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ManuPrakash_2012G-_只要_50_美分，就能拥有如折纸般的显微镜_
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| The year is 1800. |
就在西元1800年 |
| A curious little invention is being talked about. |
有一個神奇的小裝置引起了眾人的關注 |
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curious:adj.好奇的,有求知欲的;古怪的;爱挑剔的;
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| It's called a microscope . |
它就是顯微鏡 |
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microscope:n.显微镜;
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| What it allows you to do is see tiny little lifeforms that are invisible to the naked eye. |
它的功用是 讓你看見那些 肉眼看不到的生命形式 |
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invisible:adj.看不见的;n.看不见的人或物; naked:adj.裸体的;无装饰的;无证据的;直率的;
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| Soon comes the medical discovery that many of these lifeforms are actually causes of terrible human diseases . |
很快在醫學上也發現 這些微小的生命形式也是造成 許多可怕疾病的成因 |
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diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
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| Imagine what happened to the society when they realized that an English mom in her teacup actually was drinking a monster soup, not very far from here. This is from London. |
想像當時的社會發生什麼事 當他們了解到 一位拿著茶杯的英國婦女 實事上正在啜飲一杯致病怪獸湯 這是在離這裡不遠的倫敦 |
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teacup:n.茶碗,茶杯;一茶杯容量;心理极其脆弱,不堪一击的人; monster:n.怪物;恶魔;庞然大物;adj.巨大的;
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| Fast forward 200 years. |
兩百年過後的現在 |
| We still have this monster soup around, and it's taken hold in the developing countries around the tropical belt . |
世界上依舊存在這些致病怪獸湯 只不過喝著他們的人大部分在開發中國家 還有赤道地區 |
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tropical:adj.热带的;热情的;酷热的; belt:n.皮带;腰带;传动带;传送带;v.猛击;狠打;飞奔;飞驰;
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| Just for malaria itself, there are a million deaths a year, and more than a billion people that need to be tested because they are at risk for different species of malarial infections . |
就拿瘧疾來說 它一年造成了一百萬人死亡 而這世界上有十億人 因為高風險而需要被檢測 以應付不同種的瘧疾感染 |
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species:n.[生物]物种;种类; malarial:adj.患疟疾的;毒气的; infections:n.传染病;口腔病害(infection复数形式);
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| Now it's actually very simple to put a face to many of these monsters. |
現在要辨認這些怪獸的身分 其實非常簡單 |
| You take a stain , like acridine orange or a fluorescent stain or Giemsa, and a microscope, and you look at them. |
只要拿一個染劑,例如說吖啶橙 螢光染劑或吉姆薩染液 再搭配顯微鏡的話,你就會發現 |
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stain:v.沾污;败坏;给…着色;n.污点;瑕疵;着色剂; acridine:n.[有化]吖啶(一种医药原料); fluorescent:adj.荧光的;萤光的;发亮的;n.荧光;日光灯;
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| They all have faces. |
它們全都有自己特殊的面貌 |
| Why is that so, that Alex in Kenya, |
如果真是這樣的話 那為什麼住在肯亞的Alex |
| Fatima in Bangladesh, Navjoot in Mumbai, and Julie and Mary in Uganda still wait months to be able to diagnose why they are sick? |
住在孟加拉的Fatima、來自孟買的Navjoot 還有烏干達的Julie跟 仍舊需要等上幾個月 才能夠被診斷出他們染上了這個疾病？ |
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Fatima:n.法蒂玛(穆罕默德的女儿); Uganda:n.乌干达(非洲国家); diagnose:vt.诊断;断定;vi.诊断;判断;
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| And that's primarily because scalability of the diagnostics is completely out of reach. |
這主要是因為對他們來說 以顯微鏡作為診斷工具是完全不可能的 |
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primarily:adv.首先;主要地,根本上; scalability:n.[测]可量测性; diagnostics:n.诊断学(用作单数);
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| And remember that number: one billion. |
然後請記住這個數字:十億人 |
| The problem lies with the microscope itself. |
這個問題主要是出自顯微鏡本身 |
| Even though the pinnacle of modern science, research microscopes are not designed for field testing. |
即使現在科學十分發達 研究用顯微鏡並不是針對田野測試設計的 |
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pinnacle:n.高峰;小尖塔;尖峰;极点;vt.造小尖塔;置于尖顶上;置于高处; microscopes:n.[光]显微镜(microscope的复数);
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| Neither were they first designed for diagnostics at all. |
