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MarceloMena_2020-_气候行动带来的经济效益_-
Whitney Pennington Rodgers: Marcelo Mena is an environmentalist and a scholar , and he is the former Minister of Environment for Chile. 惠特尼·彭宁顿·罗杰斯: 马塞洛·梅纳（Marcelo Mena） 是一个环保主义者, 也是一位学者, 同时也是智利前环保部长。
Welcome, Marcelo. 欢迎您,马塞洛。
Marcelo Mena: How are you doing, Whitney? Thanks for the invitation . 马塞洛:你好,惠特尼！ 最近怎么样？感谢你们邀请我。
WPR: Perfect. Great. 惠特妮:很好。
Of course, thank you so much for being with us here today. 当然,非常感谢您 今天参与我们的对话。[00:25]
environmentalist:n.环保人士;环境论者;研究环境问题的专家; scholar:n.学者;奖学金获得者;聪颖勤奋的学生; Minister:n.部长;大臣;牧师;vi.执行牧师职务;辅助或伺候某人; invitation:n.邀请,引诱
And you know, before we dive into the future of climate action in Chile and beyond, 在深入探讨智利以及其他地区 未来的环保行动之前,
I think it would be great for us to talk about the present and why Chile really represents a country that is worth thinking about when we talk about climate. 我觉得我们可以 先谈谈目前的情况, 以及谈到环保话题,智利往往是值得探讨的典型, 其背后的原因是什么。
dive:n.潜水;跳水;俯冲;猛冲;v.猛冲;(头朝下)跳入水中;[体]跳水(运动); represents:v.代表;维护…的利益;相当于;(represent的第三人称单数)
You know, recently there have been lots of commendable actions taken by your country when we think about climate. 最近,智利在国内采取了 许多顺应民心的举措 来应对气候问题。
Chile recently committed to net-zero emissions by 2050, the first in the Americas to do this, and that's especially notable when you think about how much of Chile's economy really depends on carbon emissions: mining and agriculture and spaces like that. 智利最近也承诺, 到 2050 年实现零排放, 成为了首开先例的美洲国家, 尤其当我们考虑到智利的经济 对碳排放行业的依赖程度很高: 有矿业、农业 以及诸如此类的行业。
recently:adv.最近;新近; commendable:adj.值得赞美的;很好的;可推荐的; committed:adj.坚信的; v.做出错事; (commit的过去分词和过去式) emissions:n.(光、热、气等的)发出,排放;排放物;散发物;(emission的复数) especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; notable:adj.值得注意的,显著的;著名的;n.名人,显要人物; economy:n.经济;节约;理财; carbon:n.[化学]碳;碳棒;复写纸;adj.碳的;碳处理的;
So could you start a little bit by just talking about how would this even be possible to get to net-zero emissions in 30 years, and what would that mean for Chile? 请您先从这个角度 谈谈如何在 30 年内 实现零排放目标, 以及这对智利意味着什么？
MM: Mm-hmm. It was a very surreal image when we saw Minister Schmidt, the COP25 president, 马塞洛:当我们看到 联合国气候变化大会（COP25） 主席施密特（Schmidt）,
Patricia Espinosa, the UN head on climate change, with masks, delivering this new NDC. 联合国气候变化框架公约执行秘书 帕特里夏 · 埃斯皮诺沙（Patricia Espinosa） 在围绕新的 NDC（国家自主贡献） 发言时戴着口罩,这种场景真让人难忘。
The important thing here is, things that are hard to build require consensus , but therefore to get rid of that commitment , you need to have another consensus. 更关键的是,要实现艰难的目标, 我们需要共识, 这就要求在终止承诺的同时, 又需要达成新的共识。
surreal:adj.超现实主义的;离奇的;不真实的; consensus:n.一致;舆论;合意; commitment:n.承诺;投入;保证;许诺;
This hasn't happened, so the thing is, the reason why Chile has a sort of vision towards mitigation that's ambitious is that we see that there's a big economic benefit. 各方在这个方面 尚未取得进展, 而智利之所以有这种远见来实现强力减排, 是因为我们看到了 其中巨大的潜在经济效益。
We have seen, we've witnessed , what the renewable energy sector has been able to do for investment , for lowering energy costs. 我们已经见证了, 可再生能源领域的投资 降低了能源成本。
And so therefore to reach this goal, we will inevitably expand to 100 percent renewable, but we'll also transform our industry, which is heavy on fossil fuels, towards low emissions, with the hydrogen economy kicking in, with a recently launched committee that I formed, that Minister Jobet, the Minister of Energy, set up. 因此,为了达成这个目标, 我们必然转向 100% 的可再生能源。 同时,随着氢能源经济的引入, 我们也会要求严重依赖 化石燃料的行业 向低碳燃料过渡。 对此,我们最近成立了 一个由我发起, 由智利能源部长乔柏特（Jobet） 组建的委员会。
vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见; mitigation:n.减轻;缓和;平静; ambitious:adj.野心勃勃的;有雄心的;热望的;炫耀的; economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; witnessed:v.当场看到,目击;见证;作证;(witness的过去式和过去分词) renewable:adj.可再生的;可更新的;可继续的;n.再生性能源; sector:n.部门;扇形,扇区;象限仪;函数尺;vt.把…分成扇形; investment:n.投资;投入;封锁; inevitably:adv.不可避免地;必然地; expand:v.扩张;使膨胀;详述;发展;张开,展开; transform:v.使改变;使改观;使转换;n.[数]变换式;[化]反式; fossil:n.化石;老人;老古董;adj.从地下发掘出来的;化石的;属于旧时代的;陈腐的; hydrogen:n.氢;氢气; launched:v.发射;发起;开展;开始;(launch的过去式和过去分词) committee:n.委员会;
