊东北部的丛林中, 和小群落一起,打猎, 寻找草药, 从别的小游牧群落中 寻找配偶。
roaming:n.漫游;移动;v.漫步;闲逛;徘徊(roam的现在分词); nomadic:adj.游牧的;流浪的;游动的; bands:n.乐队;法官;
But it's people like these that know things that we don't, and they have lots of lessons to teach us. 正是他们这种人有 我们不知道的智慧, 他们有很多东西能教给我们。
However, if you go into most of the forests of the Amazon, there are no indigenous peoples. 但是,如果你去亚马逊森林的大多数地方, 你见不到土着部落。
This is what you find: rock carvings which indigenous peoples, uncontacted peoples, used to sharpen the edge of the stone axe . 你能看到的是, 与世隔绝的土着部落磨斧头时 在石头上留下的痕迹。
carvings:n.雕刻品(carving的复数); sharpen:vt.削尖;磨快;使敏捷;加重;vi.尖锐;变锋利; axe:n.斧;v.削减;用斧砍;
These cultures that once danced, made love, sang to the gods, worshipped the forest, all that's left is an imprint in stone, as you see here. 这些曾经跳舞, 繁衍,赞颂神明, 崇拜森林的群落, 现在只留在岩石的痕迹中,就像这张图里的这样。
worshipped:v.崇敬,崇拜(上帝或神);做礼拜;热爱;(worship的过去分词和过去式) imprint:n.印记;痕迹;特征;版本说明;vt.加特征;刻上记号;
Let's move to the western Amazon, which is really the epicenter of isolated peoples. 我们再去看看西亚马逊, 那里是与世隔绝的部落的中心。
epicenter:n.震中;中心;
Each of these dots represents a small, uncontacted tribe, and the big reveal today is we believe there are 14 or 15 isolated groups in the Colombian Amazon alone. 这里每一个点都代表着 一个小的,未曾联系过的部落, 现在我们认为单单在哥伦比亚亚马逊 就有14或15个隔绝部落。
represents:v.代表;维护…的利益;相当于;(represent的第三人称单数) reveal:v.显示;透露;揭露;泄露;n.揭露;暴露;门侧,窗侧; Colombian:adj.哥伦比亚的;n.哥伦比亚人;
Why are these people isolated? 为什么这些人与世隔绝？
They know we exist, they know there's an outside world. 他们知道我们存在,他们知道有外界世界。
This is a form of resistance . 这是一种反抗。
resistance:n.电阻;抵抗;阻力;抗力;
They have chosen to remain isolated, and I think it is their human right to remain so. 他们选择保持隔绝, 我觉得他们有权利这样做。
human right:n.人权;
Why are these the tribes that hide from man? 为什么这些部落会躲着人？
Here's why. 这是为什么。
Obviously, some of this was set off in 1492. 很显然,部分是起源于1492年。
But at the turn of the last century was the rubber trade. 但是在上世纪开始出现 橡胶贸易。
rubber:n.橡胶;橡皮;v.涂橡胶于…;
The demand for natural rubber, which came from the Amazon, set off the botanical equivalent of a gold rush . 对天然橡胶的需求, 而天然橡胶来自亚马逊, 促成了植物界的淘金热潮。
botanical:adj.植物学的;n.植物性药材; equivalent:adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的;n.等价物,相等物; gold rush:n.淘金热;
Rubber for bicycle tires, rubber for automobile tires, rubber for zeppelins . 橡胶用于自行车胎, 橡胶用于汽车轮胎, 橡胶用于齐柏林飞艇。
automobile:n.汽车;v.开汽车;坐汽车;adj.自动的; zeppelins:n.齐柏林硬式飞艇;
It was a mad race to get that rubber, and the man on the left, Julio Arana, is one of the true thugs of the story. 橡胶被人们疯抢, 而左边这个人,朱利奥·阿拉纳, 是这个故事中最混蛋的恶棍。
thugs:暴徒;
His people, his company, and other companies like them killed, massacred , tortured , butchered Indians like the Witotos you see on the right hand side of the slide. 他的人,他的公司, 还有其他的类似公司, 谋杀,屠杀,虐待,屠宰了Witoto等印第安部落, 幻灯片右边就是。
massacred:vt.残杀;彻底击败;n.大屠杀;惨败; tortured:adj.遭受重创的; v.拷问; (torture的过去分词和过去式) butchered:v.屠杀;杀戮;弄砸;(butcher的过去分词和过去式)
Even today, when people come out of the forest, the story seldom has a happy ending. 即便在今天,当土着部落走出丛林, 故事也往往没有好的结局。
These are Nukaks. They were contacted in the '80s. 这些是Nukak人。外界80年代时与他们联络。
Within a year, everybody over 40 was dead. 1年之内,40岁以上的都死了。
And remember, these are preliterate societies. 要记得,他们是尚无文字的社会。
preliterate:adj.文字出现以前的,尚无文字的;