它們一開始也不是被設計 拿來作為臨床診斷的工具 |
| They are heavy, bulky , really hard to maintain , and cost a lot of money. |
它們很重、占空間、難以維護 而且需要很多錢才能擁有一台 |
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bulky:adj.体积大的;庞大的;笨重的; maintain:v.维持;保持;维修;保养;坚持(意见);
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| This picture is Mahatma Gandhi in the '40s using the exact same setup that we actually use today for diagnosing T.B. in his ashram in Sevagram in India. |
這張照片是40年代,甘地正在他的聚會所 用與現在完全相同的方式 在印度的塞瓦格蘭姆 診斷結核桿菌的存在 |
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Mahatma:n.大圣;超人; Gandhi:n.甘地(印度政府,社会和宗教领袖); diagnosing:n.诊断;v.诊断(diagnose的现在分词); ashram:n.修行的处所;聚会所;嬉皮群居村;
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| Two of my students, Jim and James, traveled around India and Thailand , starting to think about this problem a lot. |
我的兩個學生Jim和James 他們遊歷了印度和泰國 並開始思考了這個問題 |
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Thailand:n.泰国(东南亚国家名);
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| We saw all kinds of donated equipment. |
我們看了各式各項被捐贈去的器材 |
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donated:v.捐赠,赠送;献(血);捐献(器官);(donate的过去分词和过去式)
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| We saw fungus growing on microscope lenses . |
還有已經長出真菌的顯微鏡片 |
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fungus:n.真菌,霉菌;菌类; lenses:n.透镜;镜片;(眼球的)晶状体;(lens的复数)
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| And we saw people who had a functional microscope but just didn't know how to even turn it on. |
我們也看見那些有一些人雖然有良好的顯微鏡 卻不知道該怎麼使用它 |
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functional:adj.功能的;
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| What grew out of that work and that trip was actually the idea of what we call Foldscopes. |
我們從那次旅途中滋生出一些想法 我們把其命名為摺紙式顯微鏡 |
| So what is a Foldscope? |
什麼是摺紙式顯微鏡？ |
| A Foldscope is a completely functional microscope, a platform for fluorescence , bright-field, polarization , projection , all kinds of advanced microscopy built purely by folding paper. |
一個摺紙式顯微鏡 具有完整的功能的顯微鏡 它是一個能夠把光學及螢光顯微技術 或是偏光顯微技術以及投影顯微法 還有其他所有先進的顯微技術 用摺紙完全實現的平台 |
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platform:n.平台; v.把…放在台上[放在高处; fluorescence:n.荧光;荧光性; polarization:n.极化;偏振;两极分化; projection:n.投射;规划;突出;发射;推测; advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式) microscopy:n.显微镜检查;显微镜使用;显微镜学; purely:adv.完全;仅仅;
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| So, now you think, how is that possible? |
你一定在想,這怎麼可能呢？ |
| I'm going to show you some examples here, and we will run through some of them. |
我要給你們看幾個例子 我們也會在這裡做一些示範 |
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run through:n.贯通;从头到尾读一遍;排练;
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| It starts with a single sheet of paper. |
從一張簡單的紙開始 |
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sheet:n.薄板;床单;纸张;报纸;v.覆盖;展开;给…铺床单;铺开;adj.片状的;
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| What you see here is all the possible components to build a functional bright-field and fluorescence microscope. |
你可以看到上面有各種可能的零件 可以用來做出具功?亮視野顯微鏡以及螢光顯微鏡 |
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components:n.部件;组件;成份(component复数);
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| So, there are three stages: |
它有三個層級 |
| There is the optical stage, the illumination stage and the mask-holding stage. |
鏡片、光源 還有固定樣本的地方 |
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optical:adj.光学的;眼睛的,视觉的; illumination:n.照明;[光]照度;启发;灯饰(需用复数);阐明;
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| And there are micro optics at the bottom that's actually embedded in the paper itself. |
而在底部有微型的鏡片 它們就直接嵌在紙裡頭 |
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optics:n.[光]光学; embedded:adj.嵌入式的;植入的;内含的;v.嵌入(embed的过去式和过去分词形式);
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| What you do is, you take it on, and just like you are playing like a toy, which it is, |
你唯一需要做的是,把零件取下來 就像你在玩玩具那樣 其實還真的蠻像的啦 |
| I tab it off, and I break it off. |
我沿著標示好的邊緣 把它取下來 |
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tab:n.标签;签条;突耳;凸舌;v.说(某人)适合于(某工作或角色);
