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MarianneSchwarz_Migraines_2020E-_偏头痛的成因是什么？_-
A throbbing , pounding headache. 抽痛的、剧烈的头痛。
Bright zigzagging lines across your field of vision . 明亮的之字形线条划过你的视野。
Sensitivity to light, lingering fatigue , disrupted sleep. 对光敏感、疲劳感挥之不去、 睡眠出现障碍。
A migraine can include any of these symptoms . 偏头痛可能包括上述任何症状。
throbbing:n.跳动;阵阵的疼痛;v.抽动;跳动,搏动;(throb的现在分词) zigzagging:n.之字形运动;锯齿形运动;v.成之字形(zigzag现在分词); field of vision:n.视野; Sensitivity:n.敏感;敏感性;过敏; lingering:adj.拖延的; v.继续存留; (linger的现在分词) fatigue:n.疲劳;劳累;厌倦;(金属或木材的)疲劳;v.疲劳;使疲乏;(士兵)担任杂役; disrupted:破坏;使瓦解;使分裂;使中断;使陷于混乱(disrupt的过去分词形式); migraine:n.[内科]偏头痛; symptoms:n.症状;征候;征兆;(symptom的复数)
While an incapacitating headache is one of the most common experiences of migraine, the word “headache” doesn’t really capture the wide array of experiences a migraine can entail . 虽说令人虚弱无力的头痛 是偏头痛最常见的体验之一, 但“头痛”这一词并不能真正概括 偏头痛可能带来的各式体验。
No two are alike, and some don’t even involve a headache. 没有哪两种是相同的, 有些甚至不涉及头痛。
So what then is a migraine? What’s happening in the brain to cause it? 那么偏头痛究竟是什么？ 大脑中发生了什么导致了偏头痛？
To trace a migraine’s anatomy , we have to begin in the days and hours leading up to a migraine, when people often identify warning signs ranging from fatigue or mood changes, to bursts of yawning , sleep disruption , nausea , light and sound sensitivity, or even increased thirst. 要想追踪偏头痛的解剖学原理, 我们必须回溯到 偏头痛发作前的几天或几小时, 此时人们常常能辨别出预警信号, 从疲劳、情绪变化, 到一阵阵打哈欠、睡眠紊乱、恶心、 对光和声音敏感,甚至口渴加剧。
incapacitating:vt.使无能力;使不能;使不适于; capture:v.俘虏;捕获;攻占;夺得;刻画,描述;n.(被)捕获;(被)俘获 array:n.数组,阵列;排列,列阵;大批,一系列;衣服;v.排列,部署;打扮; entail:vt.使需要,必需;承担;遗传给;蕴含;n.引起;需要;继承; involve:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加; trace:追溯,追踪 anatomy:n.解剖;解剖学;剖析;解析; identify:v.识别:鉴定:确认:发现: mood:n.情绪,语气;心境;气氛; bursts:[天]爆发;破裂(burst的第三人称单数); yawning:v.打哈欠;非常宽;难以逾越;(yawn的现在分词) disruption:n.破坏,毁坏;分裂,瓦解; nausea:n.恶心,晕船;极端的憎恶;
These warning signs point to a particular part of the brain: the hypothalamus . 这些预警信号都指向了 大脑中的某个特定区域: 下丘脑。
The hypothalamus normally controls the systems behind these symptoms— our body’s internal hormonal balances, circadian rhythms and water regulation . 下丘脑通常控制 这些症状背后的系统—— 我们身体的内部激素平衡、 昼夜节律和水调节。
It has wide connections throughout the brain, and is more active than usual in the days before migraine. 它和整个大脑各个区域 都有广泛的连接, 在偏头痛发作前几天 下丘脑比平常更为活跃。
hypothalamus:n.[解剖]下丘脑; normally:adv.正常地;通常地,一般地; internal:n.内脏;本质;adj.内部的;里面的;体内的;(机构)内部的; hormonal:adj.荷尔蒙的,激素的; circadian:adj.生理节奏的(指与地球二十四小时运转联系的新陈代谢,内分泌作用及睡眠等节奏有关的); rhythms:韵律; regulation:n.规则;法规;控制;规章制度;adj.规定的;必须穿戴的;必须使用的; throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及;
Another common warning sign is the migraine aura , which can take the form of transient visual changes, tingling , or even trouble speaking. 另一个常见的预警信号 是偏头痛先兆, 它可以是短暂的视觉变化、 刺痛感,甚至言语困难。