The elders are the libraries. 长者就是图书馆。
Every time a shaman dies, it's as if a library has burned down. 每次一位萨满死去, 就好像一个图书馆被烧毁。
They have been forced off their lands. 他们被逼迫离开自己的土地。
The drug traffickers have taken over the Nukak lands, and the Nukaks live as beggars in public parks in eastern Colombia. 毒贩们霸占了Nukak部落的土地。 他们在哥伦比亚东部的公园中 当起了乞丐。
traffickers:n.贩毒者(trafficker的复数); beggars:n.乞丐;叫花子;家伙;v.使贫穷;使匮乏(beggar的第三人称单数和复数)
From the Nukak lands, I want to take you to the southwest, to the most spectacular landscape in the world: 从Nukak部落的土地,我带你去西南部, 来到世界最壮丽的景观:
spectacular:adj.壮观的;壮丽的;令人惊叹的;n.壮观的场面;精彩的表演;
Chiribiquete National Park . 奇里维克特国家公园。
National Park:n.国家公园;
It was surrounded by three isolated tribes and thanks to the Colombian government and Colombian colleagues , it has now expanded . 它四周环绕着三个与世隔绝的部落, 在哥伦比亚政府和哥伦比亚同僚的努力下, 国家公园范围现在扩大了。
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); expanded:adj.扩充的;展开的;vt.扩大(expand的过去式);
It's bigger than the state of Maryland . 它比马里兰州的面积还大。
Maryland:n.马里兰(美国州名);
It is a treasure trove of botanical diversity . 它是植物多样化的宝库。
treasure trove:n.无主财宝;宝藏; diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化:
It was first explored botanically in 1943 by my mentor , Richard Schultes, seen here atop the Bell Mountain, the sacred mountains of the Karijonas. 奇里维克特山最早在1943年进行了植物学探索, 探索由我的导师,理查德·舒尔特斯进行。 这里看到的是他在贝尔山的顶端, 贝尔山是Karijona部落的圣山。
explored:v.探索;勘探;考察;探险;(explore的过去式和过去分词) botanically:adv.植物学地; mentor:n.指导者,良师益友;vt.指导; atop:prep.在…的顶上;adv.在顶上;
And let me show you what it looks like today. 让我带你看看现在那里是什么样。
Flying over Chiribiquete, realize that these lost world mountains are still lost. 飞跃奇里维克特山, 这些与世隔绝的山仍旧是与世隔绝的。
No scientist has been atop them. 没有科学家登顶过。
In fact, nobody has been atop the Bell Mountain since Schultes in '43. 事实上,自舒尔特斯1943年以来, 再也没有人登顶过贝尔山。
And we'll end up here with the Bell Mountain just to the east of the picture. 我们前面就是贝尔山, 就在画面东部。
Let me show you what it looks like today. 让我带你们看看它现在的样子。
Not only is this a treasure trove of botanical diversity, not only is it home to three isolated tribes, but it's the greatest treasure trove of pre-Colombian art in the world: over 200,000 paintings. 它不仅仅是植物多样化的宝库, 也不仅仅是三个与世隔绝部落的家园, 它还是世界上最伟大的 前哥伦布时期的艺术宝库, 拥有超过20万幅画作。
The Dutch scientist Thomas van der Hammen described this as the Sistine Chapel of the Amazon Rainforest. 荷兰科学家托马斯·范德哈门 称其为亚马逊热带雨林的西斯廷圣母院。
Dutch:adj.荷兰的; n.荷兰人; v.费用平摊地; van:n.厢式货车;客货车;v.选矿;用车搬运; described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式) Sistine:adj.罗马教宗西克斯图斯的; Chapel:n.小礼拜堂,小教堂;礼拜;adj.非国教的;
But move from Chiribiquete down to the southeast , again in the Colombian Amazon. 从奇里维克特山向东南方去, 回到哥伦比亚亚马逊。
southeast:adj.东南的;来自东南的;n.东南;东南地区;adv.来自东南;
Remember, the Colombian Amazon is bigger than New England. 请记得,哥伦比亚亚马逊比新英格兰面积还广。
The Amazon's a big forest, and Brazil's got a big part of it, but not all of it. 亚马逊是一大片森林, 巴西有很大一部分, 但不是全部。
Moving down to these two national parks, in the Colombian Amazon — that's the Brazilian border to the right — it's home to several groups of isolated and uncontacted peoples. 来到这两个国家公园, 卡维纳里河国家公园和普伦国家公园 — 右边是巴西边境 — 是许多与世隔绝的部落 的家园。
