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MarkBittman_2007P-_我们饮食中存在的问题_
I write about food. I write about cooking. 我的工作是写关于食物和烹饪的文章。
I take it quite seriously, but I'm here to talk about something that's become very important to me in the last year or two. 我是很严肃地对待这些事情。 但是现在我要谈论 一些在近一两年里对我们愈发重要的事情。
It is about food, but it's not about cooking per se . 这就是饮食的问题,但本质上并不和烹饪相关。
per se:adv.本身;本质上;
I'm going to start with this picture of a beautiful cow. 下面我先展示一幅美丽的母牛的照片。
I'm not a vegetarian -- this is the old Nixon line, right? 我并不是一名素食主义者 -- 这听上去象以前尼克松的用语,不是吗？
vegetarian:n.素食者;食草动物;adj.素食的; Nixon:n.尼克松(美国第37任总统);
But I still think that this -- 但我仍然认为这 --
(Laughter) （笑声）
- may be this year's version of this. - 可能是现在的情况。
Now that is only a little bit hyperbolic . 只不过现在有一点夸张罢了。
hyperbolic:adj.双曲线的;夸张的;
And why do I say it? 为什么我要说这些呢？
Because only once before has the fate of individual people and the fate of all of humanity been so intertwined . 因为以前只发生过一次,每个人的命运 和整个人类的命运 如此紧密得连结在一起。
individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科; intertwined:adj.缠绕的;错综复杂的;v.使缠结,缠绕(intertwine的过去式);
There was the bomb, and there's now. 过去是原子弹,现在也同样发生了这种情况。
And where we go from here is going to determine not only the quality and the length of our individual lives, but whether, if we could see the earth a century from now, we'd recognize it. 并且我们现在要决定的 不仅是我们每个人的生活质量和寿命, 而且是如果在一个世纪之后评价现在的世界, 我们是否会认同它。
determine:v.决定;确定;测定;查明;形成;影响;裁决;安排; recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;
It's a holocaust of a different kind, and hiding under our desks isn't going to help. 这是一次不同类型的浩劫, 并且逃避并不能解决任何问题。
holocaust:n.大屠杀;毁灭;
Start with the notion that global warming is not only real, but dangerous. 现在全球变暖的现象 不仅是真实的,而且非常危险。
notion:n.观念;信念;理解; global warming:n.全球(气候)变暖;地球大气层变暖;
Since every scientist in the world now believes this, and even President Bush has seen the light, or pretends to, we can take this is a given. 因为现在世界上的每一个科学家都对此表示认同, 并且甚至布什总统都表示认同,当然也可能是假装的, 我们必须要面对它。
Bush:n.灌木; v.以灌木装饰; adj.如灌木般长得低矮的;
Then hear this, please. 现在请听我说。
After energy production, livestock is the second-highest contributor to atmosphere-altering gases. 畜牧业是仅次于能源生产的第二大制造者 产生改变气候的气体。
livestock:n.家畜;牲畜; contributor:n.贡献者;投稿者;捐助者;
Nearly one-fifth of all greenhouse gas is generated by livestock production -- more than transportation . 将近全部温室气体的五分之一 是由畜牧业产生的 -- 比运输业还要多。
greenhouse gas:n.温室气体(尤指二氧化碳); generated:v.产生;引起;(generate的过去式和过去分词) transportation:n.运输;运输系统;运输工具;流放;
Now, you can make all the jokes you want about cow farts , but methane is 20 times more poisonous than CO2, and it's not just methane. 现在你可以尽情地开有关牛屁的玩笑, 但是甲烷的有害程度是二氧化碳的20倍, 而且这其中不仅仅包含甲烷。
farts:v.放屁; n.放屁; (fart的第三人称单数和复数) methane:n.[有化]甲烷;[能源]沼气; poisonous:adj.有毒的;恶毒的;讨厌的;
Livestock is also one of the biggest culprits in land degradation , air and water pollution, water shortages and loss of biodiversity . 畜牧业又是造成土地退化的最大元凶 空气和水污染,水资源短缺和生物多样性遭到破坏。
culprits:n.犯人,罪犯;被控犯罪的人; degradation:n.退化;降格,降级;堕落; shortages:n.不足,缺乏(shortage的复数形式); biodiversity:n.生物多样性;
There's more. 诸如此类还有许多。
Like half the antibiotics in this country are not administered to people, but to animals. 这就好像国家里一半的抗生素 不是用在人类,而是用在动物身上的。
antibiotics:n.抗菌素;抗生素(如青霉素);(antibiotic的复数) administered:v.管理;治理(国家);执行;给予;提供;(administer的过去分词和过去式)
But lists like this become kind of numbing, so let me just say this, if you're a progressive , if you're driving a Prius , or you're shopping green, or you're looking for organic , you should probably be a semi-vegetarian. 但是我罗列的这些听上去只是一串数字,所以让我换一种方式表述, 如果你比较激进, 如果你驾驶一辆普锐斯,或者你购买绿色食品, 或者购买有机食品, 你很可能是一个半素食主义者。
progressive:adj.进步的;先进的;开明的;稳步的;n.进步人士;开明人士;改革派; Prius:adj.在前的(处方用语); organic:adj.有机的;不使用化肥的;绿色的;有机物的;n.分子有机体;
Now, I'm no more anti-cow than I am anti-atom, but it's all in the way we use these things. 现在我对母牛的反对比对原子弹的反对更甚, 但是这正是我们现在的生活方式。
in the way:妨碍;挡道;
There's another piece of the puzzle which Ann Cooper talked about beautifully yesterday, and one you already know. 这里还有另外一个问题 安·库珀在昨天曾经很完美得探讨过, 并且你们已经知道了。
puzzle:n.谜;疑问;智力游戏;不解之谜;v.迷惑;使困惑;
There's no question -- none --that so-called lifestyle diseases -- diabetes , heart disease, stroke , some cancers -- are diseases that are far more prevalent here than anywhere in the rest of the world. 这些都不是问题 -- 都不是 -- 所谓的生活方式的疾病 -- 糖尿病,心脏病,中风,几种癌症 -- 这些疾病在这里是过分普遍了 相比世界的其他地方。
