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LisaMargonelli_2010X-_石油政治的化学结构_
So I'm going to talk to you about you about the political chemistry of oil spills and why this is an incredibly important, long, oily , hot summer, and why we need to keep ourselves from getting distracted . 我想谈谈石油泄漏的政治化学结构, 以及为什么这一点很重要, 冗长油腻的酷暑, 我们又为什么需要保持注意力集中。
spills:v.(使)洒出; n.洒出(量); (spill的第三人称单数和复数) incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; oily:adj.油的;油质的;油滑的;油腔滑调的; distracted:adj.心烦意乱; v.转移(注意力); (distract的过去分词和过去式)
But before I talk about the political chemistry, 但在我谈政治之前,
I actually need to talk about the chemistry of oil. 让我先讲讲石油的化学性质。
This is a photograph from when I visited 这张照片摄于
Prudhoe Bay in Alaska in 2002 to watch the Minerals Management Service testing their ability to burn oil spills in ice. 二零零二年我探访阿拉斯加的普拉德霍湾时 我当时是去去察看美国矿产管理局 测试他们 在冰里燃烧石油泄漏的能力。
Minerals:n.矿物;矿产,矿产品(mineral的复数);矿物质; Management:n.管理;管理人员;管理部门;操纵;经营手段;
And what you see here is, you see a little bit of crude oil, you see some ice cubes , and you see two sandwich baggies of napalm . 现在你可以看到一些原油, 你可以看到一些冰块, 你还可以看到两个塑胶袋装的凝固汽油。
crude:adj.粗略的;简略的;大概的;粗糙的;n.原油;石油; cubes:n.[数]立方体,数据库(cube的复数形式); v.使成立方形(cube的第三人称单数形式); sandwich:n.三明治;夹心面包片; baggies:n.宽松的游泳短裤;喇叭裤(baggy的复数); napalm:n.凝固汽油;凝固汽油弹;汽油胶化剂;
The napalm is burning there quite nicely . 那些凝固汽油燃烧得很不错。
nicely:adv.细致地;有吸引力;令人满意;令人愉快;adj.强健的;
And the thing is, is that oil is really an abstraction for us as the American consumer . 这其实是说 石油实际上对我们美国消费者来说是一个很抽象的东西。
abstraction:n.抽象;出神;心神专注;提取;分离; consumer:n.[经]消费者;[生,生态]消费者;
We're four percent of the world's population; we use 25 percent of the world's oil production. 我们占世界人口的百分之四; 我们使用世界石油生产量的百分之二十五。
And we don't really understand what oil is, until you check out its molecules , 我们却并不知道什么是石油, 直到你测试了它的分子,
molecules:n.[化学]分子,微粒;[化学]摩尔(molecule的复数);
And you don't really understand that until you see this stuff burn. 直到你看到这个东西燃烧,你才会理解它。
stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
So this is what happens as that burn gets going. 这就是燃烧时的情况。
It takes off. It's a big woosh. 然后它“呼”的一声,就熄灭了。
I highly recommend that you get a chance to see crude oil burn someday, because you will never need to hear another poli sci lecture on the geopolitics of oil again. 我强烈建议你找个机会去看看原油燃烧, 因为你将永远不再需要去听 关于石油的地缘政治学的政治科学讲座。
highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地; recommend:v.推荐;介绍;劝告;建议;使受欢迎; lecture:n.演讲;讲座;讲课;谴责;v.开讲座;讲授;讲课;指责;告诫 geopolitics:n.地缘政治学;地理政治论;
It'll just bake your retinas . 它将烘烤你的视网膜。
bake:n.烤; v.焙; (变得)灼热; retinas:n.[解剖]视网膜;
So there it is; the retinas are baking . 这就是,视网膜正在被烘烤。
baking:n.烘焙,烘烤; adj.烘烤的; v.烤,烘焙; (bake的现在分词)
Let me tell you a little bit about this chemistry of oil. 让我来给你们讲讲石油的化学成分。
Oil is a stew of hydrocarbon molecules. 石油是碳氢化合物分子的混合物。
stew:v.炖,炖汤;焖;忧虑;受闷热;n.炖,炖汤;烦恼;闷热;鱼塘; hydrocarbon:n.[有化]碳氢化合物;
It starts of with the very small ones, which are one carbon, four hydrogen -- that's methane -- it just floats off. 它从非常小的分子开始, 是一个碳,四个氢-- 那是甲烷--它会漂走。
hydrogen:n.氢;氢气; methane:n.[有化]甲烷;[能源]沼气;
Then there's all sorts of intermediate ones with middle amounts of carbon. 然后这些中间的分子含有中等含量的碳。
intermediate:adj.中间的; v.起调解作用; n.中级学生;
You've probably heard of benzene rings; they're very carcinogenic . 你大概听说过苯环;它们是高度致癌的。