And also energy efficiency and a lot of capture , carbon capture. 另外,我们还会大幅提升 能源效率和碳捕获能力。
We are endowed with a lot of natural capital. 我们拥有大量的天然资本。
Taking care of that natural capital and expanding plantations will allow us to reach net-zero by 2050. 利用好那些天然资本 并扩大人工森林覆盖面积, 在 2050 年实现 零排放的目标将指日可待。
efficiency:n.效率;效能;功效; capture:v.俘虏;捕获;攻占;夺得;刻画,描述;n.(被)捕获;(被)俘获 endowed:v.赋予;捐赠; expanding:v.扩大,增加,增强细谈;详述;(expand的现在分词) plantations:n.[农]种植园(plantation的复数形式);
WPR: That's great. 惠特妮:听上去很不错。
And now it seems like Chile has such a huge focus, then, in thinking about renewable energy and thinking about climate. 看起来,目前智利正在专注于 积极思考可再生能源以及 应对气候变化问题的解决之道。
But this wasn't always the case. 但之前情况并非如此。
Could you talk a little bit, I guess, about the history of how Chile arrived at this moment? 您能否简单谈一谈 智利是如何走到今天的？
MM: Yeah, so in 2011, 2010, we had an energy discussion with incumbents saying the only way we could solve our energy problems will be through large coal and large hydro in the Patagonia . 马塞洛:好的。 在 2011、2010 年左右, 我们有过一次关于能源的讨论, 当时的负责人认为, 解决我们国家能源问题的唯一方法 是使用巴塔哥尼亚地区的 大量煤炭和丰富水力资源。
And that really polarized the discussion. 这在当时引发了激烈的讨论。
We got together as a community after large protests that triggered a lot of social movements, and we started discussing how we should be able to do our energy going forward. 在引发了许多社会运动的 几次大规模抗议之后, 我们作为一个团体聚集在一起, 开始讨论如何解决 未来的能源问题。
incumbents:在位者(incumbent的名词复数); Patagonia:n.巴塔哥尼亚(南美的一个地区); polarized:v.(使)两极化,截然对立; (polarize的过去分词和过去式) community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; protests:v.抗议;反对(protest的三单形式);n.抗议(protest的复数); triggered:v.发动;引起;触发;开动;起动;(trigger的过去分词和过去式)
The population, public unrest , set up almost 6,000 megawatts of coal-fired power plants to never be built. 民众的反对呼声和担忧, 成功的阻止了 6000 兆瓦级 燃煤电厂的建设。
And when the government, Michelle Bachelet's government came in, we pulled the plug on the HidroAysén project, which is a big hydro project in the Patagonia. 米歇尔·巴切莱特（Michelle Bachelet） 执掌的政府部门介入后, 我们终止了 HidroAysén 项目建设, 这是巴塔哥尼亚地区的 一个大型水利发电项目。
unrest:n.不安;动荡的局面;不安的状态; megawatts:n.百万瓦特(megawatt的复数); coal-fired:adj.烧煤的; plug:n.插头;塞子;栓;v.塞住;用插头将与电源接通;
And both of these conditions enabled an opportunity for renewable energy to set in. 以上种种情况都成为了 可再生能源发展的契机。
We put in carbon taxes, we put in environmental regulations , and we set up an energy strategy that we did, building on discussing and looking at the data, 我们开始征收碳排放税, 并制定了一系列环保法规, 此外,在一系列讨论和 数据支持的基础上, 我们还确立了一套能源战略,
enabled:v.使得;授予…权力;(enabled是enable的过去式) regulations:n.章程;规则;法规;管理,控制;(regulation的复数) strategy:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略;
in which we thought that the 70 percent renewable energy by 2050 was going to be a target that we could agree on. 我们认为,到 2050 年 实现 70% 的可再生能源覆盖率 将会是可以达成的目标。
This target has been long surpassed . 目前的进度已经超过预期,
Now we're thinking of reaching that same goal by 2030. 我们觉得到 2030 年 目标就能实现。
WPR: And what you were saying about social protests, that's something that a lot of people maybe have been following news of what's going in Chile are familiar with recent social protests, 惠特妮: 您刚才谈到抗议活动, 我想,很多关注智利新闻的人 应该对智利近期的 社会运动有所了解,
surpassed:v.超过,凌驾(surpass的过去分词形式); familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友;
and I think I'm curious about how you see that factoring in to climate action moving forward. 我想知道, 您认为这些运动对气候行动 起到了怎样的推动作用。
How might these social protests play a role in what climate action you see? 这些抗议活动 对气候行动有什么影响？
And, really, how is it possible for Chile to be a leader in climate action while also struggling with some of these social issues ? 此外,智利在 社会问题丛生的情况下, 是否有可能成为 世界气候行动的领头羊？
curious:adj.好奇的,有求知欲的;古怪的;爱挑剔的; factoring:n.[数]因子分解,[数]因式分解; v.把…因素包括进去(factor的现在分词); issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数)
MM: Well, the social issues, which are very profound and important to address, caused, for example, COP25 to not be able to be held in Santiago and to go to Madrid . 马塞洛:很多影响深远 且亟待解决的社会问题, 导致了如联合国气候变化会议 无法在圣地亚哥举行, 从而转至马德里,
