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MarianaMazzucato_2013G-_政府－投资家、冒险家、革新家_
Have you ever asked yourselves why it is that companies, the really cool companies, the innovative ones, the creative , new economy-type companies -- 在座的各位有没有问过自己, 为什么那些 很酷的公司, 那些有创意、懂创新的 新经济型的公司 — —
innovative:adj.革新的,创新的; creative:adj.创造性的;
Apple, Google , Facebook -- are coming out of one particular country, the United States of America ? 苹果、 谷歌、脸书— — 都来自同一个国家 美国呢？
Google:谷歌;谷歌搜索引擎; United States of America:un.美利坚合众国;
Usually when I say this, someone says, " Spotify ! 通常当我谈到这一点时,有人会说, Spotify ！“（瑞典的提供免费音乐试听的公司）
Spotify:音乐播放器;音乐服务网站;
That's Europe." But, yeah. 那是欧洲的公司。确实是的。
It has not had the impact that these other companies have had. 但这个公司远没有我提到的那几个美国公司的影响力。
impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响;
Now what I do is I'm an economist, and I actually study the relationship between innovation and economic growth at the level of the company, the industry and the nation, and I work with policymakers worldwide , especially in the European Commission , 我是一名经济学家, 我所研究的是 在公司、 行业和国家层面上 创新和经济增长之间的关系。 我与各国的政策制定者合作。 特别是为欧盟委员会工作,
innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法; economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; policymakers:n.决策人;(policymaker的复数) worldwide:adj.全世界的;adv.在世界各地; especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; European Commission:n.欧盟委员会;
but recently also in interesting places like China, and I can tell you that that question is on the tip of all of their tongues: 最近也为一些生机盎然的国家比如中国工作。 我可以告诉你,我一开始问的那一问题 都曾从他们的舌尖上流出来过,
recently:adv.最近;新近; tip:n.小窍门,小费;v.给…小费;使倾斜;
Where are the European Googles ? 欧洲谷歌在哪里？
Googles:n.[网]谷歌; v.[网]用谷歌搜索; (Google的第三人称单数)
What is the secret behind the Silicon Valley growth model, which they understand is different from this old economy growth model? 硅谷经济增长模式背后的秘密是什么？ 他们的做法和 旧的经济增长模式的不同之处何在？
Silicon Valley:n.硅谷(美国加利福尼亚州一处计算机和电子公司聚集地,有时用以指任何计算机公司聚集地); economy:n.经济;节约;理财;
And what is interesting is that often, even if we're in the 21st century, we kind of come down in the end to these ideas of market versus state. 有趣的是,通常来讲, 即使我们现在处在 21 世纪, 我们会得出这样的结论,那就是 市场对抗国家。
versus:prep.对;与...相对;对抗;
It's talked about in these modern ways, but the idea is that somehow , behind places like Silicon Valley, the secret have been different types of market-making mechanisms , the private initiative , whether this be about a dynamic venture capital sector 这被认为是现代（市场运营）方式。 但是这种想法却和硅谷等地的背后秘密有所不同, 硅谷有不同的市场开拓机制。 私人动议,不管这个动议是否 属于动态风险投资范畴,
somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地; mechanisms:n.机制;[机]机构(mechanism的复数);机械;[机]机构学; initiative:n.倡议;主动性;积极性;主动权;adj.起始的; dynamic:n.动力; adj.充满活力的; venture capital:风险投资;
that's actually able to provide that high-risk finance to these innovative companies, the gazelles as we often call them, which traditional banks are scared of , or different types of really successful 这些创新型公司都实际上 能够得到高风险融资。 被我们称为“羚羊企业”的这些领军公司所需要的融资 是那些传统银行所害怕接手的。 另外,不同类型的一些颇有成效的
high-risk:adj.高危险度的; finance:n.财政,财政学;金融;v.负担经费,供给…经费; gazelles:n.羚羊;(gazelle的复数) traditional:传统的,惯例的, are scared of:害怕...
