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MariaNeira_2019T-_这是空气污染中你的大脑_-
There is something we desperately need that we cannot stop doing: it is breathing. 有一件事是我们绝对需要做, 且要一直做下去的: 那就是呼吸。
desperately:adv.拼命地;绝望地;不顾一切地;极度地;
Do you want to try? 你想试试吗？
Why don't we stop breathing together for, let's say, even 10 seconds. 我们何不一起试试屏住呼吸 10 秒钟。
Is that OK? 可以吗？
Let's do it. 让我们开始吧。
Get ready ... OK, now! 准备好。现在,开始！
Oof, difficult, isn't it? 哦,这挺难的,不是吗？
Well, this is an incredible number that will again take your breath away: seven. 有一个惊人数字, 会让你感到难以置信: 7 。
incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的;
Seven what? 7 什么？
Seven million premature deaths a year caused by exposure to the bad quality of the air we breathe. 每年会有 700 万人 因为呼吸被污染的空气而早逝。
premature:adj.早产的;不成熟的;比预期早的;n.早产儿;过早发生的事物; exposure:n.暴露;显露;揭露;面临;
Imagine -- it's like more than the entire population of my dear Madrid will be wiped out in one year. 想象下——这比我热爱的 马德里市的总人口都多, 这么多人会在一年内消失。
Madrid:n.马德里(西班牙首都);
And you may ask: 你可能会问:
Has this information been disclosed ? 这个信息有被披露过吗？
disclosed:v.揭露;泄露;使显露;使暴露;(disclose的过去式和过去分词)
Has this information been publicized , distributed ? 这个信息有被公开宣传过吗？
publicized:v.宣传(publicize的过去分词);公布;广告; distributed:adj.分布的;分散的;v.分发;分配;使分布(distribute的过去分词和过去式)
Well, yes. 没错,有的。
We have at the moment more than 70,000 scientific papers examining the relationship between air pollution and our health, and the global media has been regularly covering this issue . 现在我们有超过 7 万篇科研文章 在研究空气污染 与我们健康之间的关系, 全世界的媒体 也一直都在报道这个重要议题。
scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉; regularly:adv.经常地;有规律地;定期的 issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行;
In fact, in a relatively short period of time, we have come to know that air pollution is having a negative impact on almost all our major organs . 事实上,近年来, 我们已经知道 空气污染对我们 几乎所有的主要器官 都会产生负面影响。
relatively:adv.相当程度上;相当地;相对地; negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响; organs:n.[生物]器官;机构;风琴(organ的复数);
Let's start by the lungs. 让我们从肺开始说起。
When we think about air pollution, we always think about the lungs. 当我们想到空气污染时, 我们首先想到的就是肺。
In fact, every time we take a breath, we are inhaling toxic pollutants , and our poor pink and lovely lungs are suffering all of that. 事实上,我们每次呼吸, 都在吸入有毒污染物质, 我们那可怜、粉色且可爱的肺 一直在经受着它们的折磨。
inhaling:n.吸入;吸气;v.吸入;吸气;猛喝(inhale的现在分词); toxic:adj.有毒的;中毒的; pollutants:n.[环境]污染物(pollutant的复数);
Over the last 10 years, we have put together a lot of knowledge about what's happened to that, but let me tell you first what is air pollution. 过去 10 多年间, 我们已经积累了许多相关的知识, 但让我先从什么是空气污染说起。
put together:..放在一起;组合;装配;
OK, air pollution is a very complex mixture of solid particles , liquid droplets and gaseous chemicals . 空气污染是一个由固体颗粒, 液滴, 和气态化学物质 所组成的复杂的混合物。
complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; mixture:n.混合;结合体;混合物;集合体; particles:n.微粒,粒子;粒子系统;碎木料(particle的复数形式); droplets:n.[流]液滴(droplet的复数);飞沫; gaseous:adj.气态的,气体的;无实质的; chemicals:n.化学制品;化学品;(chemical的复数)
Imagine all of this mixture that might come from sources like household fuel burning or industry or traffic or many other indoor and outdoor sources. 想象这些所有的混合物—— 可能从家用燃料燃烧, 或工业、交通运行中而产生, 也可能来自其它室内外的源头。
