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MarkKendall_2013G-_发明展示_更安全、更廉价的无针头疫苗接种贴片_
It's a pleasure to be here in Edinburgh , Scotland, the birthplace of the needle and syringe . 我非常高兴能来到 苏格兰的爱丁堡-- 这个针和注射器诞生的地方。
Edinburgh:n.爱丁堡(英国城市名); birthplace:n.出生地;发源地; needle:n.针;针头;指针;缝针;v.穿过;刺激;拿针缝;拿针穿; syringe:n.(皮下)注射器;吸管;v.用注射器清洗(耳朵);
Less than a mile from here in this direction, in 1853 a Scotsman filed his very first patent on the needle and syringe. 1853年,就在从这个方向出去不到1英里远的地方, 一位苏格兰人 首次申请了针和注射器的专利。
patent:vt.授予专利; adj.专利的; n.专利权;
His name was Alexander Wood, and it was at the Royal College of Physicians . 他的名字叫亚历山大·伍德（Alexander Wood）, 他是在皇家医师学院孕育出这项发明的。
Royal:adj.国王的;女王的;皇家的;n.王室成员; Physicians:n.[内科]内科医生(physician的复数);
This is the patent. 这个就是他当时申请的专利。
What blows my mind when I look at it even today is that it looks almost identical to the needle in use today. 令我感到不可思议的是 现在看当时的发明, 依然觉得它和我们今天使用的针几乎一模一样。
identical:adj.同一的;完全相同的;n.完全相同的事物;
Yet, it's 160 years old. 然而,它已经出现了160年。
So we turn to the field of vaccines . 让我们来看看疫苗。
vaccines:n.[药][计]疫苗;
Most vaccines are delivered with the needle and syringe, this 160-year-old technology . 大多数的疫苗都是由针和注射器, 这个已有160年历史的器材来完成注射的 。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
And credit where it's due -- on many levels, vaccines are a successful technology. 疫苗接种从很多意义上来说 都是一项成功的技术。
After clean water and sanitation , vaccines are the one technology that has increased our life span the most. 继清洁水和卫生设施之后, 疫苗接种是对延长人类寿命 贡献最大的一项技术。
sanitation:n.[医]环境卫生;卫生设备;下水道设施; span:n.持续时间; v.持续;
That's a pretty hard act to beat. 这一点很难被超越。
But just like any other technology, vaccines have their shortcomings, and the needle and syringe is a key part within that narrative -- this old technology. 然而,和其他任何技术一样, 疫苗接种也有它的不足之处。 而针头注射, 这一古老的技术 就是其中主要的问题所在。
narrative:n.叙述;故事;讲述;adj.叙事的,叙述的;叙事体的;
So let's start with the obvious : 让我们从最明显的说起:
obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的;
Many of us don't like the needle and syringe. 我们中的很多人都不喜欢针和注射器。
I share that view. 我也是这样的。
However, 20 percent of the population have a thing called needle phobia . 然而,20%的人口都有 针头恐惧症,
phobia:n.恐怖,憎恶;恐惧症;
That's more than disliking the needle; that is actively avoiding being vaccinated because of needle phobia. 这可不仅仅是不喜欢针头那么简单。 这些人会因为对针头的恐惧 而极其排斥接种疫苗。
vaccinated:v.给…接种疫苗;(vaccinate的过去分词和过去式)
And that's problematic in terms of the rollout of vaccines. 这就给疫苗的普及带来很多问题。
problematic:adj.问题的;有疑问的;不确定的; rollout:n.首次展示;[航]滑跑(飞机着陆时在跑道上滑跑减速的阶段);
Now, related to this is another key issue , which is needlestick injuries . 和这个相关的还有另一个主要问题, 那就是针头伤害。
issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行; injuries:n.伤害,损伤;挫伤;(injury的复数)
And the WHO has figures that suggest about 1.3 million deaths per year take place due to cross-contamination with needlestick injuries. 根据世界卫生组织的数据表明 每年约有130万人死于 由针头伤害造成的 交叉污染。
take place:发生;举行;
These are early deaths that take place. 交叉污染。
Now, these are two things that you probably may have heard of, but there are two other shortcomings of the needle and syringe you may not have heard about. 这两个关于针和注射器的不足之处 你们可能听说过, 但是还有另外两个你们可能还没听说过。