And this also shifted a whole bunch of the discussions and announcements that weren't done and we were expecting to have. 同时也导致一系列讨论和宣言 无法落实和达成, 尽管我们希望能达成。
But regardless of this, the fact that we have this commitment from the government today shows that there's a resolution to continue forward. 但撇开以上因素, 政府如今的承诺表明, 他们决心继续为之努力。
profound:adj.深厚的;意义深远的;渊博的; Santiago:n.圣地亚哥(智利首都); Madrid:n.马德里(西班牙首都); shifted:转移;移动(shift的过去式和过去分词); bunch:n.群;串;突出物;vi.隆起;打褶;形成一串;vt.使成一串;使打褶; regardless:adj.不管的; v.不顾后果地; resolution:n.解决;分辨;解析;决议;
But really, the economic model of Chile was brought into question, because the environmental issues, for example, are quite widespread , and many times you have large coal-fired power plants being situated where people live and with higher mortality rates. 但同时,智利的经济模式 也受到了质疑, 因为诸如环境之类的问题广泛存在。 很多时候大型燃煤电厂 就建在居民区里, 导致了极高的居民死亡率。
Somebody who lives where a power plant is installed has twice the rate of death in comparison to other people in Chile. 那些住在发电站周边的居民 和智利其他地区的居民相比 死亡率高出一倍。
So the model of having many people be impacted for the benefit of few is something that caused and triggered the social unrest. 因此,这种让少数人获益 而影响多数的模式 引发了社会动荡。
widespread:adj.普遍的,广泛的;分布广的; situated:adj.位于…的;处于…境遇的;v.使位于;使处于;(situate的过去分词和过去式) mortality:n.死亡数,死亡率;必死性,必死的命运; power plant:n.发电厂;发电站; installed:v.安装;设置;使就职(install的过去分词和过去式) comparison:n.比较;对比;相比; impacted:adj.压紧的;结实的;嵌入的;(人口)稠密的;v.装紧;挤满(impact的过去分词); for the benefit of:为…的利益;
And it goes into the economic model itself of extracting , polluting, impacting communities that may not see the benefits of these economic activities. 它涉及到了经济模式本身—— 开采、污染并影响社区, 而这些社区可能看不到 这些经济活动带来的好处。
So while we've done a lot -- we've come a long way , for example, in securing a very emblematic agreement to phase out coal-fired power plants -- many people feel that this wasn't done fast enough and want this action to be brought faster. 因此,尽管我们 做了大量工作—— 我们坚持不懈的达成了 一个里程碑式的协议, 逐步关停燃煤电厂—— 很多人仍然认为这些举措 进展不够迅速, 希望能够加速实施。
extracting:n.提取;萃取;撷取;adj.拔出的(extract进行式); impacting:[力]冲击;[力]撞击;[物]碰撞(impact的现在分词); communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) come a long way:突飞猛进; emblematic:adj.象征的;可当标志的; phase out:逐步淘汰;停止;
WPR: And it sounds like having people be the voice and the engine behind making that happen has really been part of this historical thread with climate action in Chile and seems like it would really lead things moving into the future. 惠特妮:听起来 是群众的呼声和力量 在背后推动这一切, 成为了智利环境保护行动 这个历史节点的一环。 看来群众的力量真的能引领未来。
MM: No, definitely , and we will continue. Yes, go ahead. Sorry. 马塞洛:是的,我们会继续。 是的,请继续说。抱歉。
WPR: Go ahead. Please go ahead. We have a little bit of a delay. 惠特妮: 请继续。网络有点延迟。
MM: Going forward, we're going to be ... Starting out, we are doing well, but I think we need to double down on our commitments . 马塞洛:我们将继续...... 我们的起步不错, 但我觉得我们还要加倍努力。
historical:adj.历史的;史学的;基于史实的; thread:n.螺纹;线索;思路;脉络;v.穿过;穿(针);纫(针);(使)穿过; definitely:adv.清楚地,当然;明确地,肯定地; a little bit of a:一点点了; commitments:n.承诺,保证;委托;承担义务;献身;(commitment的复数)
So even though we have ministries involved , we have civil society involved , we need to bring in the mainstream industry. 尽管我们已经有政府参与, 有民间团体协作, 但我们还需要引入支柱产业。
I think, for example, the mining sector has a great opportunity to be the solution for the environmental issues, because we provide the copper , the cobalt , the lithium that are required for solar PV panels , for battery storage. 例如,采矿业有很大可能 成为环境问题的解决方案, 因为我们提供铜、钴、锂等 太阳能光伏板蓄电池 必需的金属元素。
ministries:n.事工部门(ministry的复数); involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) civil:adj.公民的;民间的;文职的;有礼貌的;根据民法的; mainstream:n.主流; copper:n.铜;铜币;警察;adj.铜(制)的;(紫)铜色的;v.用铜板[铜皮]盖[包]; cobalt:n.[化学]钴;钴类颜料;由钴制的深蓝色; lithium:n.锂(符号Li); panels:n.面板(panel的复数); v.嵌镶(panel的第三人称单数形式); battery:n.[电]电池,蓄电池;n.[法]殴打;n.[军]炮台,炮位;
But we need to do this in a clean manner. 但生产方法要环保。