sources:n.来源;出处;起源;根源;原因;v.(从…)获得(source的第三人称单数和复数) household:n.家庭;一家人;同住一所(或一套)房子的人;adj.家庭的;家常的;王室的; indoor:adj.(在)室内的;在户内进行的;在室内用的; outdoor:adj.户外的;露天的;
And, of course, different sources of pollution will make different mixtures of pollutants. 当然了,不同种类的污染源 会产生不同种类的污染混合物。
mixtures:n.[化学]混合物(mixture的复数);配合料;
The point is that all of these toxins , they can be combined in different ways. 重点是所有的这些毒素, 可能会以多种方式被混合。
toxins:n.[毒物]毒素,毒质;毒素类(toxin的复数);
Let's take, for instance , the particulate matter, the PM. 以粒状物质, PM （particulate matter）为例。
instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; particulate:adj.微粒的;n.微粒,微粒状物质;
It can be a mixture that will include -- look at the cocktail here -- soil and road dust, sea salt, toxic metals, diesel smog, nitrates and sulfates , and all of this toxic poison, this delicious cocktail, is going through our lungs every day, 它可能是包含了—— 看看这个成分不太相容的 混合物可能的成分—— 泥土和道路尘埃、 海盐、 有毒金属、 柴油烟雾、 硝酸盐和硫酸盐, 所有的这些有毒物质, 这个成分不相容的混合物, 每天都会穿过我们的肺,
cocktail:n.鸡尾酒;开味食品;n.混合物;adj.鸡尾酒的; diesel:n.柴油机;柴油;柴油车;内燃机车 nitrates:n.硝酸盐(nitrate的复数形式); sulfates:n.[无化]硫酸盐(sulfate的复数); v.变成硫酸盐;
and we are constantly exposed to this air pollution because we cannot stop breathing. 而我们由于不能停止呼吸, 只能每时每刻 都暴露在这样的空气污染中。
constantly:adv.不断地;时常地; exposed:adj.无遮蔽的; v.暴露; (expose的过去分词和过去式)
I mean, we can do it for 10 seconds, but no more than that. 当然,我们可以试着屏住呼吸 10 秒, 但最多也就 10 秒而已。
no more than:adv.只是;仅仅;
We cannot stop breathing and, in addition, we need, every day, around 10,000 liters of air. 我们没办法停止呼吸, 而且, 我们每天需要 1 万升左右的空气。
liters:n.(计量)公升(容量单位)(liter的复数)
So we said that we have seven million deaths caused by air pollution every year. 那么刚才说过, 我们每年有大约 700 万 由空气污染所造成的死亡。
Are we panicking ? 我们有感到恐慌吗？
panicking:v.(使)惊慌,惊慌失措;(panic的现在分词)
Are we keeping calm? 我们在保持镇定吗？
Are we declaring a national disaster , a global emergency ? 我们有把它宣告为国家级的灾难吗, 还是一个全球危机？
disaster:n.灾难,灾祸;不幸; emergency:n.紧急情况;突发事件;非常时刻;adj.紧急的;备用的;
Well, no, and in fact I'm asking myself this question every day: 并没有,实际上我每天都在 问自己这样一个问题:
What is happening? 为什么会这样？
But here is something that maybe will force us to react more quickly. 还有件事情也许会迫使我们 更快地采取应对措施。
react:v.起反应;回应;(对食物等)有不良反应,过敏;起化学反应;
Air pollution is not just affecting our lungs. 那就是空气污染 不只在影响我们的肺。
It's affecting our brain as well. 它也在影响着我们的大脑。
This is our brain. 这是我们的大脑。
Beautiful. 很漂亮。
We all have it. 我们都有大脑。
We all need it. 我们都需要它。
Hopefully, we all use it -- 希望我们都能用到它——
(Laughter) （笑声）
some more than others. 比其他人更多的去思考。
And in the last 10 years of history, the research about the relationship between air pollution and our brain's health has been increased dramatically , so maybe now our brain is going up in smoke. 在过去 10 年间, 关于空气污染与脑部健康之间 关系的研究 在急剧增长, 可能我们的大脑 现在已经在“冒烟”了。
dramatically:adv.戏剧地;引人注目地;adv.显著地,剧烈地;
But let me tell you the evidence , what we know so far about air pollution in our brain. 让我来告诉大家几个事实, 我们已知的关于空气污染 对大脑产生的影响。
evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明;
First, there is an emerging body of evidence regarding the potential harmful effects of air pollutants into our central nervous system . 首先,现在已经有 越来越多的证据表明 空气污染物 对我们的中枢神经系统 有着潜在的有害影响。
emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词) regarding:prep.关于;至于;v.将…认为;把…视为;看待;(regard的现在分词) potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; central nervous system:n.中枢神经系统;
But let's go back to the toxic particles. 但让我们先回到有毒颗粒物。
Remember? 还记得吗？
We left them at the lungs, enjoying life, polluting everything. 我们让它们待在肺部, 享受生活, 污染一切。
But now the smallest of them, they can cross into the bloodstream , and from the bloodstream , pumped by the heart, they can reach the whole body, threatening every organ, including the brain. 但其中最小的一些有毒颗粒物, 可以进入血液循环, 而血液中的这些颗粒 在心脏泵血的作用下, 可被输送到全身, 威胁我们的每个器官, 包括大脑。
bloodstream:n.[生理]血流,血液的流动; pumped:adj.紧张的; v.用泵输送; (pump的过去分词和过去式)
We used to say that air pollution has no borders, and it's true as well within our bodies, because air pollutants will cross the placental barrier and reach the fetus and alter the cerebral cortex of our children even before they take their first breath. 我们常说空气污染是无界的, 污染在我们体内也是如此, 空气污染物 可穿过胎盘屏障直达胎儿的位置, 甚至在他们第一次呼吸之前 就能改变他们的大脑皮层。
placental:adj.胎盘的;胎座的;n.有胎盘哺乳动物; barrier:n.屏障;障碍;障碍物;关口;v.用栅围住; fetus:n.胎儿,胎; alter:v.更改;修改(衣服使更合身); cerebral:adj.大脑的,脑的; cortex:n.[解剖]皮质;树皮;果皮;
Second, several studies have suggested that both prenatal and early childhood long-term exposure to air pollution will have a negative influence on neural development, will have lower cognitive test outcomes , 其次,已有多项研究表明, 在孕期和幼年时期长时间 暴露在空气污染之下, 会对人们的神经系统发育 造成负面影响, 导致认知测试结果较差,
prenatal:adj.产前的;胎儿期的;[医]出生以前的; childhood:n.童年;幼年;孩童时期 long-term:adj.长期的;从长远来看; influence:n.影响;势力;感化;有影响的人或事;v.影响;改变; neural:adj.神经的;神经系统的;背的;神经中枢的; cognitive:adj.认知的,认识的; outcomes:n.结果;成果;后果;出路;(outcome的复数)
and there will be an influence as well, a negative influence, on some behavioral disorders like autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. 而且污染物还可能会造成 自闭症等行为障碍, 或是注意力缺陷, 多动症等负面影响。
behavioral:adj.行为的; disorders:n.无秩序,混乱; v.[电子]扰乱(disorder的单三形式); autism:n.[心理][内科]孤独症;自我中心主义; deficit:n.赤字;逆差;亏损;不足额; hyperactivity:n.极度活跃;活动过度;
In addition to that, some evidence found that exposing our children's and young adults' brains for a long time to particulate matter will cause some reactions like brain inflammation , altering the neural response 除此以外,一些研究发现 儿童和青年的大脑 若长时间接触这些颗粒物质 会造成脑部炎症等症状, 改变神经反应,
In addition to:除…之外; exposing:v.暴露;显露;揭露;揭穿;使面临;(expose的现在分词) reactions:n.反应;回应;抗拒;生理反应;副作用(reaction的复数) inflammation:n.[病理]炎症;[医]发炎;燃烧;发火; altering:n.变更;v.变更(alter的现在分词); response:n.响应;反应;回答;
and [also] leading to the influence of more protein plaques that are accumulating , and those can increase the risks for diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. 并且会引发更多蛋白质斑块的聚集 所造成的影响, 这些斑块可增加 患老年痴呆症和帕金森的概率。
protein:n.蛋白质; plaques:n.斑块;瓷片;奖章;饰板(plaque的复数); accumulating:n.[数]累加;v.积累(accumulate的ing形式); diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
Ironic , isn't it: we are investing in our children's future, we are sending them to school every day to expand their minds, the society is investing in their education, 这可真讽刺,不是吗: 我们投资孩子们的未来, 每天送他们去学校拓展思维, 整个社会都在 付出心血投资他们的未来,
Ironic:adj.讽刺的;反话的; investing:v.投资;投入(时间、精力等);(invest的现在分词) expand:v.扩张;使膨胀;详述;发展;张开,展开;
and yet the air they breathe while waiting for the school bus is influencing negatively the development of their brain. 然而他们在等校车时 呼吸的空气 却在损害他们大脑的发育。