benzene:n.[有化]苯; carcinogenic:adj.致癌的;致癌物的;
And it goes all the way over to these big, thick, galumphy ones that have hundreds of carbons , and they have thousands of hydrogens , and they have vanadium and heavy metals and sulfur and all kinds of craziness hanging off the sides of them. 然后到了 这些巨大的,密集的,笨重的分子含有数百个碳, 它们有数千个氢, 它们还含有钒,重金属和硫磺 还有各种奇怪的分子悬挂在它们的侧面。
carbons:n.[化学]碳;碳棒;复写纸;adj.碳的;碳处理的; hydrogens:n.[化学]氢; vanadium:n.[化学]钒; sulfur:vt.用硫磺处理;n.硫磺;硫磺色; craziness:n.愚蠢;狂热;摇摇晃晃;
Those are called the asphaltenes; they're an ingredient in asphalt . 那些叫做沥青烯;它们是沥青的成分。
ingredient:n.原料;要素;组成部分;adj.构成组成部分的; asphalt:n.沥青;柏油;v.以沥青铺;adj.用柏油铺成的;
They're very important in oil spills. 它们在石油泄漏中十分的重要。
Let me tell you a little bit about the chemistry of oil in water. 让我来给你们讲讲这些 在水中的石油的化学性质。
It is this chemistry that makes oil so disastrous . 正是这种化学性质导致石油具有极大的灾害性。
disastrous:adj.灾难性的;损失惨重的;悲伤的;
Oil doesn't sink, it floats. 石油不下沉,石油漂浮。
If it sank, it would be a whole different story as far as an oil spill. 如果它下沉,那石油泄漏将是一个完全不同的故事了。
as far as:至于…;
And the other thing it does is it spreads out the moment it hits the water. 另外一件事就是当石油一接触到水便扩散开来。
It spreads out to be really thin, so you have a hard time corralling it. 它扩散到十分的薄, 因此会很难将其围堵起来。
corralling:n.集结;v.占有;围住(corral的ing形式);
The next thing that happens is the light ends evaporate , and some of the toxic things float into the water column and kill fish eggs and smaller fish and things like that, and shrimp . 接下来发生的事情 就是那些轻的物质会挥发, 一些有毒物质漂浮到水层中 杀死鱼卵 和一些小鱼,小虾。
evaporate:vt.使…蒸发;使…脱水;使…消失;vi.蒸发,挥发;消失,失踪; toxic:adj.有毒的;中毒的; column:n.栏目,纵队; shrimp:n.虾;小虾;矮小的人;vi.捕虾;adj.有虾的;虾制的;
And then the asphaltenes -- and this is the crucial thing -- the asphaltenes get whipped by the waves into a frothy emulsion , something like mayonnaise . 然后沥青烯--这是决定的东西-- 沥青烯被波浪拍打成 充满泡沫的乳状液,像蛋黄酱一样。
crucial:adj.重要的;决定性的;定局的;决断的; whipped:v.鞭打;鞭策;除去,抽出(whip的过去分词和过去式) frothy:adj.多泡的;起泡的;空洞的,浅薄的; emulsion:n.[药]乳剂;[物化]乳状液;感光乳剂; mayonnaise:n.蛋黄酱;
It triples the amount of oily, messy goo that you have in the water, and it makes it very hard to handle . 它增加三倍 那些在水中的油腻的,肮脏的粘状物的总量 并且它使得很难去处理。
triples:n.三倍数(triple的复数);v.三倍于(triple的第三人称单数); messy:adj.肮脏的;凌乱的;不整洁的; handle:n.[建]把手;柄;手感;口实;v.处理;操作;运用;买卖;触摸;
It also makes it very viscous . 它也使得它（泄漏的石油）变得很粘滞。
viscous:adj.粘性的;黏的;
When the Prestige sank off the coast of Spain, there were big, floating cushions the size of sofa cushions of emulsified oil, with the consistency , or the viscosity , of chewing gum . 当威望号油轮在西班牙海岸沉没后, 沙发垫大小的如胶状的石油层 漂浮在海面, 就像粘滞性的口香糖。
Prestige:n.威望,声望;声誉; cushions:n.软垫; v.起缓冲作用; emulsified:乳化的; consistency:n.[计]一致性;稠度;相容性; viscosity:n.[物]粘性,[物]粘度; chewing gum:n.口香糖;
It's incredibly hard to clean up. 清理的困难程度让人难以置信。
And every single oil is different when it hits water. 并且每一滴接触到水面的油都不同。
When the chemistry of the oil and water also hits our politics, it's absolutely explosive . 当石油和水的化学成分 同样地触及到政治, 一场爆发是无法避免的。
absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; explosive:n.炸药;爆炸物;adj.易爆炸的;可能引起爆炸的;易爆发的;可能引起冲动的;
For the first time, American consumers will kind of see the oil supply chain in front of themselves. 美国消费者第一次, 直面石油供应链。
consumers:n.消费者;顾客;用户;(consumer的复数) supply chain:n.供应链;
They have a " eureka !" moment, when we suddenly understand oil in a different context . 他们会有“我发现了！”的一瞬间, 那一刻我们从另一个角度重新认识了石油。