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| This paper has no instructions and no languages. |
這張紙上沒有任何說明和語言 |
| There is a code, a color code embedded, that tells you exactly how to fold that specific microscope. |
取而代之的是一種附在上面的顏色密碼 它會精準地告訴你 該如何組裝出一台顯微鏡 |
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fold:v.折叠;包;可叠平(以便贮存或携带);裹;n.褶;褶层;折叠部分;褶痕; specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药;
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| When it's done, it looks something like this, has all the functionalities of a standard microscope, just like an XY stage, a place where a sample slide could go, for example right here. |
完成之後,你會拿到像這樣的東西 它具有標準的顯微鏡所有的功能 像是一個XY平台, 一個可以放上玻片樣本的地方 像我手上這個 |
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functionalities:n.功能;[数]泛函性,函数性; standard:n.标准;水准;旗;度量衡标准;adj.标准的;合规格的;公认为优秀的;
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| We didn't want to change this, because this is the standard that's been optimized for over the years, and many health workers are actually used to this. |
我們不想改變製造樣本的方法 因為這方法是個很多年來 已經被最佳化的標準 很多健康相關工作?也已經習慣這種樣本 |
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optimized:adj.最佳化的;尽量充分利用;
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| So this is what changes, but the standard stains all remain the same for many different diseases. |
所以我們改變的是顯微鏡 不過所有染劑使用的方法還是一樣 視是哪種疾病而定 |
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stains:n.污点(stain的复数)[试剂][生物]染色剂;v.着色(stain的三单形式);沾染;
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| You pop this in. |
你把它放進來 |
| There is an XY stage, and then there is a focusing stage, which is a flexure mechanism that's built in paper itself that allows us to move and focus the lenses by micron steps. |
固定在XY平台上, 之後有一個可以讓你聚焦的功能 它是內建在紙本身的彎曲機制 能夠讓我們以微米的等級 去移動鏡片並讓鏡片聚焦 |
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flexure:n.屈曲;折褶;弯曲部分; mechanism:n.机制;原理,途径;进程;机械装置;技巧; micron:n.微米(等于百万分之一米);
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| So what's really interesting about this object, and my students hate when I do this, but I'm going to do this anyway, is these are rugged devices . |
這個產品最有趣的地方就在於 我的學生討厭我這樣 不過我還是要做 這些顯微鏡十分耐用 |
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rugged:adj.崎岖的;坚固的;高低不平的;粗糙的; devices:n.[机][计]设备;[机]装置;[电子]器件(device的复数);
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| I can turn it on and throw it on the floor and really try to stomp on it. |
我可以啟動它並把它扔在地上 然後狠狠的踩 |
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stomp:v.迈着重重的步子走(或跳舞、移动);
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| And they last, even though they're designed from a very flexible material, like paper. |
即使他們是用像紙?有彈性的材料做成 在我踩完之後,它們的功能還是能夠完好如初 |
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flexible:adj.灵活的;柔韧的;易弯曲的;
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| Another fun fact is, this is what we actually send out there as a standard diagnostic tool, but here in this envelope |
另一個有趣的事實是,我手上的是 我們送出去用來診斷的標準工具 但是單單在這個資料夾裡 |
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envelope:n.信封,封皮;包膜;[天]包层;包迹;
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| I have 30 different foldscopes of different configurations all in a single folder . |
我就有30種不同的摺紙式顯微鏡 每一個都有自己獨特的設計 |
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configurations:n.配置(configuration的复数);立体基阵; folder:n.文件夹;折叠机;折叠式印刷品;
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| And I'm going to pick one randomly . |
讓我隨機挑一個 |
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randomly:adv.随便地,任意地;无目的,胡乱地;未加计划地;
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| This one, it turns out, is actually designed specifically for malaria, because it has the fluorescent filters built specifically for diagnosing malaria. |
這個,事實上 就是專門為了瘧疾設計的 因為它有特殊的螢光濾鏡 可以用來診斷瘧疾 |
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specifically:adv.特别地;明确地; filters:n.过滤器; v.过滤; (filter的第三人称单数和复数)
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| So the idea of very specific diagnostic microscopes comes out of this. |