I think that's the biggest challenge we're going to have in the next 20 years ahead. 我认为这是未来 20 年 我们面临的最大挑战。
WPR: And sort of pivoting to the pandemic and to thinking about what's going on right now, the entire world has obviously been devastated by this crisis . 惠特妮:我们说回疫情。 考虑到现在的状况, 全世界显然都因为 这次疫情焦头烂额。
What have been some of the unique challenges that Chile has faced during this pandemic? 这次疫情是否给智利带来了 什么特别的挑战？
MM: Well, definitely, as anybody, we are always struggling within taking actions today to prevent a deeper impact in the future. 马塞洛:当然和大家一样, 我们一直在抓紧采取行动, 阻止疫情在未来 造成更严重的影响。
pivoting:n.绕轴旋转;v.装枢轴于(pivot的ing形式); pandemic:adj.(疾病等)全国流行的;普遍的;n.流行性疾病; devastated:adj.不安的,混乱的,震惊的; v.彻底破坏; (devastate的过去分词和过去式) crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的; unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物;
And we started off pretty well. 我们刚开始做得不错。
We shut off schools. 我们关闭了学校,
We shut off different cities and had a quarantine . 封闭了一些城市,采取隔离措施。
But we gave the wrong signals to people and we didn't have a consistent effort, and this has brought us to have the highest infection rates per capita in the world these days. 但是我们给人民 传递了错误的信号。 而且没有贯彻一致的措施, 导致智利目前的人均感染率 居世界前列。
quarantine:vt.检疫;隔离;使隔离;n.检疫;隔离;检疫期;封锁;vi.实行隔离; consistent:adj.始终如一的,一致的;坚持的; infection:n.感染;传染;(身体某部位的)感染;传染病; per capita:adj.每人的;人均的;
So this goes to show that -- the same parallels with climate change. 所以这也显示出—— 和气候变化类似的问题。
We need to take action now to prevent deeper impact later. 我们必须立即采取行动, 防止情况恶化。
And I think we need to take the lesson of this to continue with an effort, because one thing is to announce an ambitious NDC. 而且我们必须吸取教训, 毫不松懈, 因为一方面要宣布 我们自己的 NDC,
parallels:n.平行线; v.使…成平行;
Another thing is to invest and do the regulations that you require to turn this into reality. 另一方面还必须投入精力, 按规定执行, 才能把计划变成现实。
But there are some things that are interesting. 但还有几件有趣的事情。
The pollution in Santiago, which is one of the most polluted capitals historically in Latin America , has dropped substantially . 圣地亚哥 曾经是拉丁美洲污染 最严重的首都之一, 但市内污染现在已大幅缓解,
The car-related emissions are down almost 80 to 90 percent, which is pretty substantive . 汽车尾气排放量 下降了 80% 到 90% , 可以说成效卓着。
And we look at the example of what's going on. 我们调查了这背后的原因。
Harvard University showed a study in which they showed higher mortality rates for more polluted cities. 哈佛大学的一项研究表明, 严重污染城市的死亡率更高。
historically:adv.历史上地;从历史观点上说; Latin America:n.拉丁美洲(以西班牙语或葡萄牙语为主要语言的美洲地区); substantially:adv.实质上;大体上;充分地; substantive:adj.有实质的;大量的;真实的;独立存在的;n.名词性实词;独立存在的实体; Harvard:n.哈佛大学;哈佛大学学生;
And this is also the case in Chile. 智利也是一样。
For every microgram of pollution, PM2.5, there is an increase of the fatality rate of nine percent. 污染物 PM2.5 每增加一微克, 死亡率就会提高 9% 。
But the thing is, we could also look back at what we've achieved up to now. 但我们可以回顾一下 现在所取得的成就。
Had we not taken measures to clean the air, as we've done in Chile these last 20 years, we would be talking about five times more people would have died from COVID. 如果过去 20 年间 我们没有采取措施净化空气, 所造成的死亡人数会比 因新冠疫情死亡的人数大概多五倍。
microgram:n.微克;微观图,显微照片; fatality:n.死亡;宿命;致命性;不幸;灾祸;
We have around 800 people that have died due to COVID directly , but this would have been much higher had we not taken action. 目前有大概 800 人 因新冠死亡, 但如果我们没有及时采取措施, 死亡的人数将会更多。
And in fact, due to the lower pollution, if we estimate and predict this to the rest of the year, we will have saved as many lives reducing the pollution as we have lost in COVID, 事实上,由于污染的减少, 我们估计今年剩下的时间 因为污染减少而活下来的人,
directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就; estimate:v.估计;估算;估价;n.估价;(对大小、数量、成本等的)估计;估计的成本; predict:v.预报;预言;预告;
showing that there's a pandemic that we also need to address, which is the crisis on air pollution that suffocates many cities in the world. 这说明我们还有 一个“疫情”需要解决, 那就是让全世界许多城市 “窒息”的空气污染危机。
WPR: And it seems like that's probably something that we're seeing in other areas around the world. 惠特妮:似乎这个问题 在全球其他地方也普遍存在。