eureka:int.有了！;找到了！; context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉;
So I'm going to talk just a little bit about the origin of these politics, because it's really crucial to understanding why this summer is so important, why we need to stay focused. 因此,我将简短的讲述一下这些政治的起源, 因为这对了解 为什么这个夏天是如此重要,为什么我们需要关注它至关重要。
origin:n.起源;起因;源头;出身;
Nobody gets up in the morning and thinks, "Wow! I'm going to go buy some three-carbon-to-12-carbon molecules to put in my tank and drive happily to work." 没有人早晨起来后想, “哇！我要把一些三碳到十二碳的分子 装到我的油箱里 然后开心地开车去上班。”
No, they think, "Ugh. I have to go buy gas. 不,他们想的是,“哎,我得去买汽油。
I'm so angry about it. The oil companies are ripping me off. 太生气了。这些石油公司分明是在敲竹杠。
ripping:adj.极好的;美妙的;v.撕破,裂开;突然拉开;(rip的现在分词)
They set the prices, and I don't even know. 我对他们如何决定价格毫不知情。
I am helpless over this." 太无助了。”
helpless:adj.无助的;无能的;没用的;
And this is what happens to us at the gas pump -- and actually, gas pumps are specifically designed to diffuse that anger. 这就是我们在加油站所发生的事情。 实际上,加油站是被精心策划了的 目的是减轻我们的愤怒。
pumps:n.[机]泵; v.用泵送; specifically:adv.特别地;明确地; diffuse:adj.弥漫的;散开的;v.扩散;传播;漫射;
You might notice that many gas pumps, including this one, are designed to look like ATMs . 你也许会发现很多加油站,包括这个, 看上去好像自动取款机。
ATMs:abbr.高级文本管理系统(AdvancedTerminalManagementSystem);
I've talked to engineers. That's specifically to diffuse our anger, because supposedly we feel good about ATMs. 我曾与工程师谈论过,这设计就是为了减轻我们的愤怒感, 因为我们天生对自动取款机有好感。
supposedly:adv.据说;据信;据传;
(Laughter) （笑声）
That shows you how bad it is. 看看它有多么坏。
But actually, I mean, this feeling of helplessness comes in because most Americans actually feel that oil prices are the result of a conspiracy , not of the vicissitudes of the world oil market. 但是事实上,我所说的这种无助感 是指大多数美国人认定 汽油的价格是一种密谋, 而非世界石油市场的盛衰。
helplessness:n.无能为力;无可奈何状态; conspiracy:n.阴谋;共谋;阴谋集团; vicissitudes:n.变迁;兴衰;枯荣;(人生的)盛衰(vicissitude的复数);
And the thing is, too, is that we also feel very helpless about the amount that we consume, which is somewhat reasonable , because in fact, we have designed this system where, if you want to get a job, it's much more important to have a car that runs, to have a job and keep a job, than to have a GED. 但要命的是, 我们对消费总量也一无所知, 这多少也合理, 实际上我们设计了这个系统, 如果你想找个工作, 首先得有一辆能跑的车, 为了找到并维持这份工作,得有一个汽油发动机驱动装置(注:GED:Gasoline Engine Driven)
somewhat:n.几分;某物;adv.有点;多少;几分;稍微; reasonable:adj.合理的,公道的;通情达理的;
And that's actually very perverse . 其实这很荒谬。
perverse:adj.堕落的,不正当的;倔强的;违反常情的;
Now there's another perverse thing about the way we buy gas, which is that we'd rather be doing anything else. 另外一件反常的事情是关于我们买汽油 也就是我们宁可做点别的事情。
This is BP's gas station in downtown Los Angeles. 这是英国石油公司BP（注:BP:British Petroleum)的加油站 在洛杉矶的市中心。
gas station:n.(汽车)加油站; downtown:n.市区;闹市区;adv.在市区;在热闹街上;到闹市区;adj.闹市区的;
It is green. It is a shrine to greenishness. 它是绿色的,它仿佛一座绿色圣殿。
shrine:n.圣地;神殿;神龛;圣祠;v.将…置于神龛内;把…奉为神圣;
'"Now," you think, "why would something so lame work on people so smart?" 现在请你想想,“为什么一些本无说服力的东西 能如此巧妙地说服人们？”
lame:adj.瘸的; n.(金属)薄板; v.使残废;
Well, the reason is, is because, when we're buying gas, we're very invested in this sort of cognitive dissonance . 原因在于:当我们买汽油时, 我们产生了某种认知失调。
invested:v.投资;投入;(invest的过去分词和过去式) cognitive:adj.认知的,认识的; dissonance:n.不一致;不调和;不和谐音;
I mean, we're angry at the one hand and we want to be somewhere else. 我们一方面很生气,我们想去别的地方,