so-called:adj.所谓的;号称的; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类; diabetes:n.糖尿病;多尿症; stroke:n.中风;笔画;钟声;抚摩;v.抚摩(动物的毛皮);轻抚;轻挪;轻触; cancers:n.癌; (Cancers是cancer的复数) prevalent:adj.流行的;普遍的,广传的;
And that's the direct result of eating a Western diet. 这就是西方饮食的直接结果。
Our demand for meat, dairy and refined carbohydrates -- the world consumes one billion cans or bottles of Coke a day -- our demand for these things, not our need, our want -- drives us to consume way more calories than are good for us. 我们对于肉类,乳类和纯净的碳水化合物的需求 -- 世界平均每天消耗十亿听或瓶的可乐 -- 我们对于这些东西的需求并不是必须的,而是我们想要的 -- 使我们消耗了比最佳摄入量更多的卡路里。
dairy:n.奶制品; adj.乳品的; refined:adj.精制的; v.精炼; carbohydrates:n.碳水化合物;糖类;(carbohydrate的复数) consumes:v.消耗,耗费;吃;喝;饮;使充满(强烈的感情);(consume的第三人称单数) calories:n.[物]卡路里(热量单位,calorie的复数);
And those calories are in foods that cause, not prevent, disease. 这些在食品中的卡路里导致,而不是预防疾病。
Now global warming was unforeseen . 现在世界变暖还是不可预期的。
unforeseen:adj.未预见到的,无法预料的;
We didn't know that pollution did more than cause bad visibility . 我们尚不确定污染除了降低能见度外还有其他什么危害。
visibility:n.可见性;能见度;能见距离
Maybe a few lung diseases here and there , but you know, that's not such a big deal . 可能会在这里或那里造成更多的肺癌, 但是你知道,这并不是一件很严重的事情。
here and there:各处,到处; a big deal:na.要人;重要的事;
The current health crisis , however, is a little more the work of the evil empire. 可是,现在的健康问题, 比一个邪恶帝国的危害还要严重。
crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的; evil:adj.邪恶的;不幸的;有害的;讨厌的;n.罪恶,邪恶;不幸;
We were told, we were assured , that the more meat and dairy and poultry we ate, the healthier we'd be. 我们被告知,并且我们确信, 随着我们摄入更多的肉类,乳类和家禽类食品, 我们会变得更健康。
assured:adj.确定的;自信的;n.被保险人;v.保证;确实;(assure的过去分词和过去式); poultry:n.家禽;家禽肉;
No. Overconsumption of animals, and of course, junk food , is the problem, along with our paltry consumption of plants. 这是错的。对动物的过度食用,当然还有垃圾食品, 是问题所在,还有对植物类食品的摄入不足。
junk food:垃圾食物;华而不实的东西; paltry:adj.不足取的;无价值的;琐碎的;卑鄙的; consumption:n.消费;消耗;肺痨;
Now, there's no time to get into the benefits of eating plants here, but the evidence is that plants -- and I want to make this clear -- it's not the ingredients in plants, it's the plants. 现在不是讨论使用植物是否有益的时候了, 有证据表明植物 -- 我想要强调一下 -- 而不是植物中的成分,是植物本身。
evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; ingredients:n.成分;(尤指烹饪)原料;(成功的)要素;(ingredient的复数)
It's not the beta-carotene , it's the carrot. 不是β胡萝卜素,而是胡萝卜本身。
beta-carotene:n.β-胡萝卜素;
The evidence is very clear that plants promote health. 有充分证据表明植物可以改善健康状况。
promote:v.促进;推动;促销;提升;晋升;
This evidence is overwhelming at this point. 现在这种证据更加充分。
overwhelming:adj.势不可挡的; v.压倒; (overwhelm的现在分词)
You eat more plants, you eat less other stuff , you live longer. 你吃了更多的植物,更少的其他食物,你就会更加长寿。
stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
Not bad. 这算是个还不错的消息。
But back to animals and junk food. 但是问题又回到了动物和垃圾食品。
What do they have in common? 它们有什么共同的特点呢？
One: we don't need either of them for health. 第一:我们为了健康并不需要它们中的任何一个。
We don't need animal products, and we certainly don't need white bread or Coke. 我们并不需要动物制品, 而且我们完全不需要白面包或可乐。
white bread:adj.普通的;一般传统的;
Two: both have been marketed heavily, creating unnatural demand. 第二:这两种东西都在被广泛地推销, 导致了不正常的需求。
unnatural:adj.不自然的;反常的;不近人情的;
We're not born craving Whoppers or Skittles . 我们并不是在耸人听闻。
craving:n.渴望;热望;v.渴望;恳求;(crave的现在分词); Whoppers:n.特大的(或硕大的)东西;谎言;瞎话;(whopper的复数) Skittles:n.撞柱游戏用的小柱(skittle的复数); vi.玩撞柱游戏(skittle的第三人称单数); vt.使击球员连续出局(skittle的第三人称单数);
Three: their production has been supported by government agencies at the expense of a more health and earth-friendly diet. 第三:它们的制造得到政府部门的支持, 但是以少食用更健康和环保的食品为代价。
agencies:n.代理;代理处(agency的复数); at the expense of:以…为代价;由…支付费用; earth-friendly:adj.有利于地球生态保护的;对地球不造成污染的;
Now let's imagine a parallel . 现在打个比方。
parallel:adj.平行的; v.与…相似; n.极其相似的人(或情况、事件等);
Let's pretend that our government supported an oil-based economy while discouraging more sustainable forms of energy, knowing all the while that the result would be pollution, war and rising costs. 如果我们的政府支持一个石油公司 同时反对更加可持续发展的能源, 并且知道这将导致 污染,战争和更高的成本。
oil-based:adj.油基的; economy:n.经济;节约;理财; discouraging:adj.使人沮丧的;阻止的;v.使灰心;阻止;劝阻;(discourage的现在分词) sustainable:adj.可以忍受的;足可支撑的;养得起的;可持续的;