One is it could be holding back the next generation of vaccines in terms of their immune responses . 一个是它在免疫反应上 阻碍了 新一代疫苗的研制。
immune:adj.免疫的;免于…的,免除的;n.免疫者;免除者; responses:n.回答,答复;反应;响应;(response的复数)
And the second is that it could be responsible for the problem of the cold chain that I'll tell you about as well. 另一个是它可能是造成冷链问题的原因, 冷链问题我稍后会讲到。
responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的;
I'm going to tell you about some work that my team and I are doing in Australia at the University of Queensland on a technology designed to tackle those four problems. 接下来我要跟你们讲一讲 我和我的团队在澳大利亚昆士兰大学 就解决这四个问题的技术 所做的一些研究。
tackle:v.处理; n.用具;
And that technology is called the Nanopatch. 这项技术叫做纳米贴片(Nanopatch)。
Now, this is a specimen of the Nanopatch. 这是纳米贴片的一个样品。
specimen:n.标本;样品;样本;(尤指动植物的)单一实例;
To the naked eye it just looks like a square smaller than a postage stamp , but under a microscope what you see are thousands of tiny projections that are invisible to the human eye. 肉眼来看 它像是比邮票小的 一个小方片。 但是在显微镜下, 你将会看到成千上万的微小的突出物。 它们是无法被人眼看到的。
naked:adj.裸体的;无装饰的;无证据的;直率的; postage stamp:na.邮票; microscope:n.显微镜; projections:n.预测;设想;投影;投影图;(projection的复数) invisible:adj.看不见的;n.看不见的人或物;
And there's about 4,000 projections on this particular square compared to the needle. 与针相比, 这个小方片上有大约4000个突出物。
compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词)
And I've designed those projections to serve a key role, which is to work with the skin's immune system . 我之所以设计这些突出物,有一个关键的原因 是为了能让它们和皮肤的免疫系统相适应。
immune system:n.免疫系统;
So that's a very important function tied in with the Nanopatch. 这是纳米贴片的 一个非常重要的功能。
Now we make the Nanopatch with a technique called deep reactive ion etching . 在制作纳米贴片时 我们采用了一个技术, 叫做深反应离子蚀刻技术。
technique:n.技巧,技术;手法; reactive:adj.反应的;电抗的;反动的; etching:n.蚀刻; v.蚀刻; (etch的现在分词)
And this particular technique is one that's been borrowed from the semiconductor industry, and therefore is low cost and can be rolled out in large numbers. 这一特别的技术 是我们从半导体工业借鉴来的。 因此它非常便宜, 可以大规模生产。
semiconductor:n.[电子][物]半导体;
Now we dry-coat vaccines to the projections of the Nanopatch and apply it to the skin. 我们将疫苗涂在纳米贴片的突出物上, 之后将它置于皮肤上。
apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求;
Now, the simplest form of application is using our finger, but our finger has some limitations , so we've devised an applicator . 置于皮肤最简单的方式 是用我们的手指, 但是我们的手指有一些局限性, 因此我们设计了一个辅助器。
application:n.应用;申请;应用程序;敷用; limitations:n.局限性;(限制)因素;边界(limitation的复数形式); devised:v.设计(devise的过去式和过去分词);计划;发明; applicator:n.涂药器;敷帖器;上涂装置;
And it's a very simple device -- you could call it a sophisticated finger. 这个辅助器使用起来非常简单-- 你可以叫它高级手指。
device:n.装置;策略;图案; sophisticated:adj.复杂的;老练的;见多识广的;水平高的;
It's a spring-operated device. 它是由弹簧控制的。
What we do is when we apply the Nanopatch to the skin as so -- 我们要做的就是像这样
(Click) -- immediately a few things happen. 将纳米贴片打在皮肤上, 这样一下子有几件事情发生。
So firstly , the projections on the Nanopatch breach through the tough outer layer and the vaccine is very quickly released -- within less than a minute, in fact. 首先,纳米贴片上的突出物 穿透了坚硬的皮肤表层, 之后疫苗被迅速释放-- 事实上过程不到一分钟。