commercialization policies which actually allow these companies to bring these great inventions, their products, to the market and actually get over this really scary Death Valley period in which many companies instead fail. 商业化政策实际上允许这些公司 把他们绝妙的发明、他们的产品 直接推向市场,实际上得以 安然度过被称为“可怕死亡谷”的时期。 其他的很多公司却在这个时期一败涂地。
commercialization:n.商品化,商业化; policies:n.政策;方针;原则;为人之道;保险单(policy的复数)
But what really interests me, especially nowadays and because of what's happening politically around the world, is the language that's used, the narrative , the discourse , the images , the actual words. 特别是现在, 源于世界上的政治动向, 真正让我感兴趣的是(商业中）使用的语言、叙述方法、 话语、 图像和实际使用的词汇。
politically:adv.政治上; narrative:n.叙述;故事;讲述;adj.叙事的,叙述的;叙事体的; discourse:n.论述;谈话;演讲;vi.演说;谈论;讲述;vt.说出;演奏出; images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数)
So we often are presented with the kind of words like that the private sector is also much more innovative because it's able to think out of the box. 所以我们常常听到 诸如私营部门之类的词汇 都是更有新意的,因为它能 跳出惯常的思维,
private sector:n.(国家经济的)私营部分; think out:解决;仔细考虑;发现;
They are more dynamic. 他们更有活力。
Think of Steve Jobs' really inspirational speech to the 2005 graduating class at Stanford, where he said to be innovative, you've got to stay hungry, stay foolish. 让我们回想史蒂夫 · 乔布斯 于2005年在斯坦福大学给毕业生做的演讲。 他当时说: 一个人要创新, 就需要保持求知欲,不断地去试错。
inspirational:adj.鼓舞人心的;带有灵感的,给予灵感的;
Right? So these guys are kind of the hungry and foolish and colorful guys, right? 对吧？这些人都是些如饥似渴、 懵懵懂懂又个性鲜明的家伙,对吧？
And in places like Europe, it might be more equitable , we might even be a bit better dressed and eat better than the U.S., but the problem is this damn public sector . 在像欧洲这样的地方 社会更公平, 我们甚至被美国人穿得更讲究, 吃得更可口。 但问题在于这些讨厌的公共部门。
equitable:adj.公平的,公正的;平衡法的; damn:v.谴责;该死;n.诅咒;adj.可恶的; public sector:n.公营部门;公共部门;
It's a bit too big, and it hasn't actually allowed these things like dynamic venture capital and commercialization to actually be able to really be as fruitful as it could. 这些部门有些太庞大了,它实际上没法让 像动态风险资本 和商业化这样能够结出 商业硕果的事物存在。
fruitful:adj.富有成效的;多产的;果实结得多的;
And even really respectable newspapers, some that I'm actually subscribed to, the words they use are, you know, the state as this Leviathan . Right? 即使那些很受人推崇的报纸, 有些我正在订阅的报纸, 你知道,他们把 美国形容成“利维坦”。对吧？ 【译注:利维坦是霍布斯的同名政治哲学著作里虚构出来的庞然大物】
respectable:adj.值得尊敬的;人格高尚的;相当数量的;n.可敬的人; subscribed:v.定期订购(或订阅等); (subscribe的过去式和过去分词) Leviathan:n.海中怪兽;庞然大物;巨轮;
This monster with big tentacles . 有着巨大触角的怪兽。
monster:n.怪物;恶魔;庞然大物;adj.巨大的; tentacles:n.[动]触手;[动]触须(tentacle的复数);
They're very explicit in these editorials . 他们在他们的社论里非常明确地这样说。
explicit:adj.明确的;清楚的;直率的;详述的; editorials:n.社论;述评(editorial的复数);
They say, "You know, the state, it's necessary to fix these little market failures when you have public goods or different types of negative externalities like pollution, but you know what, what is the next big revolution going to be after the Internet? 他们说, 你知道,美国有必要 去修复这些小小的市场失灵。 当你拥有公共物资 或那些负面的外部因素比如污染时。 你知道吗,在互联网之后 下一次科技革命是什么吗？
negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝; externalities:n.外部性;外部效应;