Incredible , isn't it? 很不可思议,不是吗？
Incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的;
Yet they do that. 但是现在他们正在这样做。
And they do this here. It's the same deal. 他们对食品也是如此。这是同样的事情。
The sad thing is, when it comes to diet, is that even when well-intentioned Feds try to do right by us, they fail. 坏消息是,对于饮食问题, 就算是联邦政府用心 去规范我们的行为,也是徒劳的。
well-intentioned:adj.好意的,好心的;出于善意的; Feds:abbr.联邦政府工作人员;
Either they're outvoted by puppets of agribusiness , or they are puppets of agribusiness. 他们或者会被从事农产品业的傀儡们投否决票, 或者他们本身就从事于农产品业的傀儡。
outvoted:vt.以多数票击败; puppets:n.木偶;傀儡(puppet的复数); agribusiness:n.农业综合企业(包括农业设备,用品的制造,农产品的产销,制造加工等);
So when the USDA finally acknowledged that it was plants, rather than animals, that made people healthy, they encouraged us, via their overly-simplistic food pyramid, 所以当美国农业部最终承认 是植物,而不是动物,使得人们更加健康, 他们建议我们,通过参照他们构建的过于简陋的食品金字塔,
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; via:prep.通过;经由;n.道路;[医]管道;
to eat five servings of fruits and vegetables a day, along with more carbs . 一天吃五份的水果和蔬菜, 和更多的碳水化合物。
servings:n.服务;(食品等的)一份;上菜(serving的复数形式); carbs:abbr.碳水化合物(carbohydrates);内燃机汽化器(carburetors);
What they didn't tell us is that some carbs are better than others, and that plants and whole grains should be supplanting eating junk food. 但是他们没有告诉我们有些碳水化合物比其他的更好, 并且这些植物和全谷类食物 应当替代垃圾食品。
grains:n.谷物;颗粒;细粒;少量;一点儿;(grain的复数) supplanting:vt.代替;排挤掉;
But industry lobbyists would never let that happen. 但是工业界的说客不会让这一切发生。
lobbyists:n.游说者(lobbyist的复数形式);
And guess what? 猜猜为什么？
Half the people who developed the food pyramid have ties to agribusiness. 制定食品金字塔中一半的人 与农产品业有关联。
So instead of substituting plants for animals, our swollen appetites simply became larger, and the most dangerous aspects of them remained unchanged . 所以并没有用植物替代动物, 我们已经膨胀的胃口变得更大了, 并且其中最危险的部分仍未改变。
substituting:n.取代;[数]代入;v.代替,取代(substitute的现在分词形式); swollen:adj.肿胀的,浮肿的;浮夸的;激动兴奋的; appetites:n.食欲;胃口;强烈欲望;(appetite的复数) aspects:n.方面;相位;面貌(aspect的复数); unchanged:adj.未改变的;
So-called low-fat diets, so-called low-carb diets -- these are not solutions. 所谓的低脂肪和低碳水化合物食品 -- 这些并不是解决方案。
low-fat:adj.低脂肪的;
But with lots of intelligent people focusing on whether food is organic or local, or whether we're being nice to animals, the most important issues just aren't being addressed . 但是许多有智慧的人 研究某种食物是否有机或本地生产, 或者我们是否要友善地对待动物, 最重要的问题却并没有被涉及。
intelligent:adj.有才智的;悟性强的;聪明的;有智力的 issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数) addressed:v.写(收信人)姓名地址:致函:演说:演讲:向…说话; (address的过去分词和过去式)
Now, don't get me wrong. 现在,不要误会我。
I like animals, and I don't think it's just fine to industrialize their production and to churn them out like they were wrenches . 我喜爱动物, 并且我并不认为应当将动物制品产业化 干扰动物的生活。
industrialize:v.(使国家或地区)工业化; churn:v.剧烈搅动;(使)猛烈翻腾;反胃,恶心;感到不安;n.搅乳器; wrenches:n.[机]扳手(wrench的复数);v.猛扭;歪曲;使痛苦(wrench的三单形式);
But there's no way to treat animals well when you're killing 10 billion of them a year. 但是现在根本无法善待动物 当一年要屠杀100亿头动物的时候。
treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣;
That's our number. 10 billion. 这是我们的数字。100亿。
If you strung all of them -- chickens, cows, pigs and lambs -- to the moon, they'd go there and back five times -- there and back. 如果你将它们连接起来 -- 鸡,牛,猪和羊 -- 到月球, 长度可以来回5次 -- 过去然后回来。
strung:v.捆扎,系上(string的过去式和过去分词);收紧; lambs:n.小羊(lamb的复数形式);像羔羊般温顺的人;v.生小羊(lamb的三单形式);
Now, my math's a little shaky , but this is pretty good, and it depends whether a pig is four feet long or five feet long, but you get the idea. 现在,尽管我的数学不是很好,但这个数字大致是没问题的, 尽管基于一头猪的长度是4英尺还是5英尺, 但是你可以有一个大致的概念。
shaky:adj.摇晃的;不可靠的;不坚定的;
That's just the United States. 这仅仅是对于美国的情况而言。
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
And with our hyper-consumption of those animals producing greenhouse gases and heart disease, kindness might just be a bit of a red herring . 并且随着我们对于这些动物的过度消耗 产生温室气体和心脏疾病, 仁慈可能仅仅是一种逃避的方式。
red herring:n.题外话;转移注意力的事;[食]熏青鱼;
Let's get the numbers of the animals we're killing for eating down, and then we'll worry about being nice to the ones that are left. 让我们降低被屠杀的动物的数量, 然后我们再去想如何善待幸存的动物。
Another red herring might be exemplified by the word " locavore ," 另外一个误区的典型代表是“土食主义”,
exemplified:v.举例说明;例证;例示;(exemplify的过去式和过去分词) locavore:n.土食者(指那些热衷于食用住所附近所产食物的人);