firstly:adv.首先(主要用于列举条目,论点时);第一; breach:n.违背;破坏;辜负;中断;v.违反;违背;在…上打开缺口; outer:adj.外面的,外部的;远离中心的;n.环外命中; layer:n.层,层次; vt.把…分层堆放; vi.形成或分成层次; released:v.释放;使免除;已发布;(release的过去分词和过去式)
Then we can take the Nanopatch off and discard it. 之后我们就可以将纳米贴片取下来, 把它丢掉。
discard:v.丢弃; n.被抛弃的人(或物); (尤指纸牌游戏中)垫出的牌;
And indeed we can make a reuse of the applicator itself. 但是我们可以重复使用辅助器。
So that gives you an idea of the Nanopatch, and immediately you can see some key advantages . 这就是纳米贴片的工作原理, 我们能立马看到它的几个主要优势。
advantages:n.有利条件; v.有利于;
We've talked about it being needle-free -- these are projections that you can't even see -- and, of course, we get around the needle phobia issue as well. 它没有针头, 你甚至无法看到这些突出物。 因此我们也就解决了 针头恐惧症这个问题。
get around:到处走走;逃避;说服;传开来(等于getround);有办法应付;有办法应付局面;
Now, if we take a step back and think about these other two really important advantages: 现在,我们退后一步想一想 它其它两个非常重要的优势:
One is improved immune responses through delivery , and the second is getting rid of the cold chain. 一是它通过特殊的接种方式提高了免疫反应, 二是它没有冷链要求。
improved:adj.改良的:v.改进:改善(improve的过去分词和过去式) delivery:n.[贸易]交付;分娩;递送;
So let's start with the first one, this immunogenicity idea. 让我们先从第一个说起,即免疫原性的概念。
It takes a little while to get our heads around, but I'll try to explain it in simple terms. 这是一个较难理解的概念, 但是我会试着用简单的语言解释它。
So I'll take a step back and explain to you how vaccines work in a simple way. 我现在退回一步,用一种简单的方式 告诉你疫苗是如何工作的。
So vaccines work by introducing into our body a thing called an antigen which is a safe form of a germ . 疫苗是将一个叫做抗原的东西 注射到我们的体内, 而抗原是病菌的一种安全形式。
antigen:n.[免疫]抗原; germ:n.[植]胚芽,萌芽;细菌;vi.萌芽;
Now that safe germ, that antigen, tricks our body into mounting an immune response , learning and remembering how to deal with intruders . 这一安全的病菌,即抗原 之后诱使我们的身体产生免疫反应, 并学习和记忆如何对抗入侵者。
mounting:n.安装;固定;悬挂;adj.上升的;增长的;v.准备;安排;登上;(mount的现在分词) immune response:n.免疫应答(机体对抗原的应答); intruders:n.入侵者;闯入者(intruder的复数形式);爱管闲事的人;
When the real intruder comes along the body quickly mounts an immune response to deal with that vaccine and neutralizes the infection . 当真正的入侵者到来的时候, 身体会迅速调动起 之前用于对抗疫苗的免疫反应 来消除感染。
mounts:n.加载的文件系统; v.增长,装上,爬上,乘马(mount的单三形式); neutralizes:vt.抵销;使…中和;使…无效;使…中立;vi.中和;中立化;变无效; infection:n.感染;传染;(身体某部位的)感染;传染病;
So it does that well. 它就是这么有效。
Now, the way it's done today with the needle and syringe, most vaccines are delivered that way -- with this old technology and the needle. 而我们今天大多数的疫苗接种 都是由针和注射器, 这一古老的器具完成的。
But it could be argued that the needle is holding back our immune responses; it's missing our immune sweet spot in the skin. 然而针可以说阻碍了我们的免疫反应, 因为它无法到达皮肤上最好的免疫位置。
sweet spot:n.(球拍或球棒的)最佳击球点;最有效点;所有特点的完美组合;
To describe this idea, we need to take a journey through the skin, starting with one of those projections and applying the Nanopatch to the skin. 为了更好地理解这一概念, 我们需要先了解下皮肤。 我们先从其中一个突出物 和将纳米贴片置于皮肤上的过程说起。
describe:v.描述;形容;把…称为;画出…图形; take a journey:前往(某处)旅行; applying:v.申请,请求;使用;应用;(apply的现在分词)
And we see this kind of data. 我们会看到这样一种情况,