We all hope it might be something green, or all of this nanotech stuff , and in order for that stuff to happen," they say -- this was a special issue on the next industrial revolution -- they say, "the state, just stick to the basics, right? 我们都希望它可能是一场绿色的革命。 或者是与纳米技术有关的革命,为了让新科技革命成为可能, 他们说 — 这是关于下一次工业革命的特殊议题 — — 他们说, 国家就是要专注于基础建设,对吧？
nanotech:纳米技术;纳米科技; stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本: issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行; industrial revolution:n.工业革命;
Fund the infrastructure . Fund the schools. 给基础设施和学校建设投资。
Fund:n.基金;资金;存款;v.投资;资助; infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造;
Even fund the basic research, because this is popularly recognized , in fact, as a big public good which private companies don't want to invest in, do that, but you know what? 也给基础科学研究投资,因为这是 得到共识的。事实上,私营公司不想为 大型的公共设施投资。 这是国家需要做的,你知道吗？
popularly:adv.流行地;通俗地;普及地;大众地; recognized:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;(recognize的过去分词和过去式) invest:v.投资;(把资金)投入;投入(时间、精力等);授予;
Leave the rest to the revolutionaries ." 然后把剩下的（市场）留给革新者 。
revolutionaries:n.改革者;革命者;(revolutionary的复数)
Those colorful, out-of-the-box kind of thinkers. 那些个性鲜明、不拘一格的革新家,
out-of-the-box:adj.拆盒即可使用的;开箱即用的;
They're often called garage tinkerers , because some of them actually did some things in garages , even though that's partly a myth . 通常被称为车库工匠, 他们中有些人确实是在车库里工作的, 这些故事都被传成神话了。
tinkerers:机械能手;思想者们; garages:n.车库;汽车修理厂;飞机库;vt.把…送入车库; myth:n.神话;虚构的人,虚构的事;
And so what I want to do with you in, oh God, only 10 minutes, is to really think again this juxtaposition , because it actually has massive , massive implications beyond innovation policy, which just happens to be the area that I often talk with with policymakers. 所以我想和你们讲的是,天哪, 只剩10 分钟了！ （我要讲的）是我们要再考量（国家和市场的）并行。 因为这种并行有非常非常巨大的影响力, 超越于某些与我合作的决策者 所在地区的 创新政策之上。
juxtaposition:n.并置,并列;毗邻; massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的; implications:n.蕴涵式;暗指,暗示;含蓄,含意;卷入(implication的复数);
It has huge implications, even with this whole notion that we have on where, when and why we should actually be cutting back on public spending and different types of public services which, of course, as we know, are increasingly being outsourced because of this juxtaposition. 它有非常巨大的影响,甚至影响到整个国家 对我们在何时、何地、为何 要削减公共开支 和其他公共服务部门的开支的决策。 我们知道,正是由于这种并行,一些公共服务部门的工作 已经被更多的外包出去了。
notion:n.观念;信念;理解; increasingly:adv.越来越多地;渐增地; outsourced:v.交外办理;外购;(outsource的过去分词和过去式)
Right? I mean, the reason that we need to maybe have free schools or charter schools is in order to make them more innovative without being emburdened by this heavy hand of the state curriculum , or something. 对吧？我是说,我们需要有公立学校或特许学校 通过国民必修课程等的重拳出击 无后顾之忧地把孩子们培养成为创新型人才。
charter:n.章程; v.包租(飞机、船等); curriculum:n.课程;总课程;
So these kind of words are constantly , these juxtapositions come up everywhere, not just with innovation policy. 所以这些词汇的出现都是有一致性的, 不仅与创新政策有关, 这种并行简直无处不在。
constantly:adv.不断地;时常地; juxtapositions:n.并置,并列;毗邻;
And so to think again, there's no reason that you should believe me, so just think of some of the smartest revolutionary things that you have in your pockets and do not turn it on, but you might want to take it out, your iPhone. 所以,再回过头来想, 你们不需要相信我, 就想想你口袋里的一些最绝妙的 革新产品吧。 不要打开开关哟。你就拿出来看看你的iPhone吧。
revolutionary:adj.革命性的;革命的;彻底变革的;n.改革者;革命者;