which was just named Word of the Year by the New Oxford American Dictionary. 刚被新牛津美国词典提名为年度单词。
Seriously. 很严肃的话题。
And locavore, for those of you who don't know, is someone who eats only locally-grown food. 土食主义者,对于你们之中不了解的人来说, 是一些只吃当地生产的食品的人。
Which is fine if you live in California, but for the rest of us it's a bit of a sad joke. 当你居住在加利福尼亚州时这很好, 但是对于其他地区的人来说这是一个悲哀的玩笑。
Between the official story -- the food pyramid -- and the hip locavore vision , you have two versions of how to improve our eating. 在官方的故事 -- 饮食金字塔 -- 和前卫的土食主义文化, 你有两个可以改善饮食的选择。
official:adj.官方的;正式的;公务的;n.官员;公务员;高级职员; hip:n.臀部;蔷薇果;忧郁;adj.熟悉内情的;非常时尚的; vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见; improve:v.改进;改善;
(Laughter). （笑声）
They both get it wrong, though. 但是这两种方式都错了。
The first, at least is populist , and the second is elitist . 第一种方式至少是大众性的,第二种则是只针对小部分团体。
populist:n.平民主义者; adj.民粹主义的(等于populistic); elitist:n.优秀人才;杰出人物;adj.优秀人才的;杰出人才的;
How we got to this place is the history of food in the United States. 我们如何走到今天这一步正是美国饮食的发展史。
And I'm going to go through that, at least the last hundred years or so, very quickly right now. 然后我将对其进行阐述, 至少在离现在很近的大概一百年前的时间。
A hundred years ago, guess what? 猜猜一百年前怎么样？
Everyone was a locavore, even New York had pig farms nearby and shipping food all over the place was a ridiculous notion. 每个人都是土食者,即使是纽约旁边也有大型的农场 同时往其他地方运输食品是一个很异想天开的想法。
nearby:adj.附近的,邻近的;adv.在附近;prep.在…附近; ridiculous:adj.可笑的;荒谬的;
Every family had a cook, usually a mom. 每一个家庭都有一个厨师,通常是母亲。
And those moms bought and prepared food. 这些母亲购买并准备食物。
It was like your romantic vision of Europe. 这就像你所想象的欧洲浪漫的场景。
romantic:adj.浪漫的;爱情的;n.浪漫的人;耽于幻想的人;
Margarine didn't exist. 人造黄油并不存在。
Margarine:n.人造黄油;人造奶油;
In fact, when margarine was invented, several states passed laws declaring that it had to be dyed pink so we'd all know that it was a fake . 事实上,当发明人造黄油时, 几个州通过法律命令人造黄油要染成粉红色 我们都知道它是假的
dyed:adj.被染色的;v.染色(dye的过去分词形式); fake:n.假货;骗子;假动作;v.捏造;假装…的样子;adj.伪造的;
There was no snack food, and until the '20s, until Clarence Birdseye came along, there was no frozen food. 那时并没有快餐,并且直到二十年代, 直到克拉伦斯·博兹艾的出现,冷冻食物才发明。
snack:n.点心;小吃;快餐;易办到的事;v.吃点心(或快餐、小吃); Clarence:n.一种双座四轮马车; Birdseye:鸟瞰;
There were no restaurant chains. 那时没有连锁的餐厅。
There were neighborhood restaurants run by local people, but none of them would think to open another one. 当时只有当地人在家附近经营的餐厅, 但是没人想过再开另一家餐厅。
neighborhood:n.附近;地区;街坊;adj.附近的;
Eating ethnic was unheard of unless you were ethnic. 饮食文化更是前所未闻。
ethnic:adj.种族的;人种的; unheard:adj.听不到的;未被倾听的;不予理睬的;
And fancy food was entirely French. 同时花式食物全部是源自法国。
fancy:n.幻想; adj.想象的; v.想象;
As an aside , those of you who remember 另外,你记起的那个
As an aside:闲话一句;
Dan Aykroyd in the 1970s doing Julia Child imitations can see where he got the idea of stabbing himself from this fabulous slide. 丹·艾克罗伊德在二十世纪七十年代模仿朱莉娅·蔡尔德 可以看出他就是这个样子。
imitations:n.模仿,仿造;仿制品;adj.人造的,仿制的; stabbing:n.持刀伤人事件; adj.突然而剧烈的; v.刺,戳,捅; (stab的现在分词) fabulous:adj.难以置信的;传说的,寓言中的;极好的;
(Laughter) （笑声）
Back in those days, before even Julia, back in those days there was no philosophy of food. 在那些时候,即便是朱莉娅的时代之前, 当时不存在对于食物的学问。
philosophy:n.哲学;哲理;人生观;
You just ate. 你只是在吃。
You didn't claim to be anything. 你不用宣称什么其他的东西。
claim:v.要求;声称;需要;认领;n.要求;声称;索赔;断言;值得;
There was no marketing. There were no national brands . 当时没有市场。没有全国性的品牌。
brands:n.品牌;烙印(brand的复数);v.加商标于;铭刻于(brand的第三人称单数);
Vitamins had not been invented. 维生素还没有发明。
Vitamins:n.[生化]维生素;[生化]维他命;
There were no health claims , at least not federally sanctioned ones. 那时没有关于健康的宣言,至少不是像联邦上禁止那样。
claims:v.宣称; n.声明; (claim的第三人称单数和复数) federally:adv.联邦地;联邦政府地;同盟地; sanctioned:v.许可;准许;惩罚;实施制裁;(sanction的过去分词和过去式)
Fats, carbs, proteins -- they weren't bad or good, they were food. 脂肪,碳水化合物,蛋白质 -- 它们既不是好的也不是坏的,它们只是食物。
proteins:n.[生化]蛋白质(protein复数);
You ate food. 你只是在吃食物。
Hardly anything contained more than one ingredient, because it was an ingredient. 基本没有一种东西包含多于一种成分, 仅仅因为其本身只是一种成分。
The cornflake hadn't been invented. 玉米片也没有发明。
cornflake:n.玉米片;
(Laughter) （笑声）
The Pop-Tart, the Pringle, Cheez Whiz , none of that stuff. 也没有蛋挞,普林格尔,当维兹之类的东西。
Whiz:n.飕飕声;奇才;vi.飕飕作声;vt.使飕飕作声;
Goldfish swam. 金鱼还在游动。
(Laughter) （笑声）
It's hard to imagine. People grew food, and they ate food. 这不难想象。人们种植食物并吃种的食物。