Now, this is real data -- that thing that we can see there is one projection from the Nanopatch that's been applied to the skin and those colors are different layers . 这是真实的情况-- 纳米贴片上的一个突出物 已经进入到了皮肤, 不同的颜色代表着不同的组织层。
applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式) layers:n.层;表层;层次;阶层;v.把…分层堆放;(layer的第三人称单数和复数)
Now, to give you an idea of scale , if the needle was shown here, it would be too big. 关于它有多大我可以给你们一个参照, 如果图片里是针的话,
scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢;
It would be 10 times bigger than the size of that screen, going 10 times deeper as well. 它将会是屏幕的10倍大, 并且还要有10倍深。
It's off the grid entirely. 它已经完全在坐标之外了。
grid:n.网格;格子,栅格;输电网;
You can see immediately that we have those projections in the skin. 你能立马看到这些突出物已经在皮肤里了。
That red layer is a tough outer layer of dead skin, but the brown layer and the magenta layer are jammed full of immune cells. 红色的那一层是坏死皮肤的外部硬层, 但是棕色和紫色的那两层 却充满了免疫细胞。
magenta:n.品红;洋红;红色苯胺染料;adj.洋红色的;品红色的;
As one example, in the brown layer there's a certain type of cell called a Langerhans cell -- every square millimeter of our body is jammed full of those Langerhans cells, 举个例子,在棕色层中 有一类特定细胞叫做朗格汉斯细胞, 我们身体里的每平方毫米 都充满了这些朗格汉斯细胞,
Langerhans:胰岛; millimeter:n.毫米;
those immune cells, and there's others shown as well that we haven't stained in this image. 即免疫细胞, 其它细胞也有,只是未在图片中染色出来。
stained:adj.玷污的;着色的v.玷污;败坏;给…染色(stain的过去式和过去分词);
But you can immediately see that the Nanopatch achieves that penetration indeed. 但是你能立马看到纳米贴片 确实完成了需要的穿透。
penetration:n.渗透;突破;侵入;洞察力;
We target thousands upon thousands of these particular cells just residing within a hair's width of the surface of the skin. 我们只占用了皮肤表面 一根头发的宽度, 就达到了那些成千上万的特殊细胞。
residing:属于; width:n.宽度;广度;某一宽度的材料;(游泳池两长边之间的)池宽;
Now, as the guy that's invented this thing and designed it to do that, 作为纳米贴片的发明者和设计者,
I found that exciting. But so what? 我觉得这一点非常令人激动。
So what if you've targeted cells? 但是那又怎样？你能达到那些细胞又怎样？
what if:如果…怎么办?
In the world of vaccines, what does that mean? 对疫苗来说这意味着什么？
The world of vaccines is getting better. 当今疫苗领域在不断发展进步,
It's getting more systematic . 它正变得更具系统性。
systematic:adj.系统的;体系的;有系统的;[图情]分类的;一贯的,惯常的;
However, you still don't really know if a vaccine is going to work until you roll your sleeves up and vaccinate and wait. 然而,在你撸起袖子、 开始接种疫苗、 接着等待之前, 你仍然不知道疫苗是否会有效。
sleeves:n.[服装]袖子; v.给…装袖子; (sleeve的单三形式)
It's a gambler's game even today. 它在今天看来依然是一场赌博游戏。
So, we had to do that gamble . 我们也需要做这样的赌博。
gamble:vi.赌博; vt.赌博; n.赌博;
We obtained an influenza vaccine, we applied it to our Nanopatches and we applied the Nanopatches to the skin, and we waited -- and this is in the live animal. 当我们拿到一株流感疫苗, 将它涂在我们的纳米贴片上, 再将贴片置于皮肤上, 然后我们就等着-- 因为我们是应用在活体中。
obtained:v.获得(obtain的过去分词); influenza:n.[内科]流行性感冒(简写flu);家畜流行性感冒;
We waited a month, and this is what we found out. 我们等了一个月, 这是我们发现的。
This is a data slide showing the immune responses that we've generated with a Nanopatch compared to the needle and syringe into muscle . 这一份数据显示了 和针注射到肌肉里相比, 使用纳米贴片产生的免疫反应。
generated:v.产生;引起;(generate的过去式和过去分词) muscle:n.肌肉;力量;v.加强;使劲搬动;使劲挤出;