Ask who actually funded the really cool, revolutionary thinking-out-of-the-box things in the iPhone. 你会问到底是谁给iPhone那些非常酷的 革新性、突破性的 技术投资的。
funded:adj.提供资金的;v.提供资金;积存;提供资金偿付的本息;(fund的过去式);
What actually makes your phone a smartphone , basically , instead of a stupid phone? 到底是什么让你的电话 基本上成了智能手机,而不仅仅是一个粗劣的手机呢？
smartphone:n.智能手机; basically:adv.主要地,基本上;
So the Internet, which you can surf the web anywhere you are in the world; 通过互联网,你可以在世界上的 任何地方上网冲浪。
surf:v.冲浪;进行冲浪运动;(互联网上)浏览;n.激浪;拍岸浪花;
GPS, where you can actually know where you are anywhere in the world; the touchscreen display , which makes it also a really easy-to-use phone for anybody. 通过GPS,你可以明确地知道 自己在世界的某个地方。 自己在世界的某个地方。 任何人都可以轻松学会使用的手机。
touchscreen:n.触摸屏; display:n.显示;炫耀;vt.显示;表现;陈列;vi.[动]作炫耀行为;adj.展览的;陈列用的; easy-to-use:adj.易用的;好用的;
These are the very smart, revolutionary bits about the iPhone, and they're all government-funded . iPhone的这些非常巧妙的、革新性的部分 其实全部都是由政府资助的。
government-funded:政府资助的;
And the point is that the Internet was funded by DARPA, U.S. Department of Defense. 就是说,互联网是由 DARPA美国国防部资助的。
GPS was funded by the military's Navstar program. 全球定位系统（GPS) 是由军方的 Navstar项目出资的。
Even Siri was actually funded by DARPA. 甚至语音控制功能(Siri) 都实际上是由 DARPA资助的。
Siri:n.iPhone4S上的语音控制功能;
The touchscreen display was funded by two public grants by the CIA and the NSF to two public university researchers at the University of Delaware . 触屏显示是 由两个国家部门:中情局（CIA)和国家科学基金会（NSF） 资助美公立大学特拉华大学的两位科研人员而开发出来的。
grants:n.补助金; v.[专利]授予; Delaware:n.特拉华州(位于美国东部);
Now, you might be thinking, "Well, she's just said the word 'defense' and 'military' an awful lot," 现在,您会想, 好吧,她只不过是讲了好几遍的 *国防* 和 *军事* 什么的。
but what's really interesting is that this is actually true in sector after sector and department after department. 有趣的是,这些都是事实。 就是由国家的一个又一个的部门,一个又一个的直属单位来做的。
So the pharmaceutical industry, which I am personally very interested in because I've actually had the fortune to study it in quite some depth, is wonderful to be asking this question 我个人对制药业非常感兴趣。 因为我有幸比较 深入地研究了这一行。 一个很有趣的问题是关于
pharmaceutical:adj.制药(学)的;n.药物; personally:adv.个人;亲自;本人;就本人而言; fortune:n.财富;命运;运气;v.给予财富,偶然发生
about the revolutionary versus non-revolutionary bits, because each and every medicine can actually be divided up on whether it really is revolutionary or incremental . 革新型和非革新型药物的。 因为每种药物都实际上可以 被分为革新型或者改进型。
incremental:adj.增加的,增值的;
So the new molecular entities with priority rating are the revolutionary new drugs, whereas the slight variations of existing drugs -- 有优先评级的新分子实体药物 是革新型药物。 而对原有药物进行细微改进的— —
molecular:adj.[化学]分子的;由分子组成的; entities:n.实体;存在(entity的复数形式);字符实体; priority:n.优先;优先权;[数]优先次序;优先考虑的事; whereas:conj.然而;鉴于;反之; slight:adj.轻微的;略微的;细小的;纤细的;n.侮慢;冷落;轻视;v.侮慢;冷落;轻视; variations:n.变奏曲,变更;[生物]变种(variation的复数形式);
Viagra , different color, different dosage -- are the less revolutionary ones. 比如伟哥,改变药物颜色、 改变药物剂量 — — 这就属于非革新型药物了。
Viagra:n.伟哥(一种治疗阳痿的药,壮阳药);万艾可; dosage:n.剂量,用量;
And it turns out that a full 75 percent of the new molecular entities with priority rating are actually funded in boring , Kafkian public sector labs . 结果呢,75%的 有优先评级的新分子实体 都实际上是由,老掉牙的Kafkian 公共部门实验室提供资金。
boring:adj.无聊的;令人厌烦的;n.钻孔;v.使厌烦;钻孔;(bore的现在分词) labs:n.实验室;实验大楼;(lab的复数)