And again, everyone ate local. 并且每个人都吃当地产的食物。
In New York, an orange was a common Christmas present, because it came all the way from Florida. 在纽约,桔子是一种很普遍的圣诞礼物, 因为桔子要从遥远的佛罗里达州运过来。
From the '30s on, road systems expanded , trucks took the place of railroads, fresh food began to travel more. 从三十年代开始,公路系统飞速发展, 货车代替了铁路, 更多的新鲜食物被运输。
expanded:adj.扩充的;展开的;vt.扩大(expand的过去式);
Oranges became common in New York. 在纽约桔子也变得很常见了。
The South and West became agricultural hubs , and in other parts of the country suburbs took over farmland . 南方和西方成为农业的中心, 在美国的其他地方城镇代替了耕地。
agricultural:adj.农业的;农艺的; hubs:n.枢纽;中心(hub的复数);毂; suburbs:n.郊外(suburb的复数); farmland:n.农田;
The effects of this are well known , they are everywhere. 这种做法的影响已经是众所周知的了,并且到处都不例外。
well known:adj.著名的;众所周知的;清楚明白的;
And the death of family farms is part of this puzzle, as is almost everything from the demise of the real community to the challenge of finding a good tomato, even in summer. 家庭农场的消亡是这个问题的一部分, 但也几乎是全部 自从真实的地域生活方式的消亡 即使在夏天也很难找到一个很好的西红柿。
demise:n.死亡,终止;转让;传位;vt.遗赠;禅让; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
Eventually California produced too much food to ship fresh, so it became critical to market canned and frozen foods. 最终加利福尼亚州生产了太多的食物以至于不能新鲜地运输出去, 所以灌装和冷冻食品就很有推广的必要了。
Eventually:adv.最后,终于; critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的;
Thus arrived convenience . 这带来了方便。
convenience:n.方便;便利;适宜;便利的事物(或设施);
It was sold to protofeminist housewives as a way to cut down on housework. 典型的女权主义的家庭主妇们接受它 她们认为这是减轻家庭劳务的一个途径
housewives:n.家庭主妇;(housewife的复数) cut down on:削减,减少;
Now, I know everybody over the age of, like 45 -- their mouths are watering at this point. 现在,我知道每个45岁以的人 嘴里开始在流口水了
(Laughter) （笑声）
(Applause) （掌声）
If we had a slide of Salisbury steak , even more so, right? 我们会吃一块索尔斯伯利牛肉饼,甚至更多,难道不是吗？
Salisbury steak:n.索尔兹伯里牛肉饼(用碎牛肉和蛋、洋葱调制,大火煎烤而成);
(Laughter) （笑声）
But this may have cut down on housework, but it cut down on the variety of food we ate as well. 这可能会减少家庭劳务的工作量, 但是也减少了我们吃的食物的多样性。
variety:n.多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化;
Many of us grew up never eating a fresh vegetable except the occasional raw carrot or maybe an odd lettuce salad. 我们之中的许多人都从未食用过新鲜的蔬菜 除了偶尔吃些生萝卜或者是比较少见的生菜沙拉。
occasional:adj.偶然的;临时的;特殊场合的; odd:adj.古怪的;奇数的;n.奇数;
I, for one -- and I'm not kidding -- didn't eat real spinach or broccoli till I was 19. 我就是这样 -- 我没有开玩笑 -- 直到19岁时才吃到真正的菠菜和椰菜。
spinach:n.菠菜; broccoli:n.花椰菜;西兰花;
Who needed it though? Meat was everywhere. 谁还需要这些呢？到处都有肉类的存在。
What could be easier, more filling or healthier for your family than broiling a steak? 难道还有更简单,更能填饱肚子,更有益于家庭健康的方式 除了烤牛排？
broiling:adj.酷热的;似烧的;炽热的;v.烤;使受灼热(broil的ing形式);
But by then cattle were already raised unnaturally . 但是那时牛已经被非自然的方式饲养了。
unnaturally:adv.故意地;违反习俗地;不合乎自然规律地;
Rather than spending their lives eating grass, for which their stomachs were designed, they were forced to eat soy and corn. 不是吃草, 就像它们的胃所设计的那样, 而是被强迫食用大豆和谷物。
They have trouble digesting those grains, of course, but that wasn't a problem for producers. 他们当然很难消化这些东西, 但是这对于生产者们来讲不是问题。
digesting:n.蒸煮;v.消化;吸收;接受,领会(digest的现在分词);
New drugs kept them healthy. 新型药物维持动物的健康。
Well, they kept them alive. 呃,是使动物们生存下去。
Healthy was another story. 健康是另一回事。
Thanks to farm subsidies , the fine collaboration between agribusiness and Congress , soy, corn and cattle became king. 由于农场的津贴, 农产品业与国会的合作, 大豆,谷物和牛占据了主导地位。
subsidies:n.补贴;补助金;津贴;(subsidy的复数) collaboration:n.合作;勾结;通敌; Congress:n.国会;代表大会;会议;社交;
And chicken soon joined them on the throne . 同时鸡也迅速地加入了其中。
throne:n.王座;君主;王权;v.登上王座;
It was during this period that the cycle of dietary and planetary destruction began, the thing we're only realizing just now. 就是在这段时间里 饮食循环的形成和地球的破坏开始了, 但直到现在人们才认识到这一点。
dietary:n.规定的食物;饮食的规定;食谱;adj.饮食的,饭食的,规定食物的; planetary:adj.行星的; destruction:n.破坏,毁灭;摧毁;
Listen to this, between 1950 and 2000, the world's population doubled. 听着, 在1950年到2000年之间,世界人口数量多了一倍。
Meat consumption increased five-fold. 肉类的消耗达到了5倍。
Now, someone had to eat all that stuff, so we got fast food . 现在,有些人只吃这类食物,于是产生了快餐。
fast food:adj.供应快餐的;n.快餐食品;
And this took care of the situation resoundingly . 这就造成了这种很严重的局面。
resoundingly:adv.成功地;轰动地;
Home cooking remained the norm , but its quality was down the tubes. 家庭烹饪还是常态,但是质量却与往日不可同日而语。
