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MarcKushner_2014-_从宏观_—_没错是宏观_—_的角度解决非洲金融问题_
Today I'm going to speak to you about the last 30 years of architectural history. [00:13]
architectural:adj.建筑学的;建筑上的;符合建筑法的;
That's a lot to pack into 18 minutes. [00:19]
It's a complex topic, so we're just going to dive right in at a complex place: [00:22]
complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; dive:n.潜水;跳水;俯冲;猛冲;v.猛冲;(头朝下)跳入水中;[体]跳水(运动);
New Jersey. [00:28]
Because 30 years ago, I'm from Jersey, and I was six, and I lived there in my parents' house in a town called Livingston, and this was my childhood bedroom. [00:29]
childhood:n.童年;幼年;孩童时期
Around the corner from my bedroom was the bathroom that I used to share with my sister. [00:41]
And in between my bedroom and the bathroom was a balcony that overlooked the family room . [00:47]
balcony:n.阳台;包厢;戏院楼厅; overlooked:n.被忽视;v.忽视(overlook的过去式和过去分词形式);忽略;俯瞰; family room:n.家庭娱乐室;(旅馆的)家庭间;(英国酒吧里的)儿童休息室;
And that's where everyone would hang out and watch TV, so that every time that I walked from my bedroom to the bathroom, everyone would see me, and every time I took a shower and would come back in a towel, everyone would see me. [00:53]
And I looked like this. [01:08]
I was awkward , insecure , and I hated it. [01:10]
awkward:adj.尴尬的;笨拙的;棘手的;不合适的; insecure:adj.不安全的;不稳定的;不牢靠的;
I hated that walk, I hated that balcony, [01:15]
I hated that room, and I hated that house. [01:18]
And that's architecture . [01:22]
architecture:n.建筑学;建筑风格;建筑式样;架构;
(Laughter) [01:24]
Done. [01:26]
That feeling, those emotions that I felt, that's the power of architecture, because architecture is not about math and it's not about zoning, it's about those visceral , emotional connections that we feel to the places that we occupy . [01:28]
emotions:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感;(emotion的复数) visceral:adj.内脏的;出于本能的;发自肺腑的;粗俗的; emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的; occupy:v.占据,占领;居住;使忙碌;
And it's no surprise that we feel that way, because according to the EPA, [01:44]
according to:根据,据说;
Americans spend 90 percent of their time indoors . [01:49]
indoors:adv.在室内,在户内;
That's 90 percent of our time surrounded by architecture. [01:54]
That's huge. [01:59]
That means that architecture is shaping us in ways that we didn't even realize. [02:00]
That makes us a little bit gullible and very, very predictable . [02:05]
gullible:adj.易受骗的;轻信的; predictable:adj.可预言的;
It means that when I show you a building like this, [02:11]
I know what you think: [02:14]
You think "power" and " stability " and " democracy ." [02:15]
stability:n.稳定性;坚定,恒心; democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治;
And I know you think that because it's based on a building that was build 2,500 years ago by the Greeks. [02:19]
This is a trick. [02:26]
This is a trigger that architects use to get you to create an emotional connection to the forms that we build our buildings out of. [02:27]
trigger:n.触发器; v.触发; architects:n.建筑师;设计师;创造者;(architect的复数);
It's a predictable emotional connection, and we've been using this trick for a long, long time. [02:37]
We used it [200] years ago to build banks. [02:43]
We used it in the 19th century to build art museums. [02:46]
And in the 20th century in America, we used it to build houses. [02:50]
And look at these solid, stable little soldiers facing the ocean and keeping away the elements . [02:54]
stable:n.马厩;牛棚;adj.稳定的;牢固的;坚定的;vi.被关在马厩;赶入马房; elements:n.要素;基本部分;少量;一群;(element的复数)
This is really, really useful, because building things is terrifying . [03:00]
terrifying:adj.令人恐惧的;骇人的;极大的;v.使害怕,使恐怖;(terrify的现在分词)