We don't want to be buying oil; we want to be doing something green. 而不是站在这儿买汽油; 另一方面,我们又想做些绿色环保的事情。
And we get kind of in on our own con. 我们陷入了自己设计的矛盾之中。
I mean -- and this is funny, it looks funny here. 这挺有意思的。 看起来很可笑。
But in fact, that's why the slogan "beyond petroleum " worked. 但是实际上这就是为什么“超越石油”这个标语能起作用。
slogan:n.口号;标语; petroleum:n.石油;
But it's an inherent part of our energy policy , which is we don't talk about reducing the amount of oil that we use. 作为能源政策固有的一个部分, 我们不去谈论 怎样减少我们使用石油的总量。
inherent:adj.固有的;内在的;与生俱来的,遗传的; policy:n.政策,方针;保险单;
We talk about energy independence . We talk about hydrogen cars. 我们谈论能源独立。我们谈论氢能汽车。
independence:n.独立;独立性;自恃心;独立不羁的精神;
We talk about biofuels that haven't been invented yet. 我们谈论还没有被发明出来的生物能源。
biofuels:n.[能源]生物燃料;生质燃料;生质能源(biofuel的复数形式);
And so, cognitive dissonance is part and parcel of the way that we deal with oil, and it's really important to dealing with this oil spill. 因此,认知失调 是我们对待石油的一部分, 并且它也对处理石油泄漏十分重要。
parcel:n.包裹;小包;一块地;一片地;v.包;裹好;打包;adj.部分(时间)的;adv.局部地;
Okay, so the politics of oil are very moral in the United States. 石油政治 在美国是很有道义的。
moral:n.寓意;品行;教益;adj.道德的;道义上的;道德上的;品行端正的; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
The oil industry is like a huge, gigantic octopus of engineering and finance and everything else, but we actually see it in very moral terms. 石油业就像一只巨大的章鱼, 它涉及工程、金融 以及其他所有的行业, 但是实际上我们认为它很有道德。
gigantic:adj.巨大的,庞大的; octopus:n.章鱼; engineering:n.工程;工程学;v.密谋策划;设计制造;改变…的基因;(engineer的现在分词) finance:n.财政,财政学;金融;v.负担经费,供给…经费;
This is an early-on photograph -- you can see, we had these gushers. 这是较早前的一张照片。你可以看到,这里有些喷油井。
Early journalists looked at these spills, and they said, "This is a filthy industry." 早前的一些记者看到这些泄漏, 他们说,“这是一个肮脏的产业。”
journalists:n.新闻记者(journalist的复数); filthy:adj.肮脏的;污秽的;下流的;淫秽的;adv.极其肮脏的;富得流油的;
But they also saw in it that people were getting rich for doing nothing. 但是他们也看到 人们什么都不用做就可以赚大笔钱。
They weren't farmers, they were just getting rich for stuff coming out of the ground. 他们不是农民,他们却靠土地上冒出来的东西发财。
It's the "Beverly Hillbillies ," basically . 这根本就是“豪门新人类”（注:Beverly Hillbillies 60年代美国喜剧）。
Hillbillies:n.山区乡巴佬;(hillbilly的复数) basically:adv.主要地,基本上;
But in the beginning, this was seen as a very morally problematic thing, long before it became funny. 刚开始时,这件事的道德问题是有争论的, 早在它变得有趣之前。
morally:adv.道德上;有道德地;确实地; problematic:adj.问题的;有疑问的;不确定的;
And then, of course, there was John D. Rockefeller. 然后,当然,这里是约翰 D. 洛克菲勒。
And the thing about John D. is that he went into this chaotic wild-east of oil industry, and he rationalized it into a vertically integrated company, a multinational . 关于约翰 D.的是 他进入了这个混乱的 石油产业, 他使之合理化 成为了一个纵向整合的公司,一个跨国公司。
chaotic:adj.混沌的;混乱的,无秩序的; rationalized:adj.合理化的; v.使合理化; vertically:adv.垂直地; integrated:adj.综合的; v.整合; (integrate的过去式和过去分词) multinational:adj.跨国公司的;多国的;n.跨国公司;
It was terrifying; you think Walmart is a terrifying business model now, imagine what this looked like in the 1860s or 1870s. 这是极可怕的。你现在认为沃尔玛是个可怕的经营模式, 想象一下这些在一八六零年或者一八七零年代是什么样子。
Walmart:n.沃尔玛(世界连锁零售企业); terrifying:adj.令人恐惧的;骇人的;极大的;v.使害怕,使恐怖;(terrify的现在分词)
And it also the kind of root of how we see oil as a conspiracy. 这也是 我们视石油(行业)为一个密谋的根源。
But what's really amazing is that 但是真正惊人的是
But in many ways, that image of the conspiracy still sticks with us. 但是在很多方面, 密谋的印象始终缠绕着我们。