norm:n.规范;标准;定额;常态;v.规范;规定;
There were fewer meals with home-cooked breads , desserts and soups, because all of them could be bought at any store. 很少有人自制面包,甜点和汤, 因为在哪里它们都可以买得到。
breads:n.各种面包(bread的复数形式); desserts:n.(饭后)甜点,甜食;(dessert的复数)
Not that they were any good, but they were there. 并不是因为它们有益处,而是因为它们可以买得到。
Most moms cooked like mine -- a piece of broiled meat, a quickly made salad with bottled dressing, canned soup, canned fruit salad . 许多母亲像我一样做饭 -- 一块烤肉,一个简易的瓶装沙拉, 罐装汤,罐装水果沙拉。
broiled:adj.烧烤;炙的,焙的;烤过的; fruit salad:n.水果色拉;
Maybe baked or mashed potatoes or perhaps the stupidest food ever -- Minute Rice. 可能还有烤土豆或者土豆泥 或者可能是最愚蠢的食物 -- 一分钟米饭。
baked:v.烘烤;焙;烤硬;灼热;(bake的过去分词和过去式) mashed potatoes:土豆泥,马铃薯泥;
For dessert, store-bought ice-cream or cookies. 甜点则是商店里买回来的冰激凌或小点心。
store-bought:adj.现成的;店里买的;
My mom is not here, so I can say this now. 我妈妈不在这里,所以现在我可以说这些话。
This kind of cooking drove me to learn how to cook for myself. 这样的做饭迫使我去学会如何自己做饭。
(Laughter) （笑声）
It wasn't all bad. 这也并非一无是处。
By the '70s, forward-thinking people began to recognize the value of local ingredients. 在七十年代,前卫的人们 开始认识到当地产的原料的价值。
forward-thinking:adj.前瞻的,有远见的;
We tended gardens, we became interested in organic food, we knew or we were vegetarians . 我们管理庄园,同时对有机食物更感兴趣, 我们知道或者我们就是素食主义者。
vegetarians:n.素食者;吃素的人;(vegetarian的复数)
We weren't all hippies , either. 但我们也不是嬉皮士。
hippies:n.嬉皮士(hippy的复数);
Some of us were eating in good restaurants and learning how to cook well. 我们当中的有些人在好的餐厅里吃并且学会怎样做一手好的烹饪。
Meanwhile , food production had become industrial. Industrial. 同时,食品制造变得工业化。工业化。
Meanwhile:adv.同时,其间;n.其间,其时;
Perhaps because it was being produced rationally as if it were plastic, food gained magical or poisonous powers, or both. 可能因为食品制造过于理性, 就像是塑料一样, 食品开始变得奇幻或有毒,或者两者都有。
rationally:adv.理性地;讲道理地;
Many people became fat-phobic. 许多人厌恶脂肪。
Others worshiped broccoli as if it were God-like. 其他人像对待上帝一样崇拜着花椰菜。
worshiped:崇拜;尊敬;爱慕;(worship的过去式和过去分词)
But mostly they didn't eat broccoli. 但是多数情况下他们并不食用花椰菜。
Instead they were sold on yogurt, yogurt being almost as good as broccoli. 而是喝酸奶, 酸奶变得几乎和花椰菜一样有益。
Except, in reality, the way the industry sold yogurt was to convert it to something much more akin to ice cream. 除了在现实中,工厂销售酸奶 是将其转化成更像是冰激凌的一种东西。
convert:v.转换; n.改变宗教(或信仰、观点)的人; akin:adj.类似的;同类的;同族的;
Similarly , let's look at a granola bar. 同样的,让我们看一下燕麦杆。
Similarly:adv.同样地;类似于; granola:n.(早餐营养食品)格兰诺拉燕麦卷;
You think that that might be healthy food, but in fact, if you look at the ingredient list, it's closer in form to a Snickers than it is to oatmeal . 你可能会认为它们是健康的食物, 但事实上,如果你去看原料表, 它更像是士力架而不是燕麦。
Snickers:偷笑;窃笑;窃笑着说(snicker的第三人称单数); oatmeal:n.燕麦粥;燕麦片;
Sadly, it was at this time that the family dinner was put in a coma , if not actually killed. 可怕的是,在这时家庭饮食陷入了混乱, 如果是没有被彻底破坏的话。
coma:n.[医]昏迷;[天]彗形像差;
The beginning of the heyday of value-added food, which contained as many soy and corn products as could be crammed into it. 在含有添加剂食品最多的开始的时候, 这包括了许多大豆和谷类食品 含有添加剂。
heyday:n.全盛期;int.嘿！(表喜悦或惊奇等); value-added:adj.加值的;增值的; crammed:adj.塞满的;挤满的;v.把…塞进;挤满;塞满;(cram的过去分词和过去式)
Think of the frozen chicken nugget . 想一想冷冻的鸡肉块。
nugget:n.天然金块,矿块;珍闻,珍品;
The chicken is fed corn, and then its meat is ground up and mixed with more corn products to add bulk and binder , and then it's fried in corn oil. 鸡是用谷物饲养的,然后长出肉 并吃更多的谷物继续成长, 然后用谷物油去炸。
bulk:n.大部分;主体;(大)体积;大(量);v.扩展;增大;堆积起来;形成大块; binder:n.[胶粘]粘合剂;活页夹;装订工;捆缚者;用以绑缚之物;
All you do is nuke it. What could be better? 你所做的只是烹饪它。还能更好吗？
nuke:n.核武器;核能发电厂;核潜艇;vt.以核武器攻击;adj.核武器的;
And zapped horribly , pathetically . 并且屠杀很残忍,惨无人道。
zapped:adj.疲倦的;v.摧毁;击溃(zap的过去分词); horribly:adv.可怕地;让人吃惊 pathetically:adv.可怜地;感伤地;悲哀地;情绪上地;
By the '70s, home cooking was in such a sad state that the high fat and spice contents of foods like McNuggets and Hot Pockets -- and we all have our favorites, actually -- 在七十年代,家庭烹饪变成了这样一种糟糕的状态 高脂肪和香料的食物 如麦纳吉兹和浩特波奇兹 -- 实际上我们都有自己的最爱 --
spice:v.在…中加香料; n.(调味)香料; contents:n.内容; v.知足; (content的第三人称单数和复数)
made this stuff more appealing than the bland things that people were serving at home. 使得这类食品比没有添加剂的食品更有吸引力 如家庭里的食物。
appealing:adj.吸引人的; v.呼吁; (appeal的现在分词) bland:adj.乏味的; vt.使…变得淡而无味; vi.变得平淡无奇;