針對不同疾病設計顯微鏡的點子 就是來自這裡 |
| So up till now, you didn't actually see what I would see from one of these setups . |
直到現在,你們都還沒機會看到 我用已經組裝好的顯微鏡看到的東西 |
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setups:n.安装(setup的复数);安排;体制;计划;
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| So what I would like to do is, if we could dim the lights, please, it turns out foldscopes are also projection microscopes. |
所以接下來我要示範一下 請把燈光調暗 這些摺紙式顯微鏡 也具有投影顯微鏡的功能 |
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dim:adj.暗淡的,昏暗的; v.使暗淡,使失去光泽; n.笨蛋,傻子;
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| I have these two microscopes that I'm going to turn -- go to the back of the wall -- and just project, and this way you will see exactly what I would see. |
我手上有兩副顯微鏡,我要把它們 面對後面的牆壁 然後把我能夠看到的東西投影出來 這樣你們就知道它的功能 |
| What you're looking at -- |
你們現在看著的是 |
| (Applause) — |
（掌聲） |
| This is a cross-section of a compound eye , and when I'm going to zoom in closer, right there, |
這是一個複眼的的剖面 而當我要讓成像放大的時候 |
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cross-section:n.横截面;横断面; compound eye:n.复眼;
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| I am going through the z-axis . |
我可以通過Z軸來調整 |
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z-axis:n.Z轴;
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| You actually see how the lenses are cut together in the cross-section pattern. |
你完全可以從這剖面 看見這些水晶體是如何被切下來的 |
| Another example, one of my favorite insects, |
另一個例子來自我最喜歡的昆蟲 |
| I love to hate this one, is a mosquito , and you're seeing the antenna of a culex pipiens. |
我最喜歡咒罵的昆蟲 也就是蚊子 你現在看到的是尖音庫蚊的觸角 |
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mosquito:n.蚊子 antenna:n.[电讯]天线;[动]触角,[昆]触须;
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| Right there. |
就在那邊 |
| All from the simple setup that I actually described . |
你能夠用我剛剛講?簡單裝置看到所有的細節 |
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described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式)
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| So my wife has been field testing some of our microscopes by washing my clothes whenever I forget them in the dryer . |
對了,經過我妻子的實地測試 也就是把我忘在衣服口袋的摺疊顯微鏡 連同髒衣服一起拿去洗 烘乾完之後 |
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dryer:n.烘干机;[助剂]干燥剂;
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| So it turns out they're waterproof , and -- |
我們發現它們可以防水 |
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waterproof:adj.防水的,不透水的;v.使防水;n.防水材料;
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| (Laughter) — right here is just fluorescent water, and I don't know if you can actually see this. |
（笑聲） 這裡有一杯單純的螢光水 我不知道你們看不看的見 |
| This also shows you how the projection scope works. |
不過你可以從這看出投影鏡片是如何運作的 |
| You get to see the beam the way it's projected and bent. |
你可以看光束被投射以及彎曲的情形 |
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beam:n.光线; v.发射(电波);
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| Can we get the lights back on again? |
可以再把燈打開嗎？ |
| So I'm quickly going to show you, since I'm running out of time, in terms of how much it costs for us to manufacture , the biggest idea was roll-to-roll manufacturing , so we built this out of 50 cents of parts and costs. |
因為時間快用完了 接著我要很快的讓你們看看 我們需要花多少成本來製造這些 我們最大的想法是採用連續捲軸式製造 所以可以用50美分就製造出了這個 |
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manufacture:v.(用机器)大量生产; n.大量制造; manufacturing:n.制造业;工业;v.制造;生产(manufacture的现在分词);
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| (Applause) |
（掌聲） |
| And what this allows us to do is to think about a new paradigm in microscopy, which we call use-and-throw microscopy. |
而這樣的成本讓我們可以 想出顯微鏡的新應用範例 也就是可拋式顯微鏡 |
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paradigm:n.范例;词形变化表;
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| I'm going to give you a quick snapshot of some of the parts that go in. |
我要給你一個快速的寫照 讓你們知道上面的零件有哪些 |
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snapshot:n.快照,快相;急射,速射;简单印象;vt.给…拍快照;vi.拍快照;
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| Here is a sheet of paper. |
這裡有一張紙 |