So on the horizontal axis we have the dose shown in nanograms . 横坐标代表着以毫微克为单位的剂量大小。
horizontal:n.水平线;水平面;横线;水平位置;adj.水平的;与地面平行的;横的; axis:n.轴;轴线;轴心国; dose:n.剂量;一剂,一服;v.服药;给药;给…服药; nanograms:毫微克;
On the vertical axis we have the immune response generated, and that dashed line indicates the protection threshold . 纵坐标代表着所产生的免疫反应。 短划线则代表着保护临界值。
vertical:n.垂直线;垂直位置;adj.竖的;垂直的;直立的;纵向的; indicates:v.表明指示,显示;(indicate的第三人称单数) threshold:n.入口;门槛;开始;极限;临界值;
If we're above that line it's considered protective; if we're below that line it's not. 如果在那个线上,则意味着是受保护的; 如果在线下,则是不受保护的。
So the red line is mostly below that curve and indeed there's only one point that is achieved with the needle that's protective , and that's with a high dose of 6,000 nanograms. 我们能看到,红色的线大多时候都在线下; 实际上用针注射的时候只有一个点是在线上,即具有保护性, 那是当剂量高达6,000毫微克的时候。
curve:n.曲线;弯曲;曲面;弧线;v.(使)沿曲线移动;呈曲线形; protective:adj.防护的;关切保护的;保护贸易的;
but notice immediately the distinctly different curve that we achieve with the blue line. 与之相比,我们能立马注意到 那条蓝色的线则有着非常大的差别。
distinctly:adv.明显地;无疑地,确实地;
That's what's achieved with the Nanopatch; the delivered dose of the Nanopatch is a completely different immunogenicity curve. 那是我们用纳米贴片得到的结果; 不同的纳米贴片剂量呈现出了 一个完全不同的免疫原性线。
That's a real fresh opportunity. 这意味着一个全新的机会。
Suddenly we have a brand new lever in the world of vaccines. 在疫苗领域中 我们突然有了一个全新的杠杆。
brand new:adj.崭新的;最近获得的; lever:n.杠杆;控制杆;v.用杠杆撬动;把…作为杠杆;
We can push it one way, where we can take a vaccine that works but is too expensive and can get protection with a hundredth of the dose compared to the needle. 我们可以这样子, 当一种疫苗有效但是太贵, 我们可以只用针注射剂量的百分之一 便可以达到保护的效果。
That can take a vaccine that's suddenly 10 dollars down to 10 cents, and that's particularly important within the developing world. 这样原本10元钱的疫苗现在只需要1角钱, 这对发展中国家来说尤其重要。
particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地;
But there's another angle to this as well -- you can take vaccines that currently don't work and get them over that line and get them protective. 我们也可以从这个角度来看-- 你可以使用目前看来无效的疫苗, 然后让它超过那条线, 这样它们就具有保护性了。
currently:adv.当前;一般地;
And certainly in the world of vaccines that can be important. 这在疫苗领域中 当然是非常重要的。
Let's consider the big three: 让我们来看看困扰世界的三大主要问题:
HIV , malaria , tuberculosis . 艾滋病, 疟疾和结核病。
HIV:n.艾滋病病毒; malaria:n.[内科]疟疾;瘴气; tuberculosis:n.肺结核;结核病;
They're responsible for about 7 million deaths per year, and there is no adequate vaccination method for any of those. 它们每年造成大约700万人口死亡, 并且它们中的任何一个都没有足够的疫苗应对方法。
adequate:adj.充足的;适当的;胜任的; vaccination:n.接种疫苗;种痘;
So potentially , with this new lever that we have with the Nanopatch, we can help make that happen. 因此,有了纳米贴片所带来的杠杆作用, 我们将使疫苗成为可能。
potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地;
We can push that lever to help get those candidate vaccines over the line. 我们可以通过杠杆使这些候选疫苗越过这条线。
Now, of course, we've worked within my lab with many other vaccines that have attained similar responses and similar curves to this, what we've achieved with influenza. 当然,在实验室里, 我们还对其它的疫苗进行了实验, 并得到了和流感疫苗 相似的反应结果和类似的曲线。
attained:vt.取得,得到,获得(attain的过去式); curves:n.曲线; v.(使)沿曲线运动; (curve的第三人称单数和复数)
