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MargaretBourdeaux_2015X-_为什么平民在战争结束后遭受更多的痛苦？_
So have you ever wondered what it would be like to live in a place with no rules? 请问你有曾想过, 生活在一个不受管制的地方 是怎样感觉吗？
That sounds pretty cool. 听来是蛮酷的。
(Laughter) (笑声)
You wake up one morning, however, and you discover that the reason there are no rules is because there's no government, and there are no laws. 可是,大早醒来后, 你发现没有管制的原因 却是因为已没有政府了, 而且也没有任何法律了,
In fact, all social institutions have disappeared . 甚至一切社会体制都不存在了:
institutions:n.机构;慈善机构;风俗习惯,制度;(institution的复数) disappeared:adj.消失的;消失了的;v.消失,失踪;(disappear的过去式和过去分词)
So there's no schools, there's no hospitals, there's no police, there's no banks, there's no athletic clubs, there's no utilities . 没有学校, 没有医院, 没有警察, 没有银行, 没有健身会所, 没有水电等供应。
athletic:adj.健壮的;体育运动的;田径运动的 utilities:n.公用事业;实用工具,[计]实用程序;公用程式;(utility的复数)
Well, I know a little bit about what this is like, because when I was a medical student in 1999, 我倒是知道这是什么的感觉。 因为在 1999 年,我为医学院学生时,
I worked in a refugee camp in the Balkans during the Kosovo War. 在科索沃战争中,曾在巴尔干的 一个难民收留中心工作。
refugee:n.难民;避难者;逃亡者;v.避难;adj.避难的;
When the war was over, from my medical school to take some time off and follow some of the families that I had befriended in the camp back to their village in Kosovo, and understand how they navigated life in this postwar setting. 当战争结束后, 我居然获得医学院的允许, 拿到假期, 跟着我在营地结识的一些家庭, 回到他们在科索沃的家乡。 去观察他们在战火后, 是如何作生活的安排。
befriended:v.做(尤指需要帮助者)的朋友;友善对待;(befriend的过去分词和过去式) navigated:vt.驾驶,操纵;使通过;航行于;vi.航行,航空; postwar:adj.战后的;n.战后时期;adv.战后;在战后;
Postwar Kosovo was a very interesting place because NATO troops were there, mostly to make sure the war didn't break out again. 战后的科索沃 是一个非常有趣的地方, 因为有北约部队在那里, 目的是为了确保战争 不会再度爆发。
NATO:abbr.(=theNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization)[组]北约;
But other than that, it was actually a lawless place, and almost every social institution, both public and private, had been destroyed. 但除此之外,科索沃实际上已是 一个无法无天的地方, 而且几乎所有的社会体制, 不论是公营或私营, 都已被毁掉了。
lawless:adj.非法的;无法律的;
So I can tell you that when you go into one of these situations and settings, it is absolutely thrilling ... 所以我可以告诉你, 当你置身在这种情况和环境中, 它是会令你绝对毛骨悚然......
absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; thrilling:adj.惊心动魄的; v.使非常兴奋; (thrill的现在分词)
for about 30 minutes, because that's about how long it takes before you run into a situation where you realize how incredibly vulnerable you are. 长达 30 分钟左右, 因为这就是发现自己 是何等的脆弱,所需要的时间。
incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; vulnerable:adj.易受攻击的,易受…的攻击;易受伤害的;有弱点的;
For me, that moment came when I had to cross the first checkpoint , and I realized as I drove up that I would be negotiating passage through this checkpoint with a heavily armed individual 个人来说,那一刻发生在当我要 通过第一个檢查站时, 当车子开近时,我就意识到 我必须跟一名全副武装的人讨价还价
checkpoint:n.检查站,关卡; negotiating:v.谈判;磋商;协商;商定;达成协议;(negotiate的现在分词) individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的;
who, if he decided to shoot me right then and there, actually wouldn't be doing anything illegal . 才能通过这个檢查点; 如他想在此时此地把我射杀的话,也是完全合法之事。
illegal:adj.不合法的;非法的;n.非法移民;非法劳工;
But the sense of vulnerability that I had was absolutely nothing in comparison to the vulnerability of the families that I got to know over that year. 但当时我体会到的脆弱感, 是丝毫比不上 我将在未来一年认识的家庭 所体会的脆弱感。