| This is when we were thinking about the idea. |
這是我們在思考這個想法的時候畫的 |
| This is an A4 sheet of paper. |
這是一張A4大小的紙 |
| These are the three stages that you actually see. |
你可以親眼看到三個層級 |
| And the optical components, if you look at the inset up on the right, we had to figure out a way to manufacture lenses in paper itself at really high throughputs, so it uses a process of self-assembly and surface tension to build achromatic lenses in the paper itself. |
如果你把注意力放?可以看到光學元件 我們不得不想出辦法 在紙上以高產率來製造鏡片 因此,它利用一個自動組裝的製程 和表面張力 在紙上生產出無色的鏡片 |
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inset:n.插图,插页;插入物;vt.嵌入;插入; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; self-assembly:adj.自己组装的;n.自装配; surface tension:n.表面张力; achromatic:adj.消色差的;非染色质的;非彩色的;
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| So that's where the lenses go. |
那就是鏡片在的地方 |
| There are some light sources . |
還有光源 |
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sources:n.来源;出处;起源;根源;原因;v.(从…)获得(source的第三人称单数和复数)
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| And essentially , in the end, all the parts line up because of origami , because of the fact that origami allows us micron-scale precision of optical alignment . |
最後這些零件不得不排列整齊 這樣才能符合摺紙的形式 因為摺紙能夠讓我們 以微米的精準度來做光學校正 |
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essentially:adv.本质上;本来; origami:n.折纸手工;折纸手工品; precision:n.精度,[数]精密度;精确;adj.精密的,精确的; alignment:n.队列,成直线;校准;结盟;
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| So even though this looks like a simple toy, the aspects of engineering that go in something like this are fairly sophisticated . |
所以即使這看起來像一個簡單的玩具 在裡面蘊含的工程技術 也是相當複雜的 |
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aspects:n.方面;相位;面貌(aspect的复数); engineering:n.工程;工程学;v.密谋策划;设计制造;改变…的基因;(engineer的现在分词) fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直; sophisticated:adj.复杂的;老练的;见多识广的;水平高的;
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| So here is another obvious thing that we would do, typically , if I was going to show that these microscopes are robust , is go to the third floor and drop it from the floor itself. |
另外還有一件我們不得不做的事情 基本上,如果我要告訴你們 這些顯微鏡十分耐用 我們要從三樓把它們丟下去 |
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obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的; typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地; robust:adj.强健的;健康的;粗野的;粗鲁的;
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| There it is, and it survives. |
就像這樣,而且它還完好如初 |
| So for us, the next step actually is really finishing our field trials. |
所以對我們來說,下一步行動 就是完成田野的實地測試 |
| We are starting at the end of the summer. |
我們將從今年夏末開始 |
| We are at a stage where we'll be making thousands of microscopes. |
我們正在製造上千個顯微鏡 |
| That would be the first time where we would be doing field trials with the highest density of microscopes ever at a given place. |
這將會是我們第一次 讓一個地方擁有最高的顯微鏡普及率 並做實際測試 |
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density:n.密度;
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| We've started collecting data for malaria, |
我們已經開始從病患那收集有關瘧疾 |
| Chagas disease and giardia from patients themselves. |
美洲錐蟲症和梨形鞭毛蟲症的數據 |
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giardia:n.贾第虫属;梨形鞭毛虫属; patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数)
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| And I want to leave you with this picture. |
而我希望能夠讓你們看見 |
| I had not anticipated this before, but a really interesting link between hands-on science education and global health. |
雖然我以前從沒想過 那就是動手作的科學教育 以及全球健康問題 之間的有趣聯繫 |
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anticipated:adj.预期的; v.预期; (anticipate的过去式和过去分词) hands-on:adj.亲身实践的,亲自动手的; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的;
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| What are the tools that we're actually providing the kids who are going to fight this monster soup for tomorrow? |
在未來,我們該給那些 正在對抗致病怪獸湯的孩子們 什麼樣的工具呢? |
| I would love for them to be able to just print out a Foldscope and carry them around in their pockets. |
我希望他們能夠 直接列印出一個摺紙式顯微鏡 並放在口袋中隨身攜帶 |
| Thank you. |
謝謝 |
| (Applause) |
（掌聲） |