At the same time , masses of women were entering the workforce , and cooking simply wasn't important enough for men to share the burden . 与此同时,更多的女人参加工作, 烹饪又不那么重要 要让男人来承担。
At the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时; masses:n.民众;大量(mass的复数);包块;v.集中;聚集(mass的三单形式); workforce:n.劳动大军;全体员工; burden:n.负担;责任;船的载货量;v.使负担;烦扰;装货于;
So now you've got your pizza nights, you've got your microwave nights, you've got your grazing nights, you've got your fend-for-yourself nights and so on. 所以现在我们在晚上吃比萨,用微波炉加热食品, 去大吃大喝, 自给自足,等等。
microwave:n.微波; grazing:n.牧场;草场;v."graze"的现在分词;
Leading the way -- what's leading the way? 变得主导 -- 什么是主导呢？
Meat, junk food, cheese. 肉类,垃圾食品,奶酪。
The very stuff that will kill you. 这些食品会减少你的寿命。
So now we clamor for organic food. 所以我们现在倡导有机食品。
clamor:n.喧闹,叫嚷;大声的要求;vi.喧嚷,发喧嚣声;持续地喊声;vt.喧嚷着说出;
That's good. 这很好。
And as evidence that things can actually change, you can now find organic food in supermarkets, and even in fast-food outlets . 有证据表明现在事情正在改变`, 在超市中你可以见到有机食品, 甚至在快餐市场里。
fast-food:adj.供应快餐的;n.快餐食品; outlets:n.出路;销售点;排水口;批发商点(outlet的复数形式);
But organic food isn't the answer either, at least not the way it's currently defined . 但是有机食品并不是解决办法, 至少不像它现在被认为的那样。
currently:adv.当前;一般地; defined:adj.有定义的,确定的; v.使明确;
Let me pose you a question. 让我提个问题。
pose:v.引起; n.装腔作势; (为画像、拍照等摆的)姿势;
Can farm-raised salmon be organic when its feed has nothing to do with its natural diet, even if the feed itself is supposedly organic, and the fish themselves are packed tightly in pens, swimming in their own filth ? 农场饲养的大马哈鱼能否是有机的 当饲料并不是自然的食品, 即便饲料是有机的,那些鱼本身 在围栏里紧紧地围在一起,在它们的排泄物中游动？
salmon:n.鲑鱼;大马哈鱼;鲑肉色;鲑鱼肉;橙红色,粉橙色;adj.浅澄色的; supposedly:adv.据说;据信;据传; tightly:adv.紧紧地;坚固地; filth:n.污秽;肮脏;猥亵;不洁;
And if that salmon's from Chile and it's killed down there and then flown 5,000 miles, whatever, dumping how much carbon into the atmosphere ? 如果大马哈鱼是来自智利,并且在智利被宰, 然后运输5000英里, 在大气中会增加多少碳？
dumping:n.倾倒,倾卸;v.丢弃,扔掉;抛弃;抛售;(dump的现在分词) carbon:n.[化学]碳;碳棒;复写纸;adj.碳的;碳处理的; atmosphere:n.大气;气氛;气压;风格;
I don't know. 我不清楚。
Packed in Styrofoam , of course, before landing somewhere in the United States and then being trucked a few hundred more miles. 当然用发泡胶包裹着, 在美国的某个地方卸货之前 然后运往几百英里外的其他地方。
Styrofoam:n.泡沫聚苯乙烯;
This may be organic in letter, but it's surely not organic in spirit. 从定义上来讲这可能是有机的,但从本质上并不是。
Now here is where we all meet. 现在这就是我们所面对的。
The locavores, the organivores, the vegetarians, the vegans , the gourmets and those of us who are just plain interested in good food. 土食主义,有机食品主义,素食主义, 绝对素食者,美食家 和我们当中对健康食品感兴趣的那些人。
vegans:严守素食主义的;严格的素食主义者; gourmets:美食家(gourmet的复数);
Even though we've come to this from different points, we all have to act on our knowledge to change the way that everyone thinks about food. 即便我们的出发点不尽相同, 我们都要利用我们的知识去行动 改变每个人对于食品的认识。
We need to start acting. 我们需要开始行动了。
And this is not only an issue of social justice , as Ann Cooper said -- and of course she's completely right -- but it's also one of global survival . 这就像安·库珀所说的,并不仅仅是一个有关社会正义感的问题 -- 当然她是完全正确的 -- 而且也是有关整体存亡的问题。
justice:n.公平;公正;司法制度;审判; survival:n.幸存,残存;幸存者,残存物;
Which bring me full circle and points directly to the core issue, the over-production and over-consumption of meat and junk food. 我们回到问题的关键, 对于肉类和垃圾食品的过度制造和过度消耗。
directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就; to the core:到心;彻底;彻底地;透顶的; over-production:生产过剩; over-consumption:[经]消费过度;
As I said , 18 percent of greenhouse gases are attributed to livestock production. 就像我说的,百分之十八的温室气体 由畜牧业产生。
As I said:正如我所说的 attributed:v.归于(attribute的过去式,过去分词);属性化;
How much livestock do you need to produce this? 需要多少资源产生这些量呢？
70 percent of the agricultural land on earth. 地球上百分之七十的可耕种土地。
30 percent of the earth's land surface is directly or indirectly devoted to raising the animals we'll eat. 地表上百分之三十的面积都直接或间接地用在 饲养我们所吃的动物上。
indirectly:adv.间接地;不诚实;迂回地; devoted:adj.专心致志; v.献身; (devote的过去分词和过去式)
And this amount is predicted to double in the next 40 years or so. 在未来的40年左右的时间这个数字还将翻倍。
predicted:v.预言;预告;预报;(predict的过去分词和过去式)
And if the numbers coming in from China are anything like what they look like now, it's not going to be 40 years. 并且如果中国的数字 还和现在一样的话, 根本用不了40年的时间。
There is no good reason for eating as much meat as we do. 我们并没有足够的理由去吃那么多肉类。