vulnerability:n.易损性;弱点; comparison:n.比较;对比;相比;
You see, life in a society where there are no social institutions is riddled with danger and uncertainty , and simple questions like, "What are we going to eat tonight?" 你要明白,生活在一个没有 任何社会体制的社会里, 是充满危险和不确定性的。 甚至一个简单的问题, 像「今晚我们要吃什么呢？」
riddled:adj.布满的;遍布的;到处是…的;v.使布满窟窿;(riddle的过去分词和过去式) uncertainty:n.不确定,不可靠;
are very complicated to answer. 要回答也很复杂了。
complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式)
Questions about security, when you don't have any security systems, are terrifying . 至于安全问题, 当你没有任何保安系统时, 是非常可怕的。
terrifying:adj.令人恐惧的;骇人的;极大的;v.使害怕,使恐怖;(terrify的现在分词)
Is that altercation I had with the neighbor down the block going to turn into a violent episode that will end my life or my family's life? 我与街头那边的邻居吵得面红耳赤, 会不会演变成暴力事件, 终结我的生命 或我家人的生命呢？
altercation:n.争执; violent:adj.暴力的;猛烈的; episode:n.一段经历;片段,插曲;一集;
Health concerns when there is no health system are also terrifying. 没有卫生系统时,健康问题 也是非常可怕的。
concerns:n.关注; v.使关心(concern的三单形式);
I listened as many families had to sort through questions like, "My infant has a fever. 我听到很多家庭必须解决这类问题: 「我的婴儿在发烧。
infant:n.婴儿;幼儿;未成年人;adj.婴儿的;幼稚的;初期的;未成年的;
What am I going to do?" 我该怎么办？」
'"My sister, who is pregnant , is bleeding . What should I do? 「我怀孕的姐姐正在出血, 我该怎么办？
pregnant:adj.怀孕的;富有意义的; bleeding:n.出血;渗色;adj.流血的;同情的;v.出血;渗出;(bleed的现在分词)
Who should I turn to?" 我该去找谁呢？」
'"Where are the doctors,where are the nurses? 「医生在哪里？护士在哪里？」
If I could find one, are they trustworthy ? 如果我能找到一位,会可靠吗？
trustworthy:adj.可靠的;可信赖的;
How will I pay them? 我该怎么付钱？
In what currency will I pay them?" 我要用哪国货币支付？」
currency:n.货币;通货;
'"If I need medications , where will I find them? 「如果我需要药物, 我在哪里可以找到？
medications:n.药;药物;(medication的复数)
If I take those medications, are they actually counterfeits ?" 如果我服用了这些药物, 它会是假冒的吗？」
counterfeits:n.仿冒品(counterfeit的复数形式);[法]伪造品;
And on and on . 连绵不断的问题。
on and on:继续不停地;
So for life in these settings,the dominant theme, the dominant feature of life, is the incredible vulnerability that people have to manage day in and day out , because of the lack of social systems. 所以在这环境之下生活, 生活的主要特征, 就是人民日以继夜要懂得掌控 这难以置信的脆弱感, 起因就是缺乏社会制度。
dominant:adj.显性的;占优势的;支配的,统治的;n.显性; incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的; day in and day out:天天;夜以继日;
And it actually turns out that this feature of life is incredibly difficult to explain and be understood by people who are living outside of it. 原来,这生活特征是很难解释的, 难以得到身置其外的人理解的。
I discovered this when I left Kosovo. 当我离开科索沃时,我才发现这一点。
I came back to Boston ,I became a physician , 我回到了波士顿,我成了一名医生,
Boston:n.波士顿(美国城市); physician:n.[医]医师;内科医师;
I became a global public health policy researcher. 我成了一名 环球公共衞生政策研究员。
global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; policy:n.政策,方针;保险单;
I joined the Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital Division of Global Health. 我加入了哈佛医学院 和布莱根妇女医院的全球衞生部门。
Harvard:n.哈佛大学;哈佛大学学生; Division:n.师;分配;分开;分歧;
And I, as a researcher, really wanted to get started on this problem right away . 我作为研究员, 真的很想立即就研究这问题。
right away:立刻;