These sensations come from a change in charge across cell membranes that leads to spreading changes in brain activity and blood flow across the brain. 这些感觉来源于细胞膜电位的变化, 导致脑活动和血流的变化 在大脑中扩散。
We don't know what triggers this change in charge, but it can spread quickly over the surface of the brain, causing different aura symptoms depending on the affected area. 我们不知道是什么触发了电位变化, 但它能快速在大脑表面传播, 根据影响区域的不同, 引起不同先兆症状。
aura:n.光环;气氛;(中风等的)预兆;气味; transient:adj.短暂的;转瞬即逝的;倏忽的;暂住的;n.暂住某地的人;过往旅客;临时工; visual:adj.视觉的,视力的;栩栩如生的; tingling:v.感到刺痛;强烈地感到;(tingle的现在分词) sensations:n.感觉;轰动;感动; membranes:n.细胞膜(membrane的复数);薄膜;膜皮; triggers:n.[电子]触发器;触发物(trigger的复数);v.引起(trigger的单三形式);引爆;
If it inches over the visual cortex , for example, it may cause an image or blind spot to spread over the visual field . 例如,如果它侵入了视觉皮层, 它就有可能导致 图像或盲点在视野内扩散。
During the headache phase , the trigeminal nerve plays a key role. 在头痛阶段, 三叉神经起到了关键作用。
The trigeminal nerve normally transmits touch, temperature, and other sensations from the skin to most of the face, part of the scalp , and some of the blood vessels and layers covering the cerebral cortex. 三叉神经一般会传递 来自大部分脸部皮肤、部分头皮、 以及覆盖大脑皮层的 一些血管和膜层的
cortex:n.[解剖]皮质;树皮;果皮; blind spot:n.视线盲区(尤指车辆驾驶员看不见的路段);无视;没有认识; spread over:传遍,延续;遍布于…; visual field:na.视野; phase:n.阶段;时期;月相;(月亮的)盈亏;v.分阶段进行;逐步做; trigeminal:n.三叉神经;adj.三叉神经的; nerve:n.神经;勇气;神经质;神经紧张;v.鼓足勇气;振作精神; transmits:v.传送;发射;播送;传播;传染;(transmit的第三人称单数) scalp:n.头皮;带发头皮;标志;v.(作为战利品,从被杀的敌人头上)剥下带发头皮; vessels:n.血管(vessel的复数);船舶;容器; layers:n.层;表层;层次;阶层;v.把…分层堆放;(layer的第三人称单数和复数) cerebral:adj.大脑的,脑的;
Once activated , the trigeminal nerve transmits pain signals. 一旦被激活, 三叉神经会传递痛觉信号。
During a migraine, this pain pathway becomes sensitized , meaning the threshold for provoking pain is lowered. 当偏头痛发作时, 这个痛觉通路会变得敏感化, 意思是能触发痛觉的阈值下降了。
Sensations that would usually be pain-free, such as coughing, bending over, or light and sound, can become painful . 那些平时不会疼痛的感觉, 比如咳嗽、弯腰,或者声和光, 都有可能变得让人疼痛。
activated:v.使活动;激活;使活化;(activate的过去式和过去分词) pathway:n.路,道;途径,路径; sensitized:v.使敏感;使意识到;使(对…)过敏;(sensitize的过去分词和过去式) threshold:n.入口;门槛;开始;极限;临界值; provoking:adj.刺激的;令人生气的,激怒人的;v.激怒;挑拨;诱发(provoke的ing形式); painful:adj.痛苦的;疼痛的;令人不快的;
Migraines are as common as they are diverse , affecting as many as 33% of women and 13% of men in their lifetimes. 偏头痛不仅多样,还很常见, 多达 33% 的女性和 13% 的男性 在一生中会受到偏头痛的困扰。
Still, there’s much we don’t know about them. 尽管如此,我们对偏头痛 仍然知之甚少。
We can see that migraine is a neurological disorder affecting multiple parts of the brain— the brainstem , cerebral hemispheres , and the nerves themselves. 我们知道偏头痛是一种神经系统疾病, 影响了大脑的多个部分—— 脑干、大脑半球,还有神经本身。
Migraines:n.[内科]偏头痛(migraine复数); diverse:adj.不同的;多种多样的;变化多的; neurological:adj.神经病学的,神经学上的; disorder:n.混乱;骚乱;vt.使失调;扰乱; multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; brainstem:n.[解剖]脑干; hemispheres:n.[天]半球(hemisphere的复数形式); nerves:n.神经;神经紧张;勇气;v.鼓足勇气;振作精神;(nerve的第三人称单数和复数)