And here's one of the things that Ida Tarbell said -- she said, "He has a thin nose like a thorn . 其中有一件事情 艾达 塔贝尔说过。 她说,“他有一个像刺一般细的鼻子。
thorn:n.刺;[植]荆棘;
There were no lips. 没有嘴唇。
There were puffs under the little colorless eyes with creases running from them." 他无生气的眼睛下有鼓起的眼袋 布满皱纹。“
puffs:v.吸,抽;使喷出;气喘吁吁;n.少量;千层酥;泡芙;(puff的第三人称单数和复数) colorless:adj.无色的;苍白的;无趣味的; creases:n.[服装]皱纹; v.使起折痕;
(Laughter) （笑声）
Okay, so that guy is actually still with us. 所以那个人仍然和我们在一起。
(Laughter) (笑声)
I mean, this is a very pervasive -- this is part of our DNA. 我的意思是,这是一个非常普遍的--这是我们基因的一部分。
pervasive:adj.普遍的;到处渗透的;流行的;
And then there's this guy, okay. 然后这个人在这里。
So, you might be wondering why it is that, every time we have high oil prices or an oil spill, we call these CEOs down to Washington, and we sort of pepper them with questions in public and we try to shame them. 所以,你可能想知道为什么 每次我们有了高价石油或者石油泄漏, 我们把这些首席执行官叫到华盛顿, 公开地接二连三地问他们,试图羞辱他们。
pepper:n.胡椒;辣椒;胡椒粉;v.加胡椒粉于;使布满;
And this is something that we've been doing since 1974, when we first asked them, "Why are there these obscene profits ?" 这就是从一九七四年以来我们一直在做的, 当我们第一次问他们,“为什么这有肮脏的利润？”
obscene:adj.淫秽的;猥亵的;可憎的; profits:n.利润; v.获益; (profit的第三人称单数和复数)
And we've sort of personalized the whole oil industry into these CEOs. 我们似乎将整个石油行业当成 首席执行官们个人的产业。
personalized:v.在…上标明主人姓名; (personalize的过去分词和过去式)
And we take it as, you know -- we look at it on a moral level, rather than looking at it on a legal and financial level. 我们尝试 从道德角度去看待它, 而不是从一个法律和金融的角度去看它。
legal:adj.法律的;合法的;法定的; financial:adj.金融的;财政的,财务的;
And so I'm not saying these guys aren't liable to answer questions -- 我并不是说这些人没有资格回答问题,
liable:adj.有责任的,有义务的;应受罚的;有…倾向的;易…的;
I'm just saying that, when you focus on whether they are or are not a bunch of greedy bastards , you don't actually get around to the point of making laws that are either going to either change the way they operate, or you're going to get around to really reducing the amount of oil and reducing our dependence on oil. 我只是说,当你关注 他们是否是一群贪婪的混蛋, 你实际上并没有找到重点 即,你必须制定法律改变他们运营的方式, 或者你开始 认真地减少石油消费量, 减少我们对于石油的依赖程度。
a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆; greedy:adj.贪婪的;贪吃的;渴望的; bastards:n.[动,植]杂种;假冒品;劣货;粗劣的糖;(bastard的复数) get around to:抽出时间来做…;开始考虑做…;
So I'm saying this is kind of a distraction . 因此我说这是种分心。
distraction:n.注意力分散;消遣;心烦意乱;
But it makes for good theater, and it's powerfully cathartic as you probably saw last week. 但是这是一个很好的噱头, 非常有力,正如你上个星期所看到的。
powerfully:adv.强大地;强烈地;非常; cathartic:adj.导泻的;通便的;n.[药]泻药;[药]通便药;
So the thing about water oil spills is that they are very politically galvanizing . 关于石油泄漏最重要的 是它们带有很强的政治争议。
politically:adv.政治上; galvanizing:n.镀锌;v.给…通电;给…镀锌;刺激(galvanize的ing形式);
I mean, these pictures -- this is from the Santa Barbara spill. 我的意思是,那些照片--这是来自于圣巴巴拉市的石油泄漏。
You have these pictures of birds. 这是些鸟的照片。
They really influence people. 它们的确影响着人们。
influence:n.影响;势力;感化;有影响的人或事;v.影响;改变;
When the Santa Barbara spill happened in 1969, it formed the environmental movement in its modern form. 一九六九年,圣巴巴拉市的石油泄漏, 促成了现代化的环保运动,
It started Earth Day. 开创了地球日。
It also put in place the National Environmental Policy Act, the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act. 它也同时推进了国家环境政策法案, 洁净空气法案,和洁净水法案。
Everything that we are really stemmed from this period. 所有的一切都起源于这个时期。