I was like, "How do we reduce the crushing vulnerability of people living in these types of fragile settings? 我在想:「对生活在这种匮乏环境的人, 我们如何能减少 这令人窒息的脆弱感？
crushing:adj.惨重的,毁坏性的;v.压碎;压坏;压伤;挤压变形;(crush的现在分词) fragile:adj.脆的;易碎的;
Is there any way we can start to think about how to protect and quickly recover the institutions that are critical to survival , like the health system?" 我们可以开始思考用什么方法 去保护和迅速恢复 这些对生存至关重要的体制, 像医疗衞生系统？」
critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的; survival:n.幸存,残存;幸存者,残存物;
And I have to say,I had amazing colleagues . 我不得不说,我有了不起的同事,
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数);
But one interesting thing about it was, this was sort of an unusual question for them. 但有一件有趣的事情是: 对他们来说, 这是一种不寻常的问题。
They were kind of like, "Oh, if you work in war, doesn't that mean you work on refugee camps, and you work on documenting mass atrocities ?" — which is, by the way , very,very, very important. 他们的反应是: 「哦,你在战场中工作, 那是不是你是在难民营工作？ 在记录战争暴行？」 顺带一提,这些工作都是非常重要。
mass:n.块,团; adj.群众的,民众的; v.聚集起来,聚集; atrocities:n.暴行(atrocity的复数);残忍; by the way:顺便说一下;
So it took me a while to explain why I was so passionate about this issue , until about six years ago. 所以我必得花上一段时间来解释 我为什么对这个问题那么热衷, 直至大约六年前。
passionate:adj.热情的;热烈的,激昂的;易怒的; issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行;
That's when this landmark study that looked at and described the public health consequences of war was published. 当时这份重点研究被发表, 内容是探讨和描述战争对公共衞生 所带来的后果。
landmark:n.[航]陆标; adj.有重大意义或影响的; described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式) consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数);
They came to an incredible, provocative conclusion . 研究人员作出一个 意想不到的惊世结论:
provocative:adj.刺激的,挑拨的;气人的;n.刺激物,挑拨物;兴奋剂; conclusion:n.结论;结局;推论;
These researchers concluded that the vast majority of death and disability from war happens after the cessation of conflict . 这些研究人员的结论 就是绝大多数因战争 死亡和残疾的事情 是发生在冲突停止之后。
concluded:v.断定:得出结论:终止:达成:缔结(协定)(conclude的过去分词和过去式) majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人: disability:n.残疾;无能;无资格;不利条件; cessation:n.停止;中止;中断; conflict:n.冲突;矛盾;争执;抵触;v.抵触;
So the most dangerous time to be a person living in a conflict-affected state is after the cessation of hostilities; it's after the peace deal has been signed. 所以活在受冲突影响的国家中 最危险的时候, 是在敌对行动停止之后; 是在和平协议签署之后;
It's when that political solution has been achieved. 是在政治解决方案已经实现之后。
solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答;
That seems so puzzling ,but of course it's not, because war kills people by robbing them of their clinics , of their hospitals, of their supply chains. 这表面看来令人费解,但当然不是, 因为战争之所以杀人, 是因为它摧毁了诊所, 摧毁了医院, 摧毁了供应链。
puzzling:adj.使为难的;费解的;v.迷惑;使困惑;(puzzle的现在分词) clinics:n.诊所(clinic的复数形式);
Their doctors are targeted, are killed;they're on the run . 医生们被狙击、杀害,以至逃命。
on the run:在逃;奔波;跑着;
And more invisible and yet more deadly is the destruction of the health governance institutions and their finances. 而且虽无形但更致命的, 就是衞生管治体制及其财政崩溃。
invisible:adj.看不见的;n.看不见的人或物; deadly:adj.致命的;非常的;死一般的;adv.非常;如死一般地; destruction:n.破坏,毁灭;摧毁; governance:n.管理;统治;支配;
So this is really not surprising at all to me. 我对这些并不惊讶, 但令我惊讶和有一点沮丧的是:
But what is surprising and somewhat dismaying , is how little impact this insight has had, in terms of how we think about human suffering and war. 从这份研究得出的见解, 只能稍微改变 我们对人类苦难和战争的看法。