To the trained eye, you can look at the roofs of these malocas, these longhouses, and see that there's cultural diversity. 如果你有能力,你能看出 这些是长屋的房顶, 看出那里的文化多样性。
cultural:adj.与文化有关的;文化的;与艺术、文学、音乐等有关的;
These are, in fact, different tribes. 这些其实是不同的部落。
As isolated as these areas are, let me show you how the outside world is crowding in. 尽管这些地方如此隔绝, 我来给你们看外界是如何进行侵蚀的。
Here we see trade and transport increased in Putumayo. 这里,我们能看到普图马约河的贸易和运输增长。
transport:n.运输;输送;运送;运输机;v.输送;传播;使产生身临其境的感觉;(旧时)流放;
With the diminishment of the Civil War in Colombia, the outside world is showing up. 随着哥伦比亚内战的结束, 外界开始侵入。
diminishment:缩减(diminish的变体);贬低(diminish的变体); Civil:adj.公民的;民间的;文职的;有礼貌的;根据民法的;
To the north, we have illegal gold mining, also from the east, from Brazil. 北边,有非法的金矿, 东边来自巴西的也有。
illegal:adj.不合法的;非法的;n.非法移民;非法劳工;
There's increased hunting and fishing for commercial purposes. 商业目的的狩猎和捕鱼活动也越来越多。
commercial:adj.贸易的;商业的;赢利的;以获利为目的的;n.(电台或电视播放的)广告;
We see illegal logging coming from the south, and drug runners are trying to move through the park and get into Brazil. 南边我们能看到非法采木, 毒贩子也想穿过国家公园 去巴西。
logging:n.伐木作业;v.把…载入正式记录;记录;采伐;(log的现在分词)
This, in the past, is why you didn't mess with isolated Indians. 这就是为什么在过去,你别惹 与世隔绝的印第安人。
mess:n.混乱;餐厅;杂乱;肮脏;v.使不整洁;弄脏;弄乱;随地便溺;
And if it looks like this picture is out of focus because it was taken in a hurry, here's why. 如果这张照片看起来有点失焦, 因为拍摄的时候匆匆忙忙,而这就是为什么。
(Laughter) （笑声）
This looks like — (Applause) 这看起来像 — （掌声）
This looks like a hangar from the Brazilian Amazon. 这看起来像是在巴西亚马逊的机库。
hangar:n.飞机库;飞机棚;
This is an art exhibit in Havana , Cuba. 这其实是古巴哈瓦那的艺术展,
exhibit:v.展览;表现;展出;n.陈列品;(在法庭上出示的)物证; Havana:n.哈瓦那(古巴城市);哈瓦那雪茄烟;
A group called Los Carpinteros. 创作自一个叫做“Los Carpinteros”的组织。
This is their perception of why you shouldn't mess with uncontacted Indians. 这是他们想象中的你为什么别惹与世隔绝的的印第安人。
perception:n.感知;知觉;看法;洞察力;
But the world is changing. 但是世界在变化。
These are Mashco-Piros on the Brazil-Peru border who stumbled out of the jungle because they were essentially chased out by drug runners and timber people. 这些是Mashco-Piro人在巴西秘鲁边境, 他们逃出丛林 因为他们被驱赶出来, 被毒贩和采木的人。
stumbled:v.绊脚;跌跌撞撞地走;蹒跚而行;(stumble的过去分词和过去式) jungle:n.密林;尔虞我诈的环境;危险地带; essentially:adv.本质上;本来; timber:n.木材;木料;
And in Peru, there's a very nasty business. 在秘鲁,有个很邪恶的行业
It's called human safaris . 叫人类游猎。
safaris:游猎,陆路旅行(尤指在东非或中非)(safari的名词复数);狩猎远征;
They will take you in to isolated groups to take their picture. 他们带你去隔绝部落照相。
Of course, when you give them clothes, when you give them tools, you also give them diseases. 当然,你给他们衣服,给他们工具, 你也带给他们疾病。
We call these " inhuman safaris." 我们管这个叫“反人类游猎”。
inhuman:adj.残忍的;野蛮的;无人性的;
These are Indians again on the Peru border, who were overflown by flights sponsored by missionaries . 这又是印第安人,在秘鲁边境, 被传教士带着飞到这里。
overflown:vt.飞越;vi.飞越; sponsored:adj.(活动或比赛)为慈善筹款而举办的; v.赞助(活动、节目等); (sponsor的过去式和过去分词) missionaries:n.传教士;工作人员(missionary的复数);
They want to get in there and turn them into Christians. 传教士想把他们变成基督徒。
We know how that turns out. 我们都知道这样做的结果。
What's to be done? 能做些什么？
Introduce technology to the contacted tribes, not the uncontacted tribes, in a culturally sensitive way. 传播科技给已经有联系的部落, 不是隔绝的部落, 并在传播过程中照顾到他们的文化。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; culturally:adv.从文化角度,文化意义上;在人文学方面; sensitive:adj.敏感的;感觉的;易受影响的;n.敏感的人;有灵异能力的人;