This doesn't mean that Big Pharma is not spending on innovation. 这并不意味着大型制药公司不把钱花费在创新上。
They do. They spend on the marketing part. 他们也这样做。他们也往市场营销这一部分投钱。
They spend on the D part of R&D. 他们只是花钱用于开发市场。
They spend an awful lot on buying back their stock , which is quite problematic . 他们花费相当多的资金来购回自己的股票, 这是很成问题的。
stock:n.股票; v.库存; adj.老一套的; problematic:adj.问题的;有疑问的;不确定的;
In fact, companies like Pfizer and Amgen recently have spent more money in buying back their shares to boost their stock price than on R&D, but that's a whole different TED Talk which one day 事实上,辉瑞和安进这样的大公司最近 为了抬高他们的股票价格,花在购买他们自家股票的资金 远远超过他们花在研发方面的资金。 这涉及了一个完全不同的 TED 演讲主题,
boost:n.提高;增长;帮助;激励;v.使增长;使兴旺;偷窃;
I'd be fascinated to tell you about. 有一天我会很高兴讲给你们听的。
Now, what's interesting in all of this is the state, in all these examples, was doing so much more than just fixing market failures. 现在,在所有新研发的例子里,最有趣的是, 美国这个国家, 所做的要比单纯修复市场失灵多得多。
It was actually shaping and creating markets. 它实际上是在塑造和创造市场。
It was funding not only the basic research, which again is a typical public good, but even the applied research. 它不仅给基本研究投资, 那是典型的公共利益。 它而且给应用研究投资。
funding:n.基金;资金;提供资金;v.为…提供资金;拨款给;(fund的现在分词) typical:adj.典型的;特有的;象征性的; applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式)
It was even, God forbid , being a venture capitalist . 上帝保佑吧,它甚至成了风险资本家（给风险企业投资）。
forbid:v.禁止;不准;不允许;(正式)严禁; capitalist:n.资本家;资本主义者;adj.资本主义的;资本家的;
So these SBIR and SDTR programs, which give small companies early-stage finance have not only been extremely important compared to private venture capital, but also have become increasingly important. 这些小型企业研发资金项目（SBIR和SDTR) 给小型公司提供早期的财政支持。 跟私人风险资本来投资比起来, 对于小企业这是非常非常重要的。 而且变得越来越重要。
extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词)
Why? Because, as many of us know, 为什么呢？因为,我们很多人都知道,
V.C. is actually quite short-term . 私人风险投资实际上是相当短期的行为。
short-term:adj.短期的;
They want their returns in three to five years. 他们想在三至五年内得到回报。
Innovation takes a much longer time than that, 15 to 20 years. 可是创新需要比那更长的时间, 通常要15 到 20 年。
And so this whole notion -- I mean, this is the point, right? 这就是整个的概念 — — 我是说,这是重点,对吧？
Who's actually funding the hard stuff? 谁实际上在给研发难题提供资金？
Of course, it's not just the state. 当然,不仅仅是国家政府。
The private sector does a lot. 私营部门也做了很多。
But the narrative that we've always been told is the state is important for the basics, but not really providing that sort of high-risk, revolutionary thinking out of the box. 但是事实总是告诉我们 国家对于奠定研发的基础非常重要。 但是它并不是那种高风险的 革新性创意本身。
In all these sectors , from funding the Internet to doing the spending, but also the envisioning , the strategic vision, for these investments , it was actually coming within the state. 所有这些公共部门,他们从资助互联网 到负担期间的花费。他们甚至提供预想阶段和 战略设想阶段的资金支持。 这些资金实际上都是来自于国家政府。
sectors:n.部门; v.把…划成扇形; envisioning:想像,展望(envision的现在分词); strategic:adj.战略上的,战略的; investments:n.[经]投资,投资的财产;投资学;(investment的复数)
The nanotechnology sector is actually fascinating to study this, because the word itself, nanotechnology, came from within government. 纳米技术部门（的科研人员）很醉心于 这项研究。而纳米技术这个词汇本身 就是政府部门给起的。
nanotechnology:n.纳米技术; fascinating:adj.极有吸引力的;迷人的;v.深深吸引;迷住;(fascinate的现在分词)
And so there's huge implications of this. 它当然会带来巨大的影响。