somewhat:n.几分;某物;adv.有点;多少;几分;稍微; dismaying:n.沮丧,灰心;惊慌;vt.使沮丧;使惊慌; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响; insight:n.洞察力;洞悉;
Let me give you a couple examples. 让我给你几个例子。
Last year, you may remember, 你可能会记得去年
Ebola hit the West African country of Liberia . 伊波拉病毒侵袭西非国家赖比瑞亚。
Ebola:n.埃博拉病毒; Liberia:n.利比里亚(西非国家);
There was a lot of reporting about this group, Doctors Without Borders, sounding the alarm and calling for aid and assistance. 当时有很多关于 无国界医生这个组织的报导, 叫人提高警觉并呼吁作出援助。
But not a lot of that reporting answered the question: 但没有很多报导解答到这个问题:
Why is Doctors Without Borders even in Liberia? 为什么无国界医生会在赖比瑞亚呢？
Doctors Without Borders is an amazing organization , dedicated and designed to provide emergency care in war zones. 无国界医生是一个令人敬佩的组织, 尽心尽力在战区提供紧急护理。
organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体; dedicated:adj.献身的; v.把…奉献给; (dedicate的过去分词和过去式) emergency:n.紧急情况;突发事件;非常时刻;adj.紧急的;备用的;
Liberia's civil war had ended in 2003 — that was 11 years before Ebola even struck. 赖比瑞亚的内战在 2003 年已结束, 亦是伊波拉病毒爆发的 11 年前。
civil:adj.公民的;民间的;文职的;有礼貌的;根据民法的;
When Ebola struck Liberia, there were less than 50 doctors in the entire country of 4.5 million people. 当伊波拉病毒冲击赖比瑞亚时, 在全国 450 万人口之中, 医生不到 50 名。
Doctors Without Borders is in Liberia because Liberia still doesn't really have a functioning health system, 11 years later. 无国界医生驻守在赖比瑞亚, 是因为赖比瑞亚依然没有 一个能运作的医疗系统, 在 11 年后仍没有。
When the earthquake hit Haiti in 2010, the outpouring of international aid was phenomenal . 在 2010 年,地震冲击海地后, 来自国际社会的援助排山倒海。
Haiti:n.海地; outpouring:n.(感情的)迸发,倾泻;涌现;喷涌; phenomenal:adj.现象的;显著的;异常的;能知觉的;惊人的,非凡的;
But did you know that only two percent of that funding went to rebuild Haitian public institutions, including its health sector ? 但你知不知道国际社会 捐款中只有 2% 用去重建海地的公共体制, 包括衞生部门？
funding:n.基金;资金;提供资金;v.为…提供资金;拨款给;(fund的现在分词) Haitian:adj.海地的;海地人的;n.海地人;海地语; sector:n.部门;扇形,扇区;象限仪;函数尺;vt.把…分成扇形;
From that perspective , 从这个角度看,
perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的;
Haitians continue to die from the earthquake even today. 海地人民可谓到了今天 还因地震而继续死亡。
Haitians:n.海地人(Haitian的复数);
I recently met this gentleman. 我最近认识了这位先生,
recently:adv.最近;新近;
This is Dr. Nezar Ismet. 他是尼萨?伊斯密特医生。
He's the Minister of Health in the northern autonomous region of Iraq, in Kurdistan . 他是伊拉克北部自治区庫尔德斯坦的 衞生部长。
Minister:n.部长;大臣;牧师;vi.执行牧师职务;辅助或伺候某人; autonomous:adj.自治的;自主的;自发的; region:n.地区;范围;部位; Kurdistan:n.库尔德斯坦(西南亚库尔德人分布地区);
Here he is announcing that in the last nine months, his country, his region, has increased from four million people to five million people. 他正在宣布在过去九个月中, 他所属地区的人口从 400 万 增加到 500 万。
That's a 25 percent increase. 这是增加 25％ 之多。
Thousands of these new arrivals have experienced incredible trauma . 这些数以千计的新移民 经历了难言的创伤。
trauma:n.[外科]创伤(由心理创伤造成精神上的异常);外伤;
His doctors are working 16-hour days without pay. 他辖下的医生们 每天无薪的工作 16 小时。
His budget has not increased by 25 percent; it has decreased by 20 percent, as funding has flowed to security concerns and to short-term relief efforts. 可是他的财政预算 并没有增加 25 ％, 而是减少了 20％。 因为拨款已调去应付保安问题 和短期救援工作。
budget:n.预算,预算费;v.安排,预定;把…编入预算;adj.廉价的; decreased:v.减少,减小,降低;(decrease的过去分词和过去式) short-term:adj.短期的; relief:n.救济;减轻,解除;安慰;浮雕;