As you're suggesting, air pollution is a problem everywhere. 就像您说的, 空气污染是世界性难题。
And I'm curious also how these challenges that you've mentioned, and maybe others, might hinder or help some of this progress that you're hoping to make towards climate action. 我还想知道 您刚才提到的这些挑战 或者还有其他挑战, 将会如何妨碍或推动 在您希望实现的 气候变化行动的方面 取得进展。
suffocates:vi.受阻,受扼制;窒息;vt.压制,阻碍;使…窒息; hinder:v.阻碍;妨碍;阻挡;adj.后面的;
How do you see this factoring in to some of the decisions that might be made going forward in Chile and beyond? 如何看待这个因素 在某些决策中的作用 对未来智利乃至全世界的影响？
MM: OK, so we have a higher fatality rate and more polluted cities, and we have a climate action to carry out. 马塞洛:好的。我们的死亡率 居高不下,污染城市越来越多。 需要推动气候行动。
This is going to be a decisive decade, in which we need to lay the groundwork for our lower-emissions strategies . 这将是决定性的十年, 在这期间,我们必须夯实减排基础。
So whatever we do today cannot lock us in to an incompatible climate future. 无论何种措施,都需要与 未来气候变化和谐发展的目标一致。
We need to lay the groundwork for this low-emissions transition . 因此我们需要做好减排过渡工作。
So therefore, our green recovery efforts need to be done, as Kristalina [Georgieva] spoke last week, has to be related to a green recovery that creates jobs immediately, 正如克里斯塔利娜 （国际货币基金组织总裁）上周所讲的, 绿色修复措施必须启动, 该计划能够立即创造就业机会,
decisive:adj.决定性的;果断的,坚定的; groundwork:n.基础;地基,根基; strategies:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略;(strategy的复数) incompatible:adj.不相容的;矛盾的;不能同时成立的;n.互不相容的人或事物; transition:n.过渡;转变;变革;变迁;v.经历转变过程;过渡; recovery:n.恢复,复原;痊愈;重获;
that addresses the poverty issues that we have on energy today in southern Chile, and we need to use this for expanding renewable energy and expanding the successful efforts that we've done on electromobility. 解决智利南部由于能源短缺 导致的贫困问题, 而且我们必须借此契机 扩大可再生能源的使用, 同时拓展我们已经在 电动汽车方面取得的成效。
Today, we have the largest fleet of electric buses outside of China, but we could actually make this go even bigger, because we've seen that the reductions in cost have been almost 70 percent in comparison to diesel buses. 目前,我们的电动巴士 数量仅次于中国, 而实际上这个数量 还可以继续增加, 因为我们看到, 与使用柴油的巴士相比, 成本减少了近 70%。
poverty:n.贫困;困难;缺少;低劣; fleet:n.舰队; v.浅; v.掠过; adj.跑得快的; electric:n.供电;adj.电的;用电的;电动的;发电的; reductions:n.减少;缩小;降低;减价;折扣;缩图;(reduction的复数) diesel:n.柴油机;柴油;柴油车;内燃机车
So we should use this opportunity to expand. 因此我们应该把握机会扩大规模。
And multiple stakeholders are working. 许多相关利益方
We're working together to call on the government to do a green recovery, to use the green bonds that we've already issued and under which we've gotten really low rates for interest rates, to do and fund cleaning the air, cleaning the transportation 正在共同努力号召政府 进行绿色复育, 使用我们已经发行的 利率极低的绿色债券 来为减少空气污染 和提供绿色交通筹措资金,
multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; stakeholders:n.利益相关者;赌款保存人(stakeholder的复数); issued:v.宣布;公布;发出;将…诉诸法律;(issue的过去分词和过去式) fund:n.基金;资金;存款;v.投资;资助; transportation:n.运输;运输系统;运输工具;流放;
and laying the groundwork for a cleaner tomorrow in the mining sector, which is our biggest challenge going forward. 为采矿业未来的 碳减排打好基础, 这是未来面临的最大挑战。
WPR: And then as far as the way that you think about and conceptualize climate action, have you personally had any changes to your thinking, just as a result of what you're seeing through this pandemic? 惠特妮:那么随着您不断 对气候行动进行 具体的概念化推广之外, 您的个人想法是否 也因为在这次疫情中 所目睹的一切而有所改变呢？
MM: Yeah, I think we start looking around, everybody had to struggle and find that we could do much more with less, and keeping a full economy that requires you to buy an extra t-shirt that you don't need, the fact that we're using three times more clothes than we were maybe 20 years ago 马塞洛:我们开始 观察周围的形势, 每个人都想要努力达到 事半功倍的效果, 维持良好的经济发展, 你可能要多买一件并不需要的T恤, 事实上,我们目前 消耗的服装数量是 20 年前的三倍还多,
as far as:至于…; conceptualize:vt.使概念化;vi.概念化; personally:adv.个人;亲自;本人;就本人而言; as a result:结果;
shows that we are blowing up an economy that requires us to destroy the environment, in a way, to continue forward. 这表明在当前, 拉动经济发展要求我们 以破坏环境为代价, 从而获得持续发展。