This is the perfect marriage of ancient shamanic wisdom and 21st century technology. 这是古老的萨满智慧与 21世纪科技的完美联姻。
shamanic:adj.萨满教僧的; wisdom:n.智慧;明智;才智;学问;
We've done this now with over 30 tribes, mapped, managed and increased protection of over 70 million acres of ancestral rainforest. 我们已经跟超过30个部落合作了。 我们测绘了,管理了,并加强保护了 超过七千万英亩的古老热带雨林。
ancestral:adj.祖先的;祖传的;
(Applause) （掌声）
So this allows the Indians to take control of their environmental and cultural destiny . 这能让印第安人掌控 他们的环境和文化未来。
destiny:n.命运,定数,天命;
They also then set up guard houses to keep outsiders out. 他们还设立了岗哨房, 不让外人进入。
outsiders:n.[劳经]局外人,外来者(outsider复数形式);
These are Indians, trained as indigenous park rangers , patrolling the borders and keeping the outside world at bay. 这些是印第安人,经过受训成为巡山人, 在边境巡逻, 防止外部世界进入。
rangers:n.园林管理员;护林人;女童子军;突击队员;(ranger的复数) patrolling:v.巡逻;(在街上)巡游;侦察(patrol的现在分词)
This is a picture of actual contact. 这是与部落接触时的照片。
These are Chitonahua Indians on the Brazil-Peru border. 他们是Chitonahua印第安部落, 位于巴西秘鲁边境。
They've come out of the jungle asking for help. 他们从丛林中走出, 寻求帮助。
They were shot at, their malocas, their longhouses, were burned. 他们遭到枪击, 他们的长屋被焚毁。
Some of them were massacred. 他们有的人被屠杀。
Using automatic weapons to slaughter uncontacted peoples is the single most despicable and disgusting human rights abuse on our planet today, and it has to stop. 使用自动化武器对付这些与世隔绝的部落 是我们地球上如今最可耻最可恶的 反人类行径,这一行径必须停止。
automatic:adj.自动的;无意识的;必然的;n.自动步枪;自动换挡汽车; slaughter:vt.屠宰,屠杀;杀戮;使惨败;n.屠宰,屠杀;杀戮;消灭; despicable:adj.卑劣的;可鄙的; disgusting:adj.令人不快的;令人厌恶的;v.使作呕;使厌恶;使反感;(disgust的现在分词) abuse:n.滥用;虐待;辱骂;弊端;恶习,陋习;v.滥用;虐待;辱骂;
(Applause) （掌声）
But let me conclude by saying, this work can be spiritually rewarding , but it's difficult and it can be dangerous. 在结尾,请让我说, 这一工作对心灵是很有好处的, 但也是困难的,还会是很危险的。
conclude:v.断定:得出结论:终止:达成:缔结(协定) spiritually:adv.在精神上地; rewarding:adj.有益的;值得做的;报酬高的;v.奖励;奖赏;给以报酬;(reward的现在分词)
Two colleagues of mine passed away recently in the crash of a small plane. 我的两个同事最近刚刚去世, 死于小型飞机坠毁。
recently:adv.最近;新近;
They were serving the forest to protect those uncontacted tribes. 他们在保护森林, 保卫这些隔绝的部落。
So the question is, in conclusion , is what the future holds. 那么在结尾,问题是, 未来会怎么样。
in conclusion:总之;最后;
These are the Uray people in Brazil. 这些是巴西的Uray部落。
What does the future hold for them, and what does the future hold for us? 他们的未来会怎样。 我们的未来会怎样？
Let's think differently. 让我们换个想法。
Let's make a better world. 让我们一起建立一个更好的世界。
If the climate's going to change, let's have a climate that changes for the better rather than the worse. 如果气候变化一定要发生, 那就让气候变好,而不是变坏。
changes for the better:积极求变;
Let's live on a planet full of luxuriant vegetation , in which isolated peoples can remain in isolation, can maintain that mystery and that knowledge if they so choose. 让我们所生活的星球上 充满丰富的植被, 而隔绝的部落 能够保持隔绝, 能够继续那份神秘, 还有那些智慧, 如果他们愿意这样。
luxuriant:adj.繁茂的;丰富的;奢华的;肥沃的; vegetation:n.植被;植物,草木;呆板单调的生活; maintain:v.维持;保持;维修;保养;坚持(意见);
Let's live in a world where the shamans live in these forests and heal themselves and us with their mystical plants and their sacred frogs. 让我们所生活的世界里, 萨满生活在树林中, 用他们神秘的植物 和神圣的猴蛙, 治疗他们,还有我们。
shamans:n.萨满教巫医(Shaman的复数);
Thanks again. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）