I'd like to now switch to talk about another key shortcoming of today's vaccines, and that is the need to maintain the cold chain. 现在我要再讲讲 当今疫苗的另一个主要缺陷。 那就是要保持冷链处理。
maintain:v.维持;保持;维修;保养;坚持(意见);
As the name suggests -- the cold chain -- it's the requirements of keeping a vaccine right from production all the way through to when the vaccine is applied, to keep it refrigerated . “冷链”,顾名思义 就是指从疫苗生产 到使用的整个过程中 都要保持低温处理。
refrigerated:v.使冷却;使变冷;冷藏;(refrigerate的过去式和过去分词)
Now, that presents some logistical challenges but we have ways to do it. 这就给物流带来了一些挑战, 但是我们有办法解决它。
logistical:adj.后勤方面的;运筹的,逻辑的;
This is a slightly extreme case in point but it helps illustrate the logistical challenges, in particular in resource-poor settings, of what's required to get vaccines refrigerated and maintain the cold chain. 这是一个有点极端的例子, 但是它能帮助解释 尤其是在资源贫乏的环境中, 使疫苗持续保持在低温状态 所面临的物流方面的挑战。
slightly:adv.些微地,轻微地;纤细地; extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物; illustrate:v.解释;加插图于;给(书等)做图表;表明…真实; in particular:尤其,特别;
If the vaccine is too warm the vaccine breaks down, but interestingly it can be too cold and the vaccine can break down as well. 如果疫苗的温度太高,它就会失效。 但是有意思的是, 如果疫苗的温度太低,它也会失效。
interestingly:adv.有趣地;
Now, the stakes are very high. 目前,疫苗的失效率很高。
stakes:n.桩; v.以…打赌,拿…冒险;
The WHO estimates that within Africa, up to half the vaccines used there are considered to not be working properly because at some point the cold chain has fallen over. 据世界卫生组织估计, 在非洲有高达一半的疫苗 并没有正常发挥作用, 因为冷链在某一环节遭到破坏。
estimates:n.估计;估价;估计的成本;v.估价;估算(estimate的第三人称单数和复数)
So it's a big problem, and it's tied in with the needle and syringe because it's a liquid form vaccine, and when it's liquid it needs the refrigeration . 这是由针和注射器引起的一个很大的问题, 因为疫苗如果是液体的,它就需要冷藏。
refrigeration:n.制冷;冷藏;[热]冷却;
A key attribute of our Nanopatch is that the vaccine is dry, and when it's dry it doesn't need refrigeration. 而纳米贴片的一个主要特点就是 疫苗是干燥的, 当它是干燥的时候,它就无需冷藏。
attribute:n.属性;象征;v.把…归因于;认为…属于;认为某人(某物)具有某种特性;
Within my lab we've shown that we can keep the vaccine stored at 23 degrees Celsius for more than a year without any loss in activity at all. 我们经过实验发现, 干燥的疫苗在被置于23摄氏度长达一年多的时间内 没有任何效用丧失的情况出现。
Celsius:adj.摄氏的;n.摄氏度;
That's an important improvement . 这是一个非常重要的改进。
improvement:n.改进,改善;
(Applause) (掌声)
We're delighted about it as well. 我们对这一改进也非常激动。
delighted:adj.高兴的; v.使高兴; (delight的过去分词和过去式)
And the thing about it is that we have well and truly proven the Nanopatch within the laboratory setting. 然而,尽管我们在实验室中已经完完全全地 验证了纳米贴片的应用性,
laboratory:n.实验室,研究室;
And as a scientist, I love that and I love science. 作为一名科学家,我很爱这一点,我也热爱科学;
However, as an engineer, as a biomedical engineer and also as a human being, 然而, 作为一名工程师, 一名生物医学工程师, 同时也是芸芸众生中的一员,
biomedical:adj.生物医学的;
I'm not going to be satisfied until we've rolled this thing out, taken it out of the lab and got it to people in large numbers and particularly the people that need it the most. 我将不会对这一发现感到满意, 我将不会对这一发现感到满意, 让芸芸众生都能从中受益, 尤其是那些最需要这项技术的人们。
satisfied:adj.满意的:满足的:v.使满意:使满足;(satisfy的过去分词和过去式)
So we've commenced this particular journey, and we've commenced this journey in an unusual way. 这就是我们为什么开始从事接下来的这一项事业, 而且是以一种不同寻常的方式。