When his health sector fails — and if history is any guide, it will — how do you think that's going to influence the decision making of the five million people in his region as they think about whether they should flee that type of vulnerable living situation? 所以当他的衞生部门崩溃时— 如果历史有任何预告能力,它是一定会的—— 你觉得这会怎样影响 当地 500 万居民的决定呢？ 他们正在考量是否应该逃跑, 离开这危机重重的生活环境。
influence:n.影响;势力;感化;有影响的人或事;v.影响;改变; flee:v.逃走;迅速离开;逃避,逃跑
So as you can see , this is a frustrating topic for me, and I really try to understand: 所以你可以看到, 这是个令我沮丧的议题。 我很用心去尝试理解:
as you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的; frustrating:adj.令人沮丧的;v.使沮丧;(frustrate的现在分词)
Why the reluctance to protect and support indigenous health systems and security systems? 大家为什么不愿意维护和支持 本土的衞生和保安系统呢？
reluctance:n.[电磁]磁阻;勉强;不情愿; indigenous:adj.本土的;土著的;国产的;固有的;
I usually tier two concerns,two arguments. 我常听到两个关注点或论点。
tier:n.层,排;行,列;等级;vt.使层叠;vi.成递升徘列;
The first concern is about corruption , and the concern that people in these settings are corrupt and they are untrustworthy . 第一个关注点是贪污: 在这些系统工作的人都是腐败的, 都是不可信的。
corruption:n.贪污,腐败;堕落; untrustworthy:adj.靠不住的;不能信赖的;
And I will admit that I have met unsavory characters working in health sectors in these situations. 我承认我是有见过品德不良的人物, 在这种情况下之衞生部门工作。
unsavory:adj.难吃的;没有香味的;令人讨厌的; sectors:n.部门; v.把…划成扇形;
But I will tell you that the opposite is absolutely true in every case I have worked on, from Afghanistan to Libya , to Kosovo, to Haiti, to Liberia — 但我也可告诉你, 相反的也是绝对有的, 在我有参与的每一个案件中都有—— 从阿富汗到利比亚、到科索沃、 到海地、到赖比瑞亚——
Afghanistan:n.阿富汗(国家名称,位于亚洲); Libya:n.埃及以西的北非地方古名;利比亚;
I have met inspiring people, who, when the chips were down for their country, they risked everything to save their health institutions. 我都遇到鼓舞人心的人, 他们都在国家存亡的一刻, 冒着一切风险来 挽救他们的衞生体制。
inspiring:adj.鼓舞人心的;灌输的;v.鼓舞;激发;使感悟;(inspire的现在分词) chips:炸土豆条(chip的复数)
The trick for the outsider who wants to help is identifying who those individuals are, and building a pathway for them to lead. 所以,对真心想幫忙的局外人来说, 难题是如何识别这些人, 并建立渠道让他们走上领导位置。
outsider:n.外人;无取胜希望者; identifying:n.识别,标识;标识关系;v.识别;(identify的现在分词) individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); pathway:n.路,道;途径,路径;
That is exactly what happened in Afghanistan. 这也正是在阿富汗能做到的。
One of the unsung and untold success stories of our nation-building effort in Afghanistan involved the World Bank in 2002 investing heavily in identifying, training and promoting 我们在阿富汗国家建设上付出的努力 其中一个无声无闻的成功故事, 就是世界银行在 2002 年 投放大量资金 去发掘、培训和提拔
unsung:adj.(歌)未唱的;未被诗歌赞颂的,埋没的; untold:adj.数不清的;未说过的;未透露的;无限的; nation-building:国家建设; involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) World Bank:n.世界银行(向处于困境需要资助的成员国贷款的国际机构); investing:v.投资;投入(时间、精力等);(invest的现在分词) promoting:v.促进;推动;促销;提升;晋升;(promote的现在分词)
Afghani health sector leaders. 阿富汗的衞生部门领袖。
These health sector leaders have pulled off an incredible feat in Afghanistan. 这些衞生部门领袖在阿富汗 排除万难完成壮举。
feat:n.功绩,壮举;技艺表演;adj.合适的;灵巧的;
They have aggressively increased access to health care for the majority of the population. 他们积极增加医疗服务 让大部分人口可以使用。
aggressively:adv.侵略地;攻击地;有闯劲地; health care:n.卫生保健;
They are rapidly improving the health status of the Afghan population, which used to be the worst in the world. 他们正在迅速改善 阿富汗人口的健康状况, 而它曾经是世界上最糟糕的。