It's expensive, it takes a long time, and it's very complicated . [03:06]
complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式)
And the people that build things -- developers and governments -- they're naturally afraid of innovation , and they'd rather just use those forms that they know you'll respond to. [03:10]
developers:n.开发商;发展者;[摄]显影剂(developer的复数); naturally:adv.自然地;自然而然地;轻而易举;天生地;大方地; innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法; respond:vi.回答;作出反应;承担责任;n.应答;唱和;
That's how we end up with buildings like this. [03:23]
This is a nice building. [03:26]
This is the Livingston Public Library that was completed in 2004 in my hometown, and, you know, it's got a dome and it's got this round thing and columns , red brick, [03:27]
dome:n.圆屋顶;vi.成圆顶状;vt.加圆屋顶于…上; columns:n.柱:(通常为)圆形石柱:(书,报纸印刷页上的)栏(column的复数)
and you can kind of guess what Livingston is trying to say with this building: children, property values and history. [03:38]
But it doesn't have much to do with what a library actually does today. [03:47]
That same year, in 2004, on the other side of the country, another library was completed, and it looks like this. [03:52]
on the other side:另一面;在另一边;
It's in Seattle . [03:59]
Seattle:n.西雅图(美国一港市);
This library is about how we consume media in a digital age. [04:02]
consume:v.消耗;吃;毁灭;烧毁; media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉; digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键;
It's about a new kind of public amenity for the city, a place to gather and read and share. [04:07]
amenity:n.生活福利设施;便利设施;舒适;礼仪;
So how is it possible that in the same year, in the same country, two buildings, both called libraries, look so completely different? [04:15]
And the answer is that architecture works on the principle of a pendulum . [04:25]
principle:n.原理,原则;主义,道义;本质,本义;根源,源泉; pendulum:n.钟摆;摇锤;摇摆不定的事态;
On the one side is innovation, and architects are constantly pushing, pushing for new technologies , new typologies , new solutions for the way that we live today. [04:31]
constantly:adv.不断地;时常地; technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数); typologies:n.类型学;[宗]预示论;预兆;
And we push and we push and we push until we completely alienate all of you. [04:41]
alienate:vt.使疏远,离间;让与;
We wear all black, we get very depressed , you think we're adorable , we're dead inside because we've got no choice. [04:46]
depressed:adj.沮丧的; v.使抑郁; (depress的过去式和过去分词) adorable:adj.可爱的;可敬重的,值得崇拜的;
We have to go to the other side and reengage those symbols that we know you love. [04:54]
reengage:重新啮合;重新接入; symbols:n.符号;象征;标志;符号表(symbol的复数);
So we do that, and you're happy, we feel like sellouts , so we start experimenting again and we push the pendulum back and back and forth and back and forth we've gone for the last 300 years, and certainly for the last 30 years. [05:00]
sellouts:n.售完;客满的演出;背叛; back and forth:前后移动的,来回的,反复的;
Okay, 30 years ago we were coming out of the '70s. [05:14]
Architects had been busy experimenting with something called brutalism. [05:18]
It's about concrete . [05:22]
concrete:n.混凝土;adj.混凝土制的;确实的,具体的;vt.用混凝土覆盖
(Laughter) [05:23]
You can guess this. [05:25]
Small windows, dehumanizing scale . [05:26]
dehumanizing:vt.使成兽性;使失掉人性; scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢;
This is really tough stuff . [05:29]
stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
So as we get closer to the '80s, we start to reengage those symbols. [05:32]
We push the pendulum back into the other direction. [05:37]
We take these forms that we know you love and we update them. [05:40]
update:vt.使现代化;更新;n.现代化;更新的信息;
We add neon and we add pastels and we use new materials. [05:45]