commenced:v.开始(commence的过去分词);
We've started with Papua New Guinea . 我们选择先从巴布亚新几内亚开始应用这一新技术。
Papua:n.巴布亚岛(新几内亚岛NewGuinea的旧名); Guinea:n.几内亚;基尼(英国旧时金币名);
Now, Papua New Guinea is an example of a developing world country. 巴布亚新几内亚是一个典型的发展中国家。
It's about the same size as France, but it suffers from many of the key barriers existing within the world of today's vaccines. 它和法国的国土面积相近。 但它却面临着当今疫苗领域 存在的许多主要问题。
barriers:n.障碍;栅栏;篱笆墙(barrier的复数形式);
There's the logistics : 他们的物流情况是这样的:
logistics:n.[军]后勤;后勤学;物流;
Within this country there are only 800 refrigerators to keep vaccines chilled . 全国只有800个冷藏箱用于冷藏疫苗。
chilled:adj.冷却了的; v.使很冷; (chill的过去分词和过去式)
Many of them are old, like this one in Port Moresby, many of them are breaking down and many are not in the Highlands where they are required. 许多冷藏箱已经非常旧了,例如莫尔兹比港的这一个。还有很多就要不能用了。 很多还不在需要疫苗的新几内亚高地地区。
Highlands:n.高原地区;山岳地带;(highland的复数)
That's a challenge. 这是一个很大的挑战。
But also, Papua New Guinea has the world's highest incidence of HPV, human papillomavirus , the cervical cancer [risk factor]. 同时, 巴布亚新几内亚也是世界上乳头状瘤病毒发病率最高的国家。 它是子宫颈癌发生的风险因素。
incidence:n.发生率;影响;[光]入射;影响范围; papillomavirus:n.[病毒]乳头瘤病毒; cervical:adj.颈的;子宫颈的; cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤;
Yet, that vaccine is not available in large numbers because it's too expensive. 然而,针对此类疾病的疫苗还未能被大量使用, 因为它太昂贵了。
So for those two reasons, with the attributes of the Nanopatch, we've got into the field and worked with the Nanopatch, and taken it to Papua New Guinea and we'll be following that up shortly. 因此基于这两个原因, 再加上纳米贴片自身的特点, 我们将纳米贴片带到巴布亚新几内亚, 并很快将会对其结果进行追踪。
attributes:v.把…归因于; n.属性; (attribute的第三人称单数和复数)
Now, doing this kind of work is not easy. 做这样的一项事业不容易,
It's challenging, but there's nothing else in the world I'd rather be doing. 它非常具有挑战性, 它非常具有挑战性,
And as we look ahead 展望未来,
look ahead:预测未来,计划未来;
I'd like to share with you a thought: 我想要跟你们分享一个预见:
It's the thought of a future where the 17 million deaths per year that we currently have due to infectious disease is a historical footnote . 在未来, 每年有1700万人口死于传染病 这一我们目前面临的残酷现实 将会永远被封存在历史当中。
infectious:adj.传染的;传染性的;易传染的; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; historical:adj.历史的;史学的;基于史实的; footnote:n.脚注;补充说明;vt.给…作脚注;在脚注里评议;
And it's a historical footnote that has been achieved by improved, radically improved vaccines. 这是由于我们拥有了 更有效、更强大的疫苗。
radically:adv.根本上;彻底地;以激进的方式;
Now standing here today in front of you at the birthplace of the needle and syringe, a device that's 160 years old, 今天我站在你们面前, 站在这个针和注射器诞生、 并距今已有160年历史的地方,
I'm presenting to you an alternative approach that could really help make that happen -- and it's the Nanopatch with its attributes of being needle-free, pain-free, the ability for removing the cold chain and improving the immunogenicity. 向你们展示另一个颠覆疫苗领域的新技术, 那就是纳米贴片技术-- 它没有针头,不会带来疼痛, 无需冷藏,并能提升免疫原性。
alternative:adj.供选择的;选择性的;交替的;n.二中择一;供替代的选择; approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理; improving:v.改进;改善;(improve的现在分词)
Thank you. 谢谢！
(Applause) (掌声)