improving:v.改进;改善;(improve的现在分词) status:n.地位;状态;情形;重要身份;
In fact, the Afghan Ministry of Health does things that I wish we would do in America. 事实上,阿富汗衞生部所做的事 是我希望我们也能在美国做到的。
Ministry:n.(政府的)部门;
They use things like data to make policy. 他们用数据资料来制定政策。
It's incredible. 简直不可思议。
(Laughter) (笑声)
The other concern I hear a lot about is: "We just can't afford it,we just don't have the money. 我经常听到的另外一个关注点是: 「我们负担不起,我们真的没钱。
afford:v.给予,提供;买得起;
It's just unsustainable ." 这是不可能持续的。」
unsustainable:adj.无法支撑的;不可证实的;不能成立的;
I would submit to you that the current situation and the current system we have is the most expensive, inefficient system we could possibly conceive of. 但让我告诉你:我们现有的情况 和我们现有的制度 是我们可以想像 最昂贵、效率最低的制度。
submit:vt.使服从;主张;呈递;vi.提交;服从; inefficient:adj.无效率的,效率低的;无能的; conceive:v.想出;想象;构想;设想;怀孕;
The current situation is that when governments like the US — or, let's say, the collection of governments that make up the European Commission — every year, they spend 15 billion dollars on just humanitarian and emergency and disaster relief worldwide . 目前的情况是美国等多国政府—— 或者说组成欧盟委员会的 一众成员国政府—— 每年就要花费 150 亿美元 在全球的人道、紧急和灾难救援上。
European Commission:n.欧盟委员会; humanitarian:adj.人道主义的;博爱的;基督凡人论的;n.人道主义者;基督凡人论者; disaster:n.灾难,灾祸;不幸; worldwide:adj.全世界的;adv.在世界各地;
That's nothing about foreign aid,that's just disaster relief. 这数字不包括外援,只是赈灾而已。
Ninety-five percent of it goes to international relief agencies , that then have to import resources into these areas, and knit together some type of temporary health system, let's say, which they then dismantle and send away when they run out of money. 这费用 95% 给了国际救援机构, 然后他们必须把资源引进这些地区, 并且拼凑一个临时衞生系统, 钱用光后就要把它瓦解, 把人员遣散。
agencies:n.代理;代理处(agency的复数); resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); knit:v.编织;针织;机织;(使)紧密结合;n.针织衫;编织的衣服; temporary:adj.暂时的,临时的;n.临时工,临时雇员; dismantle:v.拆开,拆卸;(逐渐)废除,取消; run out of:用完;
So our job, it turns out, is very clear. 所以我们的工作原来是非常清楚的。
We, as the global health community policy experts, our first job is to become experts in how to monitor the strengths and vulnerabilities of health systems in threatened situations. 我们作为全球衞生政策专家, 首要工作就是要专注监控 在政局不定环境下,衞生部门的 各个强项和弱项。
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; vulnerabilities:n.缺陷(vulnerability的复数形式);脆弱点;
And that's when we see doctors fleeing , when we see health resources drying up, when we see institutions crumbling — that's the emergency. 当我们看到医生逃跑时, 当我们看到衞生资源枯竭时, 当我们看到体制崩溃时, 这就是紧急情况。
fleeing:v.迅速离开;逃避,逃跑;(flee的现在分词) crumbling:v.(使)破碎,成碎屑;坍塌;损坏;崩裂;(crumble的现在分词)
That's when we need to sound the alarm and wave our arms. 这就是我们需要发出警报 并挥手求救之时。
Not now. 还等什么？
Everyone can see that's an emergency, they don't need us to tell them that. 大家都可以看到这是紧急情况, 他们不需要我们告诉他们吧。
Number two: places like where I work at Harvard need to take their cue from the World Bank experience in Afghanistan, build robust platforms to support health sector leaders like these. 第二点: 我在哈佛任职的机构和类似机构 需要从世界银行 在阿富汗的经验中学习, 建立一个强大的平台来支援 这些衞生部门领袖。
cue:n.暗示;提示;信号;(戏剧的)提示;v.给(某人)暗示(或提示); robust:adj.强健的;健康的;粗野的;粗鲁的; platforms:n.平台; v.把…放在台上;
These people risk their lives. 这些人都是冒着生命危险,
I think we can match their courage with some support. 我们应该以行动来支持他们的勇气。