First of all , of course I'm not someone, this old-fashioned person, market versus state. 首先,当然我不是那些, 守旧的认为“国家对抗市场”的人。
First of all:adv.首先; old-fashioned:adj.老式的;过时的;守旧的;
What we all know in dynamic capitalism is that what we actually need are public-private partnerships . 我们对动态资本主义的理解就是 我们确实需要“公共与私人”这样的伙伴关系。
capitalism:n.资本主义; partnerships:n.伙伴关系;合伙;(partnership的复数)
But the point is, by constantly depicting the state part as necessary but actually -- pffff -- a bit boring and often a bit dangerous kind of Leviathan, 但问题是,政府部门通常被描述成 一个必要的存在, 但实际上 — —噗 — — 有点呆板 一个通常会带来危险的利维坦。
depicting:v.描绘;描画;描写;描述;刻画(depict的现在分词)
I think we've actually really stunted the possibility to build these public-private partnerships in a really dynamic way. 我想我们真的在阻碍, 以一种真正动态的方式 去建立“公共-私人”伙伴关系的可能性。
stunted:adj.发育不良的; v.阻碍…发展(stunt的过去式及过去分词形式);
Even the words that we often use to justify the "P" part, the public part -- well, they're both P's -- with public-private partnerships is in terms of de-risking. 我们经常为“P 部分辩解, 公共（public)部分— — 其实,如果说到去风险化, 这可是两个 P — — 公共（public)-私人(private)伙伴关系。
justify:v.证明合法;整理版面;替…辩护;
What the public sector did in all these examples 在我给大家的讲的这些例子里,以及其他更多的领域里
I just gave you, and there's many more, which myself and other colleagues have been looking at, is doing much more than de-risking. 公共部门的作用 是我和其他的同事都很关心的。 公共部门的作用不仅仅是去风险化这一点作用。
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数);
It's kind of been taking on that risk. Bring it on. 公共部门也在承担风险,勇往直前。
It's actually been the one thinking out of the box. 它实际上也成了创新科技的一部分。
But also, I'm sure you all have had experience with local, regional , national governments, and you're kind of like, "You know what, that Kafkian bureaucrat , I've met him." 但同时,我确定你们都和 地方级、 区域级以及国家级的政府打过交道。 你会说, 你知道吧,我见过那个卡夫卡式的官僚。“
regional:adj.地区的;局部的;整个地区的; bureaucrat:n.官僚;官僚主义者;
That whole juxtaposition thing, it's kind of there. 整个（国家与市场）并行的关系其实一直都有的。
Well, there's a self-fulfilling prophecy . 那么,有个自我实现的预言
self-fulfilling:adj.实现自己抱负的,自我实现的; prophecy:n.预言;预言书;预言能力;
By talking about the state as kind of irrelevant , boring, it's sometimes that we actually create those organizations in that way. 是在讲国家是不相干的, 呆板的。有的时候 是我们自己把这些组织机构搞成这个样子的。
irrelevant:adj.不相干的;不切题的; organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构;
So what we have to actually do is build these entrepreneurial state organizations. 所以我们现在要做的就是 把这些国家政府机构建成创业型机构。
entrepreneurial:adj.企业家的,创业者的;中间商的;
DARPA, that funded the Internet and Siri, actually thought really hard about this, how to welcome failure, because you will fail. 资助互联网和语音控制系统(Siri)的美国国防部高级研究计划局（英文简称是DARPA） 实际上对风险投资深思熟虑过, 如何迎接失败呢,因为你总会有失败的。
You will fail when you innovative. 你如果勇于创新,肯定有失败的时候。
One out of 10 experiments has any success. 10次实验中的一次也许会有成功。
And the V.C. guys know this, and they're able to actually fund the other losses from that one success. 搞风险投资的人当然知道这些。 他们其实愿意为那些有过一次成功的 失败者提供资金。
And this brings me, actually, probably, to the biggest implication, and this has huge implications beyond innovation. 而这实际上让我觉得 有非常大的意义。 这个意义已经超过了创新科技的巨大影响。
If the state is more than just a market fixer , if it actually is a market shaper , and in doing that has had to take on this massive risk, what happened to the reward ? 国家政府不仅仅有市场修复的功能, 而且有塑造市场的功能。 因此,政府需要在创新科技上冒大险 那么回报是什么呢？