stemmed:adj.去掉茎或梗的; v.起源于(stem的过去分词形式);
I think it's important to kind of look at these pictures of the birds and understand what happens to us. 我认为观察一下这些鸟的照片很重要 并且了解我们周围发生了什么。
Here we are normally; we're standing at the gas pump, and we're feeling kind of helpless. 经常性的, 我们站在加油站,感觉很无助。
We look at these pictures and we understand, for the first time, our role in this supply chain. 我们看着这些照片, 然后我们第一次明白了,我们在供应链上的角色。
We connect the dots in the supply chain. 我们将供应链上的这些点链接起来。
And we have this kind of -- as voters, we have kind of a "eureka!" moment. 然后我们似乎-- 作为投票者,我们有了一个“我发现了”的时刻。
This is why these moments of these oil spills are so important. 这就是为什么这些石油泄漏的瞬间 是如此的重要。
But it's also really important that we don't get distracted by the theater or the morals of it. 但是我们不 被这噱头或者是它的道义所转移注意力也是很重要的。
morals:n.道德;
We actually need to go in and work on the roots of the problem. 我们的确需要深入问题的根源, 并且解决问题。
One of the things that happened with the two previous oil spills was that we really worked on some of the symptoms . 前两次石油泄漏 我们致力于解决某些症状。
previous:adj.以前的;早先的;过早的;adv.在先;在…以前; symptoms:n.症状;征候;征兆;(symptom的复数)
We were very reactive , as opposed to being proactive about what happened. 我们并非主动,而是十分被动地 接受所发生的事情。
reactive:adj.反应的;电抗的;反动的; opposed:adj.强烈反对; v.反对(计划、政策等); (oppose的过去分词和过去式) proactive:adj.前摄的(前一活动中的因素对后一活动造成影响的);
And so what we did was, actually, we made moratoriums on the east and west coasts on drilling. 因此我们仅仅是, 暂缓了在东海岸和西海岸的钻油。
moratoriums:n.暂停,中止;[金融]延期偿付;
We stopped drilling in ANWR, but we didn't actually reduce the amount of oil that we consumed . 我们停止了在北极野生生物国家保护区的钻油（注:ANWR:Arctic National Wildlife Refuge） 但是我们实际上并没有减少石油的消费量。
consumed:adj.沉迷…的; v.消耗,耗费; (consume的过去分词和过去式)
In fact, it's continued to increase. 事实上,消费在持续增加。
The only thing that really reduces the amount of oil that we consume is much higher prices. 唯一能减少我们消费石油的办法就是 较高的价格。
As you can see , our own production has fallen off as our reservoirs have gotten old and expensive to drill out. 正如你所见,我们的生产量已经减少了 由于我们油库已经变得陈旧并且钻油也十分昂贵。
As you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的; reservoirs:n.[水利]水库(reservoir的复数);
We only have two percent of the world's oil reserves; 65 percent of them are in the Persian Gulf . 我们仅有世界石油储藏量的百分之二。 百分之六十五的石油储藏在波斯湾。
Persian:n.波斯人;波斯语;adj.波斯的;波斯人的;波斯语的; Gulf:n.海湾;深渊;分歧;漩涡;vt.吞没;
One of the things that's happened because of this is that, since 1969, the country of Nigeria, or the part of Nigeria that pumps oil, which is the delta -- which is two times the size of Maryland -- has had thousands of oil spills a year. 这也导致了另一件事的发生。 自一九六九年起, 尼日利亚,或者说尼日利亚的产油区, 也就是三角洲--面积约为马里兰州两倍大小-- 每年发生数千起石油泄漏事件。
delta:n.(河流的)三角洲;德耳塔(希腊字母的第四个字); Maryland:n.马里兰(美国州名);
I mean, we've essentially been exporting oil spills when we import oil from places without tight environmental regulations . 这就好像出口石油泄漏。 当我们从那些 缺乏严谨环境管理的地区进口石油,
essentially:adv.本质上;本来; exporting:v.出口;输出;传播,输出(思想或活动);(export的现在分词) regulations:n.章程;规则;法规;管理,控制;(regulation的复数)
That has been the equivalent of an Exxon Valdez spill every year since 1969. 这与埃克森-瓦尔迪兹号油轮泄漏事件相同, 一九六九年起的每一年都是如此。
equivalent:adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的;n.等价物,相等物;
And we can wrap our heads around the spills, because that's what we see here, but in fact, these guys actually live in a war zone. 我们完全了解石油泄漏, 因为我们目睹了这里所发生的一切, 这些人所居住的是一个战区。