And the food system is going to be probably our biggest challenge, and even though I've been working with electric buses and electromobility and just the more conventional mitigation, 食品系统可能成为 我们当前最大的难题, 尽管我在努力推动 电动巴士和汽车的普及, 但这只是传统意义上的权宜之计,
I think our biggest cultural challenge will be to talk about how our food decisions impact the way that we will have a future. 我认为我们最大的文化挑战 实际上是讨论 我们对食物的选择 如何影响我们的未来。
'"Nature" just put out a report that showed something that when we were in the government, we had talked about. 《自然》杂志刚发布了一份报告, 报告中提出的问题正是 我们在政府工作中讨论的问题。
conventional:adj.符合习俗的,传统的;常见的;惯例的; cultural:adj.与文化有关的;文化的;与艺术、文学、音乐等有关的;
When Chile was good in soccer, we started going deeper into the wintertime contests, and we started winning games. 智利擅长足球, 我们开始加强冬季赛事, 我们也赢了一些比赛。
But to win those games, we started doing a lot of barbecues , and the paper that came out showed something that, when we explained this to people, that you guys are messing up the air with barbecues , people thought we were crazy. 但为了赢这些比赛, 我们却吃了大量的烤肉。 有报告表明, 当我们告诉大家 因为烧烤,你们正在破坏空气, 大家会觉得我们疯了。
wintertime:n.冬季; barbecues:n.烤肉;烤肉架;v.烧烤;在户外烤肉;(barbecue的第三人称单数和复数) messing:v.使不整洁;弄脏;弄乱;随地便溺;(mess的现在分词)
Well, the "Nature" report now shows that we actually fouled the air and destroyed the air, annihilated the air, because we wanted to celebrate the soccer. 《自然》杂志的报告指出, 我们的确污染了空气, 甚至彻底破坏了空气, 只为了庆祝足球赛事。
And we set this up to people, and people thought we were crazy. 我们把这个事实告诉大家, 但大家只觉得我们疯了。
Now people acknowledge the fact that the basic things that you could do, such as the way that you choose how to cook, could actually impact your air. 现在,人们开始认识到, 我们的一些日行为, 诸如我们选择烹饪的方式, 确实会影响到空气质量。
fouled:v.污染的(foul的过去分词形式);拥塞;粪污的; annihilated:adj.废止的;v.废止(annihilate的过去分词);
So I think going forward these cultural challenges that we need to do, we need to tackle them head-on . 所以我认为面对此类文化挑战, 我们必须迎难而上,
We should need to show the evidence . 摆出证据。
Otherwise, we're just going to be ignoring problems and letting them perpetuate for the future. 否则我们只是在无视问题, 任其发展。
WPR: And, you know, for nations who have not really prioritized climate in the same way that Chile has, are there lessons that you think can be learned 惠特妮:有些国家 并不像智利这样 重视气候问题, 您认为智利在过去 几年里所采取的措施
tackle:v.处理; n.用具; head-on:adj.正面的;直接的;头朝前的;adv.迎头;头朝前地;正面针对地; evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; ignoring:v.忽略,忽视;(ignore的现在分词); perpetuate:vt.使不朽;保持;adj.长存的; prioritized:v.优先化(prioritize的过去分词);
from some of the choices that Chile has made in recent years that other nations can apply , and how could folks in other countries implement some of these strategies that you implemented in Chile? 有没有值得其他国家 借鉴和运用的？ 你在智利采取的策略, 有没有哪些是其他国家的 领导人可以借鉴的？
MM: So, many people in the US and across the world know about the Chilean sea bass . 马塞洛:我想很多美国人, 甚至世界各国的人 都知道智利鲈鱼。
The Chilean sea bass was overfished and almost collapsed . 由于过度捕捞, 智利鲈鱼濒临灭绝。
One of the things that we did under the support from "National Geographic " 在《国家地理》杂志的支持和
apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求; implemented:v.使生效;贯彻;执行;实施;(implement的过去式和过去分词) Chilean:n.智利人;智利语;adj.智利的;智利人的;智利文化的; bass:n.鲈鱼;男低音;低音部;椴树;adj.低音的; overfished:vt.对…进行过度捕捞; collapsed:v.倒塌,坍塌;倒下,昏倒;坐下;(collapse的过去分词和过去式) Geographic:adj.地理的;地理学的;
and with the leadership of President Bachelet was to expand marine protection, from four percent of our oceans to 43 percent within one government, which is the largest leap . 巴切莱特（Bachelet） 总统的带领下, 我们加大了海洋保护力度, 在这一届政府任期内,将海洋 保护面积从 4% 增加到 43% , 实现了巨大的飞跃。
There's only comparison to the US during Obama in terms of protection. 这一程度的保护力度只有 美国奥巴马任期的美国可以比肩。
And this is because we want this population also to recover. 这也是因为我们 希望鱼群数目能恢复。
You know, when you let the park stop fishing, the overflow from the fishing will actually increase the biomass sixfold . 事实上, 当公园开始禁止钓鱼行为, 过度钓鱼行为实际上 会使生物质的数量增加六倍。
marine:adj.海的;海产的;海生的;海船的;n.(尤指美国或英国皇家)海军陆战队士兵; leap:n.跳越;跳跃;跳高;骤变;v.跳;跳跃;跳越;猛冲; overflow:vi.溢出;泛滥;充溢;n.充满,洋溢;泛滥;超值;溢值;vt.使溢出;使泛滥;使充溢; biomass:n.(单位面积或体积内的)[生态]生物量; sixfold:adj.六倍的;六重的,有六部分的;