neon:n.霓虹灯;氖(10号元素,符号Ne); pastels:n.蜡笔;色粉笔;粉蜡笔;
And you love it. [05:51]
And we can't give you enough of it. [05:52]
ck"> We ck"> take ck"> ck"> color="Black"> ck"> Chippendale ck"> ck"> armoires ck"> and ck"> we ck"> turned ck"> those ck"> into ck"> ck"> color="Black"> ck"> skyscrapers ck"> , ck"> and ck"> skyscrapers ck"> can ck"> be ck"> medieval ck"> castles ck"> made ck"> out ck"> of ck"> glass. ck"> [05:54]
Forms got big, forms got bold and colorful. [06:04]
bold:adj.大胆的,英勇的;黑体的;厚颜无耻的;险峻的;
Dwarves became columns. [06:08]
Dwarves:n.矮人(dwarf的复数);v.使矮小(dwarf的第三人称单数);
(Laughter) [06:11]
Swans grew to the size of buildings. [06:12]
Swans:n.天鹅(swan的复数);v.闲荡(swan的第三人称单数形式);
It was crazy. [06:14]
But it's the '80s, it's cool. [06:16]
(Laughter) [06:20]
We're all hanging out in malls and we're all moving to the suburbs , and out there, out in the suburbs , we can create our own architectural fantasies . [06:21]
suburbs:n.郊外(suburb的复数); fantasies:n.梦想,幻想(fantasy的复数);
And those fantasies, they can be Mediterranean or French or Italian. [06:32]
Mediterranean:n.地中海;adj.地中海的;
(Laughter) [06:39]
Possibly with endless breadsticks . [06:40]
endless:adj.无止境的;连续的;环状的;漫无目的的; breadsticks:面包;
This is the thing about postmodernism . [06:42]
postmodernism:后现代主义;
This is the thing about symbols. [06:44]
They're easy, they're cheap, because instead of making places, we're making memories of places. [06:46]
Because I know, and I know all of you know, this isn't Tuscany . [06:55]
Tuscany:n.托斯卡纳区(意大利行政区名);
This is Ohio. [07:00]
(Laughter) [07:01]
So architects get frustrated , and we start pushing the pendulum back into the other direction. [07:02]
frustrated:adj.失意的,挫败的;泄气的;v.挫败;阻挠;(frustrate的过去式和过去分词)
In the late '80s and early '90s, we start experimenting with something called deconstructivism . [07:08]
deconstructivism:n.解构主义;反构成主义;
We throw out historical symbols, we rely on new, computer-aided design techniques , and we come up with new compositions , forms crashing into forms. [07:14]
throw out:v.扔掉;伸出;说出;否决;突出; historical:adj.历史的;史学的;基于史实的; rely:vi.依靠;信赖; computer-aided:adj.[计]计算机辅助的,电脑辅助; techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数) come up with:提出;想出;赶上; compositions:n.组成成分;作品辑;艺术作品(composition的复数形式);
This is academic and heady stuff, it's super unpopular , we totally alienate you. [07:26]
academic:adj.学术的;理论的;学院的;n.大学生,大学教师;学者; heady:adj.兴奋的;任性的;性急的;顽固的;使人头晕的; unpopular:adj.不流行的,不受欢迎的;
Ordinarily , the pendulum would just swing back into the other direction. [07:32]
Ordinarily:adv.通常地;一般地;
And then, something amazing happened. [07:37]
In 1997, this building opened. [07:40]
This is the Guggenheim Bilbao, by Frank Gehry. [07:43]
Frank:adj.坦白的,直率的;老实的;n.免费邮寄特权;v.免费邮寄;
And this building fundamentally changes the world's relationship to architecture. [07:48]
fundamentally:adv.从根本上;基础地;重要地
Paul Goldberger said that Bilbao was one of those rare moments when critics , academics , and the general public were completely united around a building. [07:54]
critics:n.评论家;批评者;吹毛求疵的人(critic的复数); academics:n.学术水平;学术知识;专业学者; general public:n.普通百姓;大众;公众; united:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
The New York Times called this building a miracle . [08:05]
miracle:n.奇迹,奇迹般的人或物;惊人的事例;
Tourism in Bilbao increased 2,500 percent after this building was completed. [08:09]
So all of a sudden , everybody wants one of these buildings: [08:16]
all of a sudden:突然地,出乎意料地;
L.A., [08:21]
Seattle, [08:23]
Chicago, [08:25]
New York, [08:26]
Cleveland, [08:28]
Springfield . [08:30]
Springfield:n.斯普林菲尔德(美伊利诺斯州首府);
(Laughter) [08:31]
Everybody wants one, and Gehry is everywhere. [08:32]
He is our very first starchitect. [08:36]