wrap:v.缠绕;隐藏;掩护;包起来;缠绕;穿外衣;n.外套;围巾;
There's a thousand battle-related deaths a year in this area twice the size of Maryland, and it's all related to the oil. 这里每年有数千人死于交战, 就在这个有着马里兰州两倍大面积的地方, 这都与石油有关。
And these guys, I mean, if they were in the U.S., they might be actually here in this room. 这些人如果生活在美国, 他们可能就在这个房间里。
They have degrees in political science , degrees in business -- they're entrepreneurs . They don't actually want to be doing what they're doing. 他们有可能有政治学或者商学学位。 他们是企业家。他们事实上并不想做他们所从事的。
political science:n.政治学; entrepreneurs:n.企业家;(entrepreneur的复数)
And it's sort of one of the other groups of people who pay a price for us. 这其实是另外一群人 他们为我们付出代价。
The other thing that we've done, as we've continued to increase demand, is that we kind of play a shell game with the costs. 我们所做的另外一件事, 由于我们持续增长需求, 实则用成本来玩一个骗局。
shell game:n.果壳猜测游戏(移动三个杯子,参加者须猜测哪个杯子扣着小物体);
One of the places we put in a big oil project in Chad, with Exxon. 其中一个正在进行的一个巨大的石油项目的地方 是在乍得,由埃克森石油公司负责。
So the U.S. taxpayer paid for it; the World Bank , Exxon paid for it. 美国纳税人为此买单, 世界银行,埃克森石油公司也为此付账。
taxpayer:n.纳税人;所收租金只够支付地产税的建筑物; World Bank:n.世界银行(向处于困境需要资助的成员国贷款的国际机构);
We put it in. There was a tremendous banditry problem. 这是一个巨大的盗匪问题。
tremendous:adj.极大的,巨大的;惊人的;极好的; banditry:n.土匪行为;盗贼行为;贼党;
I was there in 2003. 二零零三年的时候我在那里。
We were driving along this dark, dark road, and the guy in the green stepped out, and I was just like, "Ahhh! This is it." 我们沿着这个很黑很黑的路行驶, 有个穿着绿色衣服的人走了出去, 我就说,“啊！这就是。”
And then the guy in the Exxon uniform stepped out, and we realized it was okay. 之后有个穿着埃克森制服的人走了出去, 于是我们意识到一切正常。
uniform:adj.统一的;一致的;相同的;始终如一的;n.制服;v.使穿制服;使成一样;
They have their own private sort of army around them at the oil fields. 他们在油田有自己的私人军队驻守。
But at the same time , 但与此同时,
at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
Chad has become much more unstable , and we are not paying for that price at the pump. 乍得变得更加得不稳定, 我们在加油站并不支付这些代价。
unstable:adj.不稳定的;变化莫测的;(行为、情绪)反复无常的
We pay for it in our taxes on April 15th. 我们以四月十五日纳的税来支付这些费用。
We do the same thing with the price of policing the Persian Gulf and keeping the shipping lanes open. 我们做同样的事情 用监管波斯湾的费用 来维持海洋航道开放。
lanes:n.线路,跑道(lane复数形式);
This is 1988 -- we actually bombed two Iranian oil platforms that year. 这是一九八八年。 那一年我们炸毁了两座伊朗的石油平台。
Iranian:adj.伊朗的;伊朗人的;伊朗语的;n.伊朗人;伊朗语; platforms:n.平台; v.把…放在台上;
That was the beginning of an escalating U.S. involvement there that we do not pay for at the pump. 那时美国刚开始升级对那里的干涉 我们不在加油站支付（那些干涉的费用）。
escalating:v.(使)逐步扩大,不断恶化,加剧;(escalate的现在分词) involvement:n.牵连;包含;混乱;财政困难;
We pay for it on April 15th, and we can't even calculate the cost of this involvement. 我们在四月十五日为此支付, 而我们甚至不能计算出这些干涉的花费。
The other place that is sort of supporting our dependence on oil and our increased consumption is the Gulf of Mexico, which was not part of the moratoriums. 另有一个地方,一直支持我们对于石油的依赖, 支持我们增加消费, 就是墨西哥湾, 而此地并非暂缓钻油的一部分。
consumption:n.消费;消耗;肺痨;
Now what's happened in the Gulf of Mexico -- as you can see, this is the Minerals Management diagram of wells for gas and oil. 现在在墨西哥湾发生了什么...正如你所见, 这是关于 汽油和石油井的矿产管理图表
It's become this intense industrialized zone. 它变成了如此紧张的工业区。
intense:adj.强烈的;紧张的;非常的;热情的; industrialized:adj.工业化的;v.使工业化;将…组成产业(industrialize的过去分词);