So I think one of the efforts that we need to do as we talk about the biodiversity convention that's going to happen this next year is that we need to change our relationship to the environment. 因此,我觉得当我们谈论到 明年即将诞生的生物多样性公约, 我们需要做的一项工作 就是改变我们和环境的关系。
We need to protect and conserve our ecosystems , so they provide the services that they do today. 我们需要维护生态系统, 让它们发挥今天所具有的功能。
Today, 96 percent of all mammals , land mammals , are humans or stuff humans eat. 现如今,96% 的陆生哺乳动物, 是人类,或者人类的食物。
biodiversity:n.生物多样性; conserve:vt.保存;将…做成蜜饯;使守恒;n.果酱;蜜饯; ecosystems:n.生态系统(ecosystem的复数); mammals:n.哺乳动物;(mammal的复数) stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
Only four percent of land mammals are wild. 仅有 4% 的陆地哺乳动物是野生的。
When I heard that data, from "National Geographic," 当我第一次从《国家地理》杂志
for the first time, 听到这个数字,
I couldn't believe it. 简直不敢相信。
We've changed our relationship with the planet, and we're suffering these decisions because we see zoonotic diseases -- not just coronavirus -- spread time after time . 我们已经改变了和这个星球的关系, 我们看到动物传染病—— 不仅是新冠病毒—— 一次次蔓延传播, 我们在为自己的行为付出代价。
WPR: And we have Bruno here -- hi, Bruno -- with a question from the community. 惠特妮:布鲁诺上线了—— 你好,布努诺——他带来了观众的提问。
Bruno Giussani: Hi. Absolutely . Hello, Marcelo. 布努诺·吉萨尼（Bruno Giussani）: 你好,没错。你好,马塞洛。
This is a question from Melissa Mahoney. 有一个来自梅丽莎·莫哈妮的问题。
zoonotic:adj.动物传染病的; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类; coronavirus:n.冠状病毒;日冕形病毒; time after time:常常;反复;一次又一次;一再;两世奇人; Absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地;
She asks if you can expand on what economic benefits of net-zero emissions are. 她询问,是否可以展开讲述一下 零排放的经济效益。
And especially, could those benefits be the same for Chile and for other countries? 尤其是,这些经济效益对智利 和对其他国家来说是相同的吗？
MM: Good. 马塞洛: 谢谢提问。
For example, when I worked in the World Bank , we supported Chile to look into the macroeconomic impacts of the net-zero target. 比如,在我就职世界银行期间, 我们支持智利深入研究零排放 对宏观经济的影响。
And it was shown that Chile will grow 4.4 percent more. 研究表明,智利的 经济增长率会增加 4.4% 。
So we turned the risk of climate change, and we turned it into an opportunity of expanded growth. 因此我们把气候变化的风险 变成了提升经济增长率的机遇。
This manifests in lower transportation costs, lower energy costs, and this makes the economy more competitive . 这也被证明能够 有效降低交通成本, 节省能源开支, 让经济更有竞争力。
World Bank:n.世界银行(向处于困境需要资助的成员国贷款的国际机构); macroeconomic:adj.宏观经济的,总体经济的;n.整体经济; impacts:n.影响; v.有影响,有作用; expanded:adj.扩充的;展开的;vt.扩大(expand的过去式); manifests:vt.证明,表明; vi.显示,出现; n.载货单,货单; adj.显然的,明显的; competitive:adj.竞争的;比赛的;求胜心切的;
The costs of reaching the net-zero target are much lower than the benefits that we will have to reap . 达成零排放目标的成本 要远远低于我们将要获得的受益。
And we're not even talking about cleaner air benefits, we're talking about direct economic benefits of having increased investments , which is something that every country will require in these years to recover from the COVID crisis, and lower energy costs. 这甚至不涉及到 更清洁的空气带来的效益, 我们只是在说增加投资 所带来的直接经济收益, 这也是每个国家在未来几年 从新冠疫情危机中复苏所需要的, 同时还能降低能源的成本。
reap:vt.收获,获得;收割;vi.收割,收获; investments:n.[经]投资,投资的财产;投资学;(investment的复数)
So that's how it manifests, and this is a consensus today that we need to have more renewable energy because this is the way that we've had cleaner air and lower energy costs. 这就是事实所呈现的, 也成为了当今的共识, 我们需要更多可再生能源, 因为这就是我们拥有清洁空气 和更低能源成本的方法。
BG: There is another question from someone in the audience, asking, "Countries across Latin America have very different attitudes on climate. 布鲁诺: 还有一个来自观众的问题。 “拉美国家对待 气候变化态度迥异。
Can you comment on that?" 您对此有什么看法？”
MM: So Pew Research Center has been putting out reports regarding what is the main external threat that you have. 马塞洛:皮尤研究中心已经发布 有关我们面临的外部威胁的报告。
And in Europe, in the US, the biggest threat was either China or ISIS or some external bellicose threat. 在欧洲和美国, 最大的威胁来自 中国,或者 ISIS, 或者一些外部的暴力威胁。
attitudes:n.态度,看法(attitude复数); comment on:对…评论; regarding:prep.关于;至于;v.将…认为;把…视为;看待;(regard的现在分词) external:n.外部;外观;形式;外部情况;adj.外部的;外面的;外界的;外来的; bellicose:adj.好战的;好斗的;