influencing:v.影响;对…起作用;支配;左右(influence的现在分词) negatively:adv.消极地;否定地;
Let's go to the third: What about adults? 让我们来谈谈第三点: 对于成年人来说呢？
According to recent scientific evidence, long-term exposure to particulate matter will cause a cognitive decline in study participants as they age. 根据近期的科学研究, 随着实验参与者的年龄增长, 长期暴露于颗粒物质中 会导致认知衰退。
According to:根据,据说; decline:v.下降;衰退;减少;谢绝;n.下降; participants:n.参与者(participant的复数形式);
And not only that , if you expose them to long-term, very fine particulate matter, their brain will age more rapidly, and they will have higher odds of having small, silent strokes . 不仅如此, 如果他们长期暴露于 非常细微的颗粒物质中, 他们的大脑会加速老化, 也会有更高的几率 发生轻度中风。
only that:只是;要不是; odds:n.几率;胜算;不平等;差别; strokes:n.中风; v.轻抚; (stroke的第三人称单数和复数)
The last one -- and I will not give you more evidence, because there is a ton of [it] -- some epidemiological studies in animal models have suggested that there might be an increased risk of dementia with sustained exposure to air pollutants. 最后一点—— 这次我就不列举更多的证据了, 因为相关证据太多了—— 一些利用动物模型进行的 流行病学研究发现, 持续暴露于空气污染中 可能会增加患痴呆的概率。
epidemiological:adj.流行病学的; dementia:n.[内科]痴呆; sustained:adj.持续的; v.维持; (sustain的过去分词和过去式)
So, almost everybody is exposed to air pollution. 空气污染几乎无处不在。
Whether you live in a rural area or an urban area, whether you live in a high-income country or a low-income country, everybody's brains, including yours, are at risk. 不管你是住在郊区还是市区, 不管你住在高收入国家, 还是低收入国家, 我们每个人的大脑,包括你的, 都处于危险之中。
rural:adj.农村的,乡下的;田园的,有乡村风味的; urban:adj.城市的;都市的;城镇的;都市音乐的;
As a medical doctor, 作为一名医生,
I have been dedicating the last more than 20 years now of my professional life to raise awareness about public health issues , public health risks, at the World Health Organization , and I know that the knowledge is there and the solutions as well. 在世界卫生组织供职的 20 多年中, 我一直致力于提高人们 对公共健康问题和 公共健康威胁的重视, 我也知道实际情况 和解决办法都已存在。
dedicating:致力;献身;题献(dedicate的现在分词); professional:adj.专业的;职业的;职业性的;n.专业人员;职业运动员; awareness:n.意识,认识;明白,知道; issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数) Organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体;
Sure, some places are more polluted than others, but this a global issue, and no individual , no city, no group, no country, no region will be able to solve it alone. 当然了,有些地区的污染 比其它地区更严重, 但这是一个全球性问题, 不是某个人、某个城市、 某个组织、某个国家或某个地区 能独自解决的。
individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; region:n.地区;范围;部位;
We need very strong commitments and very strong action by everyone: civil society, private sector , even individuals . 我们需要强有力的承诺 和来自所有人的积极行动: 社会团体, 私人企业, 甚至个人。
commitments:n.承诺,保证;委托;承担义务;献身;(commitment的复数) civil:adj.公民的;民间的;文职的;有礼貌的;根据民法的; private sector:n.(国家经济的)私营部分; individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
We all have a role to play. 我们都要发挥作用。
Yes, we need to influence the way we consume , the way we commute , the way we use our energy. 是的,我们需要改变 我们消费的方式, 通勤的方式, 消耗能源的方式。
consume:v.消耗;吃;毁灭;烧毁; commute:v.减刑;交换;通勤;代偿;n.通勤(口语);
And the good thing is that all of those solutions are available. 令人欣慰的是, 所有这些解决办法都是现成的。