But we don't know for sure what exactly triggers each step, why some people get migraines and not others, why so many more women do than men, or why people’s migraine patterns sometimes change over their lifetimes. 但我们并不确切知道 每一步究竟是由什么触发的, 为什么有的人会患上偏头痛, 而别人却不会受其所扰, 为什么女性患者比男性多了这么多, 为什么患者的偏头痛模式 有时会随着年龄增长发生变化。
Hormonal fluctuations are thought to have a role in some of these things: some women experience a significant reduction in migraine frequency after menopause , when sex hormone fluctuations are fewer. 激素水平波动被认为 与其中一些问题有关: 更年期之后,性激素的波动减少, 有些女性的偏头痛频率也会大幅下降。
Meanwhile , just before menopause, these fluctuations increase, and some women experience worsening or new headaches. 同时,在更年期之前, 这些激素波动会增加, 有些女性的头痛症状会加重, 或出现新的头痛。
People with migraines are more likely to suffer from depression , panic disorder, sleep disorders , and strokes , among other illnesses. 有偏头痛的人更有可能患上抑郁症、 恐慌症、睡眠障碍、中风等疾病。
fluctuations:n.[物]波动(fluctuation的复数);变动;起伏现象; significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物; reduction:n.减少;缩小;降低;减价;折扣;缩图; frequency:n.频率;发生率;重复率;频繁; menopause:n.更年期;活动终止期; hormone:n.[生理]激素,荷尔蒙; Meanwhile:adv.同时,其间;n.其间,其时; worsening:n.恶化;变坏;adj.日益恶化的;v.恶化(worsen的ing形式);使变得更坏; depression:n.沮丧;洼地;不景气;忧愁; panic:adj.恐慌的;n.惊恐;恐慌;惶恐不安;v.惊慌失措; disorders:n.无秩序,混乱; v.[电子]扰乱(disorder的单三形式); strokes:n.中风; v.轻抚; (stroke的第三人称单数和复数)
The relationship with these diseases is likely complex , possibly reflecting the effect of migraine on those diseases or vice versa , or reflecting their shared genetic basis. 偏头痛与这些疾病的关系可能很复杂, 或许反映了偏头痛 对这些疾病的影响,反之亦然; 或者反映了它们共同的遗传基础。
Genetics almost certainly play a role, although with a few exceptions, there’s no single gene that causes migraines. 虽然存在少数例外, 遗传几乎肯定起了一定作用。 导致偏头痛的并不是单一的基因。
Certain genes control how easily our brains’ neurons are excited by environmental stimuli and how readily they transmit painful signals. 有些基因能控制我们大脑的神经元 有多容易被环境刺激激活、 能多轻易地传递痛觉信号。
diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; reflecting:v.反映;映出(影像);反射;显示,表明,表达;(reflect的现在分词) vice versa:反之亦然; genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的; Genetics:n.遗传学; genes:n.基因;(gene的复数) stimuli:n.刺激;刺激物;促进因素(stimulus的复数); readily:adv.容易地;乐意地;无困难地;
It’s possible that the neurons in the brains of people who experience migraines are more easily triggered by environmental stimuli and less likely to block painful signals. 患有偏头痛的人脑中的神经元 可能更容易被环境刺激激发, 且更不容易阻断痛觉信号。
While there’s no simple way to explain what happens in our brains with this complex disorder, one thing is for sure: migraine is much more than a headache. 虽然没有简单的办法可以解释 这个复杂的疾病 让我们大脑里发生了什么, 但有一点是肯定的: 偏头痛远远不只是头痛。
triggered:v.发动;引起;触发;开动;起动;(trigger的过去分词和过去式)