Number three: we need to reach out and make new partnerships . 第三点: 我们需要积极沟通, 并建立新的伙伴关系。
partnerships:n.伙伴关系;合伙;(partnership的复数)
At our global health center, we have launched a new initiative with NATO and other security policy makers to explore with them what they can do to protect health system institutions during deployments . 在我们的环球衞生中心, 我们与北约和其它安全决策者 发起了一个新举措, 与他们探讨如何 在部署期间维护当地的衞生系统。
launched:v.发射;发起;开展;开始;(launch的过去式和过去分词) initiative:n.倡议;主动性;积极性;主动权;adj.起始的; explore:v.探索:探测:探险: deployments:部署;
We want them to see that protecting health systems and other critical social institutions is an integral part of their mission. 我们希望他们明白, 维护当地衞生系统和 其它关键社会体制 是他们任务的重要一环。
integral:adj.积分的;完整的,整体的;必须的;n.积分;部分;完整;
It's not just about avoiding collateral damage; it's about winning the peace. 这不仅是为了避免附带损害, 更是为了缔造和平。
collateral:adj.并行的;旁系的;附属的;n.抵押品;[法]担保品;旁系亲属;
But the most important partner we need to engage is you, the American public,and indeed, the world public. 但我们最需要的合作伙伴还是你们: 美国大众,以至世界大众。
engage:v.吸引,占用;使参加;雇佣;使订婚;预定;
Because unless you understand the value of social institutions, like health systems in these fragile settings, you won't support efforts to save them. 除非你们能明白 社会体制的宝贵价值, 就像政局不稳环境下的衞生体制, 否则你们是不会支持维护它们的。
You won't click on that article that talks about "Hey, all those doctors are on the run in country X. 你不会点击那篇文章, 它在谈论,「嘿,所有这些医生 正从某国逃命。
I wonder what that means. 我想知道这意味什么:
I wonder what that means for that health system's ability to, let's say, detect influenza ." 究竟该国衞生系统 有没有能力檢测流行性感冒爆发？」
detect:vt.察觉;发现;探测; influenza:n.[内科]流行性感冒(简写flu);家畜流行性感冒;
'"Hmm, it's probably not good." 「嗯,情况应该好不了那里。」
That's what I'd tell you. 我会这样回答你。
Up on the screen, 在萤幕上,
I've put up my three favorite American institution defenders and builders . 是我最喜欢的三位捍衞和建设 社会体制的美国人。
defenders:n.后卫;防御者(defender的复数); builders:n.[建]施工人员(builder的复数);生成器;
Over here is George C. Marshall, he was the guy that proposed the Marshall Plan to save all of Europe's economic institutions after World War II. 在这边是乔治·卡特莱特·马歇尔, 他就是提出马歇尔计划的人, 来拯救第二次世界大战后 所有在欧洲的经济制度。
proposed:adj.建议的;推荐的;v.提议;建议;计划;求婚;(propose的过去分词和过去式) economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的;
And this Eleanor Roosevelt. 这是爱莲娜·罗斯福。
Her work on human rights really serves as the foundation for all of our international human rights organizations . 她的人权工作真正为 我们所有国际人权组织奠定基础。
foundation:n.基础;地基;基金会;根据;创立; organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构;
Then my big favorite is Ben Franklin, who did many things in terms of creating institutions, but was the midwife of our constitution . 这是我最喜欢的班杰明·富兰克林, 他在创造制度方面做了很多贡献, 也是我们宪法得以诞生的助产士。
midwife:n.助产士;促成因素;vt.助胎儿出生;促成; constitution:n.宪法;构成;体质;组成;
And I would say to you that these are folks who, when our country was threatened, or our world was threatened, they didn't retreat . 我可以这么说, 这些人在我们国家受到威胁之时, 或是我们世界受到威胁之时, 并没有退缩。
retreat:v.撤退;退却;后退;退缩;n.撤退;退却;退缩;退避;
They didn't talk about building walls. 他们并没有谈论建围墙,
They talked about building institutions to protect human security, for their generation and also for ours. 他们谈论的是建设制度 来保障人类安全, 裨益他们那一代以至我们这一代。
And I think our generation should do the same. 所以我们这一代也应该 做同样的事情。
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) (掌声)