The question is, if we postpone action by one day, there might be thousands of lives that we will lose, but if we postpone it by one year, we might be losing again seven million. 问题在于,如果我们 推迟采取行动哪怕一天, 我们都将会多失去几千条生命, 如果推迟一年, 我们可能还将再失去 700 万生命。
postpone:v.延期;延迟;展缓;
So every policy maker, every politician , needs to be aware of the consequences on human health of postponing their decisions. 所以每个政策制定者, 每位政客, 都需要意识到他们推迟做出决定 对人类健康可能造成的后果。
policy:n.政策,方针;保险单; politician:n.政治家;(蔑)政客;(美)政治贩; consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数); postponing:n.推迟;
In fact, this is not the first time in history that we are confronted with the risks of this invisible killer. 事实上, 这已不是人类历史上第一次 遇到这种隐形杀手的威胁了。
confronted:v.使…无法回避;降临于;处理;面对;对抗;(confront的过去分词和过去式) invisible:adj.看不见的;n.看不见的人或物;
This was London in 1952, and as was done in London in the '50s and the '60s, governments and cities, they need to take urgent action to stop the terrible impact of air pollution. 这是 1952 年的伦敦, 就像是在五六十年代的 伦敦政府与城市所做的那样, 他们现在也需要采取紧急措施 以停止空气污染所造成的可怕影响。
urgent:adj.紧急的;急迫的;
Every politician must know that delaying what they call the tough actions, like reducing traffic in cities or investing in public transport and engaging in promoting cycling in cities, investing in renewable energy, promoting cleaner energy for cooking, cooling and transportation and heating are solutions that are very smart, because, in fact, they reduce emissions , 每位政客都必须认识到 推迟他们所说的强硬措施, 比如减少城市中的交通, 或是加大对公共交通的投资, 或致力于推广城市中自行车的使用, 投资可再生能源, 在烹饪,制冷,交通和供暖中 推广更清洁的能源 都是比较可行的解决方法, 因为事实上, 这些措施都可以实现减排
public transport:n.公共交通;公交车辆; engaging:adj.有趣的; v.吸引住(注意力、兴趣); (engage的现在分词) promoting:v.促进;推动;促销;提升;晋升;(promote的现在分词) renewable:adj.可再生的;可更新的;可继续的;n.再生性能源; transportation:n.运输;运输系统;运输工具;流放; emissions:n.(光、热、气等的)发出,排放;排放物;散发物;(emission的复数)
they improve air quality in line with WHO standards , which are the standards that will protect ourselves. 和改善空气质量的目的, 这也与世卫组织 旨在保护我们自己的标准相符。
improve:v.改进;改善; air quality:n.空气质量; in line with:符合;与…一致; standards:n.标准,水平,规格(standard的复数)
So in fact, all politicians that we need these very strong political commitments and political will from, but [we need] all of them now. 所以,我们需要所有政治家 做出强有力的承诺, 也要有足够的政治决心, 现在就要开始行动,刻不容缓。
politicians:n.政治家;(蔑)政客;(美)政治贩;(politician的复数)
Those who fail, who postpone action, they have been requested even to defend their position in court. 那些没能做到, 或者未能及时行动的政客 甚至会被要求 在法庭上为自己辩护。
And from now on , no politician will be able to say, "I didn't know." 而且从现在开始, 没有政客能说: “我不知道。”这样的话。
from now on:从今以后;从现在起;
So the question here is: 所以现在的问题是:
How many lives, loss of quality of life and losing our brain power are we ready to accept? 我们还能接受 多少生命的逝去, 多少生活质量的下降, 多少脑力的下降？
If the answer is "none," 如果答案是“零容忍”,
I will request that you, while our brains are still functioning, while we are still intelligent , please exercise your right, put pressure on your politicians and make sure that they take action to stop the sources of air pollution. 我恳请大家, 趁我们的大脑还能正常运转, 趁我们还聪明的时候, 请行使你们的公民权利, 对政客们施压, 确保他们采取行动 抑制空气污染的源头。
intelligent:adj.有才智的;悟性强的;聪明的;有智力的
This is the first thing we need to do to protect yourself and to protect our beautiful brain. 这是我们为了 保护自己和我们美丽的大脑 所需要做的第一件事。
Thank you very much. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）