Now, how is it possible that these forms -- they're wild and radical -- how is it possible that they become so ubiquitous throughout the world? [08:39]
radical:n.自由基;激进分子;游离基;adj.根本的;彻底的;完全的;全新的; ubiquitous:adj.普遍存在的;无所不在的; throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及;
And it happened because media so successfully galvanized around them that they quickly taught us that these forms mean culture and tourism. [08:51]
galvanized:adj.镀锌的,电镀的;v.电镀;刺激(galvanize的过去式和过去分词形式);
We created an emotional reaction to these forms. [09:03]
reaction:n.反应,感应;反动,复古;反作用;
So did every mayor in the world. [09:06]
mayor:n.市长;镇长;
So every mayor knew that if they had these forms, they had culture and tourism. [09:08]
This phenomenon at the turn of the new millennium happened to a few other starchitects. [09:15]
phenomenon:n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物); millennium:n.千年期,千禧年;一千年,千年纪念;太平盛世,黄金时代;
It happened to Zaha and it happened to Libeskind, and what happened to these elite few architects at the turn of the new millennium could actually start to happen to the entire field of architecture, as digital media starts to increase the speed with which we consume information. [09:20]
elite:n.精英;精华;杰出人物;
Because think about how you consume architecture. [09:41]
A thousand years ago, you would have had to have walked to the village next door to see a building. [09:44]
next door to:几乎;与…相邻;
Transportation speeds up: [09:49]
Transportation:n.运输;运输系统;运输工具;流放;
You can take a boat, you can take a plane, you can be a tourist. [09:51]
Technology speeds up: You can see it in a newspaper, on TV, until finally , we are all architectural photographers, and the building has become disembodied from the site . [09:54]
Technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; disembodied:adj.空洞的;无实质的;无实体的; site:n.地点;位置;场所;v.设置;为…选址;
Architecture is everywhere now, and that means that the speed of communication has finally caught up to the speed of architecture. [10:06]
Because architecture actually moves quite quickly. [10:17]
It doesn't take long to think about a building. [10:19]
It takes a long time to build a building, three or four years, and in the interim , an architect will design two or eight or a hundred other buildings before they know if that building that they designed four years ago was a success or not. [10:22]
interim:adj.临时的,暂时的;中间的;间歇的;n.过渡时期,中间时期;暂定;
That's because there's never been a good feedback loop in architecture. [10:39]
feedback:n.反馈;反馈意见;回授;[电子]反馈; loop:n.循环;回路;环路;圈;v.使成环;使绕成圈;成环形移动;
That's how we end up with buildings like this. [10:44]
Brutalism wasn't a two-year movement, it was a 20-year movement. [10:47]
For 20 years, we were producing buildings like this because we had no idea how much you hated it. [10:52]
It's never going to happen again, [11:00]
I think, because we are living on the verge of the greatest revolution in architecture since the invention of concrete, of steel, or of the elevator , and it's a media revolution. [11:03]
on the verge of:濒临于;接近于; revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环; elevator:n.电梯;升降机;升降舵;起卸机;
So my theory is that when you apply media to this pendulum, it starts swinging faster and faster, until it's at both extremes nearly simultaneously , and that effectively blurs the difference between innovation and symbol, between us, the architects, and you, the public. [11:19]
apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求; extremes:n.极端不同的感情;极端;极度;极限;(extreme的复数) simultaneously:adv.同时地; blurs:n.斜面边框;污点(blur的复数);v.使…模糊;污损(blur的第三人称单数);
Now we can make nearly instantaneous , emotionally charged symbols out of something that's brand new . [11:39]