fixer:n.固定器;[摄]定影剂;毒贩子;调停者; shaper:n.[电子]整形器,脉冲整形器;[机]牛头刨床;造型者;塑造者; reward:n.[劳经]报酬;报答;酬谢;v.[劳经]奖励;奖赏;
We all know, if you've ever taken a finance course, the first thing you're taught is sort of the risk-reward relationship, and so some people are foolish enough 如果你学过金融课,你会知道 你学到的第一课就大概是风险与回报的关系, 因此有些人愚蠢至极
risk-reward:风险补偿;风险回报;
or probably smart enough if they have time to wait, to actually invest in stocks , because they're higher risk which over time will make a greater reward than bonds, that whole risk-reward thing. 或者说聪明至极,他们把时间花在 投资股票上,因为股票的风险高 所以随之而来的回报也自然高。 这就是所说的风险回报的关系。
stocks:n.[金融]股票; v.采购;
Well, where's the reward for the state of having taken on these massive risks and actually been foolish enough to have done the Internet? 政府在创新科技上 冒了如此大的风险,那么回报在哪里？ 政府搞什么互联网,是不是傻过了头？
The Internet was crazy. 互联网是疯狂的。
It really was. I mean, the probability of failure was massive. 确实是。我的意思说,它带来的失败可能是巨大的。
probability:n.可能性;机率;[数]或然率;
You had to be completely nuts to do it, and luckily, they were. 你一定得是个傻子采取给它投资。 幸运的是,他们是傻子。
Now, we don't even get to this question about rewards unless you actually depict the state as this risk-taker . 现在,我们还没提到回报这事儿呢。 除非你把美国政府描绘成冒险家（不想要回报）。
rewards:n.[劳经]奖励; v.[劳经]奖赏; risk-taker:n.风险承担者;敢于冒险的人;
And the problem is that economists often think, well, there is a reward back to the state. It's tax. 问题是经济学家们往往认为, 政府当然有回报呀,那些税收呀。
You know, the companies will pay tax, the jobs they create will create growth so people who get those jobs and their incomes rise will come back to the state through the tax mechanism. 你知道,公司当然会交税, 他们创造就业机会,税收自然会增长。 人们得到那些工作,他们的工资得以提高, 然后通过交纳税款回报政府。
Well, unfortunately , that's not true. 可遗憾的是,事实并非如此。
unfortunately:adv.不幸地;
Okay, it's not true because many of the jobs that are created go abroad . 是的,事实不是这样的,因为许多就业的岗位在国外。
abroad:adv.在国外;到海外;adj.往国外的;n.海外;异国;
Globalization , and that's fine. We shouldn't be nationalistic . 全球化,这没问题。我们不应该持民族主义态度。
Globalization:n.全球化; nationalistic:adj.民族主义的;国家的;
Let the jobs go where they have to go, perhaps. 也许我们就应该让这些工作岗位安置在合适的地方。
I mean, one can take a position on that. 我是说,总有人会受雇上岗吧。
But also these companies that have actually had this massive benefit from the state -- 但这些公司 其实从政府那儿得到了巨大的好处。
Apple's a great example. 苹果就是一个很好的例子。
They even got the first -- well, not the first, but 500,000 dollars actually went to Apple, the company, through this SBIC program, which predated the SBIR program, as well as , as I said before, all the technologies behind the iPhone. 他们甚至是第一 — — 好吧,也许不是第一, 但是他们确实通过SBIC计划 得到了50万美元的资助。 该计划早于后来的SBIR计划。 同样,我交代过,iPhone背后的所有技术（也是来自政府投资）。
predated:vt.在日期上早于(先于); as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且; as I said:正如我所说的 technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数);
And yet we know they legally, as many other companies, pay very little tax back. 但是我们知道在法律上, 和其他公司一样,苹果公司只需要上缴很少的税款。
So what we really need to actually rethink is should there perhaps be a return-generating mechanism that's much more direct than tax. Why not? 所以我们确实需要重新思考的是 也许需要有一个利润回报机制 让这些公司回报比税款更多的资金给政府。为什么不呢？
rethink:v.重新考虑;再想;n.重新考虑;反思;新想法;
It could happen perhaps through equity . 也许可以通过发行股票的方式。