In Latin America and Africa, it's climate change, number one, and Chile is one of the highest, with 86 percent of Chileans saying that climate change is the greatest external threat. 而在拉美和非洲, 首要威胁就是气候变化, 在智利,有高达 86% 的居民认为 气候变化是最大的外部威胁。
And this is also very high across the region . 而且整个地区 有此想法的民众比例都很高。
We could have populist governments coming in, changing their priorities , but the reality is, people are concerned , because they see the threat of climate change every day, 我们可以让民粹政府参与管理, 改变政务优先事项, 但现实情况是,普通百姓 对此也非常担忧, 无论中央政府相信与否,
region:n.地区;范围;部位; populist:n.平民主义者; adj.民粹主义的(等于populistic); priorities:n.优先事项;优先权;重点;(priority的复数) concerned:adj.有关的;关心的;v.关心;与…有关;(concern的过去时和过去分词)
and regardless of whether the national government believes in it, climate change is real and is causing impacts and causing poverty in the region. 大家每天都在目睹 气候变化的影响, 气候变化是真实存在的, 正在这片地区造成影响, 并导致气候性贫困。
BG: Thank you, Marcelo. Back to you, Whitney. 布鲁诺:感谢你,马塞洛。 交给你了,惠特尼。
WPR: Thank you. Thank you, Bruno. 惠特妮:谢谢你,布努诺。
And Marcelo, just one last question before we actually say goodbye, which is just, knowing that you were involved in the negotiations for the Paris Agreement, 马塞洛,我还有最后一个问题, 那就是关于您参与了
are there things that you take from that experience that you can apply to this moment as we think about emerging from this crisis and coming out of the COVID-19 pandemic? 在我们思考如何摆脱 这场危机和新冠疫情大流行时, 您认为我们可以从这段经历中 借鉴到哪些经验？
negotiations:n.谈判(negotiation的复数);磋商; emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词)
MM: Yes, that there will always be a populist that will be opposing climate action, and the way to get at this is to make the economic case, so regardless of what happens, there will be an economic case for spending on renewable energy. 马塞洛:是的, 总是有民粹主义者 反对气候保护行动, 解决办法就是使用经济手段, 无论发生什么, 在可再生能源上投资 是有经济方面的考虑的。
The US grew its renewable energy investments around 40 percent last year. 去年,美国对可再生能源的 投资增加了将近 40% 。
In Brazil , it grew almost 10 percent. 而在巴西,增幅将近 10% 。
And so therefore, if we are able to align the economic goals with climate goals, you will be able to make this go forward. 因此,如果我们能根据气候目标 来调整经济目标, 就可以推动改变的发生。
opposing:adj.对立的; v.反对(计划、政策等); (oppose的现在分词) Brazil:n.巴西(拉丁美洲国家); align:vt.使结盟;使成一行;匹配;vi.排列;排成一行;
There's the Network for Greening the Financial System that puts together central bankers. 有将各大中央银行召集起来的 “绿化金融体系网络”。
The World Bank launched a coalition of finance ministers for climate action. 世界银行也发起了针对 气候行动的金融部长联合会。
These are great efforts that will allow us to have the financial system support climate action because there's an economic benefit, because it's important for you, for your fiduciary responsibilities, to disclose the risks you have, both transitionally and physically. 这些巨大的努力 将促使我们的金融系统 为气候行动提供支持, 因为有经济效益的存在, 因为披露你们所面临的风险—— 无论是过渡性的还是实际的—— 对你和你的信托责任来说都很重要。
Financial:adj.金融的;财政的,财务的; coalition:n.联合;结合,合并; finance:n.财政,财政学;金融;v.负担经费,供给…经费; ministers:n.部长,大臣; v.辅助; (minister的第三人称单数和复数) fiduciary:adj.信托的;受信托的;基于信用的;n.受托人;被信托者; disclose:vt.公开;揭露;
And if we are able to do this, regardless of what negotiations happen, because there will always be problems with the consensus, you will continue to have a resilient approach because climate action will continue because you can have the economic system support this. 而且如果我们能做成, 无论谈判进展如何—— 因为达成共识前 总会面临各种问题—— 你总会有一个弹性的解决方案, 而气候行动也会继续, 因为你可以获得经济体系的支持。
WPR: That's really great. 惠特妮:说得太好了。
Thank you so much, Marcelo, for being with us to share your perspective and your insight . 非常感谢马塞洛 参与我们今天的讨论, 并分享了您的很多观点和见解。
It's really great to sort of zoom in on some of the things happening in Chile and how that might apply to all of us all over the world. 很高兴能够更具体了解 智利国内发生的一些变化, 以及其他国家可以借鉴的经验。
resilient:adj.弹回的,有弹力的; approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理; perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的; insight:n.洞察力;洞悉;
Thank you for joining us today. 感谢您参与我们今天的对话。
MM: Thanks. 马塞洛:谢谢！