And I say this as a man who has eaten a fair share of corned beef in his life. 我想说的是一个在一生中吃适量的谷物产生的牛肉的男人。
corned beef:n.(常为罐装的)咸牛肉;
The most common argument is that we need nutrients -- even though we eat, on average, twice as much protein as even the industry-obsessed USDA recommends . 最多的借口是我们需要汲取营养 -- 即便我们平均食用了两倍的 和工业紧密联系的美国农业部的建议摄入量。
nutrients:营养盐;[食品]营养素; recommends:v.推荐;介绍;劝告;建议;使受欢迎;(recommend的第三人称单数)
But listen -- experts who are serious about disease reduction recommend that adults eat just over half a pound of meat per week. 但是请听 -- 专注于减少疾病的专家们 建议成人每周吃半磅多一点的肉类。
reduction:n.减少;缩小;降低;减价;折扣;缩图;
What do you think we eat per day? Half a pound. 我们现在每天吃多少？半磅。
But don't we need meat to be big and strong? 但是难道我们不需要肉类来变得强壮吗？
Isn't meat-eating essential to health? 肉类对健康不是必需的吗？
meat-eating:adj.食肉的; essential:n.要点;要素;实质;必需品;adj.完全必要的;必不可少的;极其重要的;本质的;
Won't a diet heavy in fruit and vegetables turn us into godless , sissy , liberals ? 过多水果和蔬菜的饮食 会不会使我们变成无神论者,缺乏阳刚之气,自由论者？
godless:adj.不信神的,无神论者的;不敬神的; sissy:n.胆小鬼;胆小无用的男子;女人气的男人;adj.女人气的,娘娘腔的;柔弱的; liberals:n.自由主义者(liberal的复数);
(Laughter) （笑声）
Some of us might think that would be a good thing. 我们当中的有些人可能认为这会是一件好事情。
But, no, even if we were all steroid-filled football players, the answer is no. 但不是这样,即使我们都是需要激烈运动的橄榄球运动员, 答案也是否定的。
In fact, there's no diet on earth that meets basic nutritional needs that won't promote growth, and many will make you much healthier than ours does. 实际上,地球上没有任何饮食能够满足 基本的营养需求而不会有助于成长, 同时许多会使我们变得比现在更健康。
nutritional:adj.营养的;滋养的;
We don't eat animal products for sufficient nutrition, we eat them to have an odd form of malnutrition , and it's killing us. 我们并不需要动物制品来获得足够的营养, 我们过多食用它们只会变得营养不良,并且减少我们的寿命。
sufficient:adj.足够的;充分的; malnutrition:n.营养失调,营养不良;
To suggest that in the interests of personal and human health 建议为了个人和整个人类的健康
personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词;
Americans eat 50 percent less meat -- it's not enough of a cut, but it's a start. 美国人少吃一半的肉类 -- 这尽管并不是足够的削减,但是一个崭新的开始。
It would seem absurd , but that's exactly what should happen, and what progressive people, forward-thinking people should be doing and advocating , along with the corresponding increase in the consumption of plants. 尽管这看起来很荒唐,但这却真真切切是现在应该发生的事, 和激进的,前卫的人们 应当做和倡导的事, 和相应更多地食用植物。
absurd:adj.荒谬的;可笑的;n.荒诞;荒诞作品; advocating:v.拥护;支持;提倡;(advocate的现在分词) corresponding:adj.符合的; v.相一致; (correspond的现在分词)
I've been writing about food more or less omnivorously -- one might say indiscriminately -- for about 30 years. 我一直是比较随意地写些关于食物的文章 -- 就是这个样子 -- 大概有30年了。
more or less:或多或少; indiscriminately:adv.不加选择地;任意地;
During that time I've eaten and recommended eating just about everything. 在这其间, 我吃 并且建议吃几乎所有的东西时。
recommended:v.推荐;举荐;介绍;劝告;建议;(recommend的过去分词和过去式)
I'll never stop eating animals, I'm sure, but I do think that for the benefit of everyone, the time has come to stop raising them industrially and stop eating them thoughtlessly . 我确信我以后并不会停止吃动物食品, 但是我想为了每个人的利益, 现在是时候停止将动物产业化饲养 并且停止随意地食用它们。
for the benefit of:为…的利益; industrially:adv.企业(工业)地; thoughtlessly:adv.草率地,轻率的;
Ann Cooper's right. 安·库珀是正确的。
The USDA is not our ally here. 在这方面美国农业部并不是我们的同盟。
We have to take matters into our own hands, not only by advocating for a better diet for everyone -- and that's the hard part -- but by improving our own. 我们需要去自己把握, 不仅仅是向每个人提倡一种更好的饮食 -- 这是很困难的 -- 并且改善我们自己的饮食。
improving:v.改进;改善;(improve的现在分词)
And that happens to be quite easy. 这个可以很容易实现。
Less meat, less junk, more plants. 更少的肉类,垃圾食品,更多的植物。
It's a simple formula -- eat food. 这是一个很简单的准则 -- 吃食物。
formula:n.公式; adj.(赛车)方程式的(指赛车要符合规定的体积,重量及汽缸容量等);
Eat real food. 吃真正的食物。
We can continue to enjoy our food, and we continue to eat well, and we can eat even better. 我们可以继续去享受我们的食物,我们可以继续吃得很好, 甚至更好。
We can continue the search for the ingredients we love, and we can continue to spin yarns about our favorite meals. 我们可以继续寻找我们喜爱的成分, 并且我们可以讲关于我们喜爱的食物的故事。
yarns:n.[纺]纱线;故事(yarn的复数形式);v.用纱线缠(yarn的第三人称单数形式);
We'll reduce not only calories, but our carbon footprint . 我们减少的不仅是卡路里,而且是碳的痕迹。
footprint:n.足迹;脚印;
We can make food more important, not less, and save ourselves by doing so. 我们可以使食物变得更加重要,而不是贬值 并且通过这种行为拯救我们自己。
We have to choose that path. 我们必须要选择这条道路
Thank you. 谢谢。