instantaneous:adj.瞬间的;即时的;猝发的; emotionally:adv.感情上;情绪上;令人激动地;情绪冲动地; brand new:adj.崭新的;最近获得的;
Let me show you how this plays out in a project that my firm recently completed. [11:48]
recently:adv.最近;新近;
We were hired to replace this building, which burned down. [11:52]
This is the center of a town called the Pines in Fire Island in New York State. [11:56]
Pines:n.[林]松树(pine的复数);v.衰弱;渴望(pine的三单形式);
It's a vacation community . [12:00]
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
We proposed a building that was audacious , that was different than any of the forms that the community was used to, and we were scared and our client was scared and the community was scared, [12:02]
proposed:adj.建议的;推荐的;v.提议;建议;计划;求婚;(propose的过去分词和过去式) audacious:adj.无畏的;鲁莽的; different than:不同于; client:n.[经]客户;顾客;委托人;
so we created a series of photorealistic renderings that we put onto Facebook and we put onto Instagram , and we let people start to do what they do: share it, comment, like it, hate it. [12:16]
series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书; renderings:n.演奏;扮演;表演;翻译作品;(rendering的复数) Instagram:照片分享(一款运行在iPhone平台上的应用程序);
But that meant that two years before the building was complete, it was already a part of the community, so that when the renderings looked exactly like the finished product, there were no surprises. [12:30]
This building was already a part of this community, and then that first summer, when people started arriving and sharing the building on social media, the building ceased to be just an edifice and it became media, [12:46]
ceased:v.停止(cease的过去式及过去分词形式);中止;中断; edifice:n.大厦;大建筑物;
because these, these are not just pictures of a building, they're your pictures of a building. [13:01]
And as you use them to tell your story, they become part of your personal narrative , and what you're doing is you're short-circuiting all of our collective memory, and you're making these charged symbols for us to understand. [13:08]
personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词; narrative:n.叙述;故事;讲述;adj.叙事的,叙述的;叙事体的; short-circuiting:n.短路;短路循环;v.使发生短路;绕过;简化;阻碍(short-circuit的ing形式); collective:adj.集体的;共同的;集合的;集体主义的;n.集团;集合体;集合名词;
That means we don't need the Greeks anymore to tell us what to think about architecture. [13:25]
We can tell each other what we think about architecture, because digital media hasn't just changed the relationship between all of us, it's changed the relationship between us and buildings. [13:30]
Think for a second about those librarians back in Livingston. [13:44]
If that building was going to be built today, the first thing they would do is go online and search "new libraries." [13:48]
They would be bombarded by examples of experimentation , of innovation, of pushing at the envelope of what a library can be. [13:55]
bombarded:v.轰炸(bombard的过去分词); adj.被轰击的; experimentation:n.实验;试验; envelope:n.信封,封皮;包膜;[天]包层;包迹;
That's ammunition . [14:04]
ammunition:n.弹药;军火;v.装弹药于;装弹药;
That's ammunition that they can take with them to the mayor of Livingston, to the people of Livingston, and say, there's no one answer to what a library is today. [14:06]
Let's be a part of this. [14:16]
This abundance of experimentation gives them the freedom to run their own experiment. [14:18]
abundance:n.丰度;丰富;大量;富足;
Everything is different now. [14:26]
Architects are no longer these mysterious creatures that use big words and complicated drawings, and you aren't the hapless public, the consumer that won't accept anything that they haven't seen anymore. [14:28]
mysterious:adj.神秘的;不可思议的;难解的; creatures:n.生物;动物;(具有某种特征的)人(creature的复数) hapless:adj.运气不好的,倒霉的; consumer:n.[经]消费者;[生,生态]消费者;