equity:n.公平,公正;衡平法;普通股;抵押资产的净值;
This, by the way , in the countries that are actually thinking about this strategically , countries like Finland in Scandinavia, but also in China and Brazil , they're retaining equity in these investments. 顺便说一下,其他国家 实际上也在考虑使用这样的方法。 比如说芬兰、斯堪的那维亚 还有中国和巴西。 他们的政府持有这些创新公司的股票。
by the way:顺便说一下; strategically:adv.战略性地;战略上; Brazil:n.巴西(拉丁美洲国家); retaining:adj.留住的;定位的;使固定的;v.保留(retain的现在分词);
Sitra funded Nokia, kept equity, made a lot of money, it's a public funding agency in Finland, which then funded the next round of Nokias. 希特拉给诺基亚投资,持有他们的股票,赚了很多钱, 它是芬兰的一个公共的投资机构。 它后来又资助了诺基亚的下一代产品。
agency:n.代理,中介;代理处,经销处;
The Brazilian Development Bank, which is providing huge amounts of funds today to clean technology, they just announced a 56 billion program for the future on this, is retaining equity in these investments. 巴西开发银行 现在提供大量资金 去开发保洁技术。他们刚刚宣布了 一个资助未来保洁技术的560 亿的计划。 他们会保有这些发明的上市股票。
funds:n.[会计]资金,现金(fund的复数);基金;v.资助(fund的三单形式);提供资金;
So to put it provocatively , had the U.S. government thought about this, and maybe just brought back just something called an innovation fund, you can bet that, you know, if even just .05 percent of the profits from what the Internet produced had come back to that innovation fund, there would be so much more money to spend today on green technology. 把它说得诱人些, 美国政府完全可以考虑 通过一些所谓的“创新基金” 得到更多的回报。 你知道吗,你完全可以打赌,如果仅仅 0.5% 由互联网带来的收益 回报给“创新基金”的话, 就会有更多的钱 可以投资到绿色科技上。
provocatively:挑衅的;挑拨的;激怒的;刺激的;煽动的; bet:n.打赌;赌注;预计;估计;v.下赌注(于);用…打赌;敢说;八成儿; profits:n.利润; v.获益; (profit的第三人称单数和复数)
Instead, many of the state budgets which in theory are trying to do that are being constrained . 可是正相反,许多政府预算 都想这么去做的, 可是资金有限。
budgets:n.[财政]预算(budget复数形式);v.为…做预算(budget的第三人称单数形式); constrained:adj.不自然的; v.约束; (constrain的过去分词和过去式)
But perhaps even more important, we heard before about the one percent, the 99 percent. 但或许更重要的是, 我们之前听过 1%, 99%。
If the state is thought about in this more strategic way, as one of the lead players in the value creation mechanism, because that's what we're talking about, right? 如果美国政府能够更有战略眼光, 成为价值生成机制的主导者该有多好。 这就是我们在讨论的重点,对吧？
creation:n.创造,创作;创作物,产物;
Who are the different players in creating value in the economy, and is the state's role, has it been sort of dismissed as being a backseat player? 谁在市场经济中充当创造价值的特殊一员？ 考虑到政府的作用, 政府是不是成了市场经济中的候补队员了？
dismissed:v.不予考虑;摒弃;去除,消除;解雇;(dismiss的过去分词和过去式) backseat:n.后座;次要位置;
If we can actually have a broader theory of value creation and allow us to actually admit what the state has been doing and reap something back, it might just be that in the next round, 实际上,如果我们有一个更广义的 价值生成理论,我们可以允许 政府对科技投资,以期回报。 也许下一轮的科技创新时,我们就可以这样做。
reap:vt.收获,获得;收割;vi.收割,收获;
and I hope that we all hope that the next big revolution will in fact be green, that that period of growth will not only be smart, innovation-led, not only green, but also more inclusive , 我希望我们期待的下一个巨大变革 会真的是绿色革命。 那个时期的经济增长, 不仅是智能的、 创新主导的、 不仅是绿色的,更应该是包容的,
inclusive:adj.包括的,包含的;
so that the public schools in places like Silicon Valley can actually also benefit from that growth, because they have not. 这样,像在硅谷的那些公立学校 就可以从经济增长中直接受益。 但是他们还没有受益。
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）