Architects can hear you, and you're not intimidated by architecture. [14:42]
intimidated:adj.害怕的;受到恐吓的;v.威胁,恐吓;(intimidate的过去式和过去分词)
That means that that pendulum swinging back and forth from style to style, from movement to movement, is irrelevant . [14:47]
irrelevant:adj.不相干的;不切题的;
We can actually move forward and find relevant solutions to the problems that our society faces. [14:55]
This is the end of architectural history, and it means that the buildings of tomorrow are going to look a lot different than the buildings of today. [15:03]
It means that a public space in the ancient city of Seville can be unique and tailored to the way that a modern city works. [15:14]
Seville:n.塞维利亚(西班牙地名); unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物;
It means that a stadium in Brooklyn can be a stadium in Brooklyn, not some red-brick historical pastiche of what we think a stadium ought to be. [15:23]
stadium:n.[体]露天大型体育场;[病]病期;[生]生长期;龄期; red-brick:红砖; pastiche:n.混成曲;模仿画;vt.东拼西凑;混杂;
It means that robots are going to build our buildings, because we're finally ready for the forms that they're going to produce. [15:34]
And it means that buildings will twist to the whims of nature instead of the other way around. [15:41]
twist:v.捻;扭转;曲折;扭动;n.捻;拧;扭动;搓; whims:虚妄;禅病;
It means that a parking garage in Miami Beach, Florida, can also be a place for sports and for yoga and you can even get married there late at night. [15:48]
parking garage:n.多层停车场;立体停车场; yoga:n.瑜珈(意为"结合",指修行);瑜珈术;联想可360°翻转的平板电脑;
(Laughter) [15:58]
It means that three architects can dream about swimming in the East River of New York, and then raise nearly half a million dollars from a community that gathered around their cause, no one client anymore. [15:59]
It means that no building is too small for innovation, like this little reindeer pavilion that's as muscly and sinewy as the animals it's designed to observe . [16:14]
reindeer:n.[脊椎][畜牧]驯鹿; pavilion:n.阁;亭子;大帐篷;展示馆;vt.搭帐篷;置…于亭中;笼罩; muscly:adj.强健的;肌肉的; sinewy:adj.有力的;多腱的;肌肉发达的; observe:v.观察;看到;庆祝;监视;
And it means that a building doesn't have to be beautiful to be lovable , like this ugly little building in Spain, where the architects dug a hole, packed it with hay, and then poured concrete around it, and when the concrete dried, [16:25]
lovable:adj.可爱的,讨人喜欢的; ugly:adj.丑陋的;邪恶的;令人厌恶的; poured:v.使(液体)连续流出;倾倒;倒出;喷发;(pour的过去分词和过去式)
they invited someone to come and clean that hay out so that all that's left when it's done is this hideous little room that's filled with the imprints and scratches of how that place was made, and that becomes the most sublime place to watch a Spanish sunset . [16:40]
hideous:adj.可怕的;丑恶的; imprints:[法]痕迹; scratches:n.划痕(scratch的复数); v.擦,刮; sublime:adj.庄严的; n.崇高; vt.使…纯化; vi.升华; sunset:adj.霞红色的; n.日落(时分); v.(使)定期届满废止;
Because it doesn't matter if a cow builds our buildings or a robot builds our buildings. [17:01]
It doesn't matter how we build, it matters what we build. [17:06]
Architects already know how to make buildings that are greener and smarter and friendlier. [17:10]
We've just been waiting for all of you to want them. [17:16]
And finally, we're not on opposite sides anymore. [17:20]
Find an architect, hire an architect, work with us to design better buildings, better cities, and a better world, because the stakes are high. [17:23]
stakes:n.桩; v.以…打赌,拿…冒险;
Buildings don't just reflect our society, they shape our society down to the smallest spaces: the local libraries, the homes where we raise our children, and the walk that they take from the bedroom to the bathroom. [17:35]
reflect:v.反映;映出(影像);反射;表明,表达;
Thank you. [17:51]
(Applause) [17:52]