It doesn't have the same resonance for us that the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge has, but it should, I mean, it's a bird sanctuary . 它和我们没有共鸣 而北极野生生物国家保护区却有, 但是它本该是个鸟类保护区。
resonance:n.[力]共振;共鸣;反响; Arctic:adj.北极的;北极地区的;极冷的;严寒的;n.北极;北极地区; Refuge:n.避难所;庇护;慰藉;庇护者;v.避难;(古)庇护; sanctuary:n.避难所;至圣所;耶路撒冷的神殿;
Also, every time you buy gasoline in the United States, half of it is actually being refined along the coast, because the Gulf actually has about 50 percent of our refining capacity and a lot of our marine terminals as well. 并且,每一次你在美国买汽油, 其中的一半实际上是在海岸精炼的, 因为海湾实际上拥有 大约百分之五十的精炼生产量 和很多的海运油库。
gasoline:n.汽油; refined:adj.精制的; v.精炼; refining:v.精炼;提纯;去除杂质;改进;(refine的现在分词) capacity:n.能力;容量;资格,地位;生产力; marine:adj.海的;海产的;海生的;海船的;n.(尤指美国或英国皇家)海军陆战队士兵; terminals:n.[计]终端;终端机;[电]接线端子;终止节点(terminal的复数);
So the people of the Gulf have essentially been subsidizing the rest of us through a less-clean environment. 因此在海湾的人们实质上是 通过（生活在）一个较差的环境来补助我们。
subsidizing:vt.资助;给与奖助金;向…行贿;
And finally , American families also pay a price for oil. 最后,美国的家庭也为石油付出代价。
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;
Now on the one hand , the price at the pump is not really very high when you consider the actual cost of the oil, but on the other hand , the fact that people have no other transit options means that they pay a large amount of their income into just getting back and forth to work, generally in a fairly crummy car. 另一方面,在加油站所支付的价格并不是十分高的 当你考虑到石油的实际成本, 但在另一方面, 事实是人们没有其他的运输选择 也就是说他们支付他们工资的很大一部分 用在往返于工作上, 大部分在一个劣等的车上。
on the one hand:一方面; on the other hand:另一方面; transit:n.运输;经过;v.运送;经过; options:n.选择; v.得到或获准进行选择; (option的三单形式) back and forth:前后移动的,来回的,反复的; generally:adv.通常;普遍地,一般地; fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直; crummy:adj.微不足道的;寒酸的;肮脏的;
If you look at people who make $50,000 a year, they have two kids, they might have three jobs or more, and then they have to really commute . 如果你看到一些人他们一年挣五万美元,有两个孩子, 他们可能有三个或多个工作, 并且他们需要通勤。
commute:v.减刑;交换;通勤;代偿;n.通勤(口语);
They're actually spending more on their car and fuel than they are on taxes or on health care . 他们实际上在汽车和燃油上的花费 比他们在税和医疗保健上的花费更多。
health care:n.卫生保健;
And the same thing happens at the 50th percentile , around 80,000. 同样的事情发生在 百分之五十的比例上,大约有八万。
percentile:adj.百分率的;按百等分排列的;n.百分位;
Gasoline costs are a tremendous drain on the American economy , but they're also a drain on individual families and it's kind of terrifying to think about what happens when prices get higher. 汽油的成本在 美国经济上是一个巨大的耗费, 但是它也是每个个体家庭的巨大耗费, 当价格上涨时就很难想象将会发生什么。
drain:v.排水;流干;喝光,耗尽;n.排水;下水道,排水管;消耗; economy:n.经济;节约;理财; individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的;
So, what I'm going to talk to you about now is: what do we have to do this time? 于是,我现在将向你们讲述的是: 这一次我们要如何做呢？
What are the laws? What do we have to do to keep ourselves focused? 有哪些法律呢？我们做什么才能保持专注呢？
One thing is -- we need to stay away from the theater. 其一就是,我们需要远离那些噱头。
We need to stay away from the moratoriums. 我们应该远离暂缓钻油。
We need to focus really back again on the molecules. 我们应该回过头来关注 那些分子。
The moratoriums are fine, but we do need to focus on the molecules on the oil. 暂缓钻油是可以的,但是我们需要关注 石油的分子。
One of the things that we also need to do, is we need to try to not kind of fool ourselves into thinking that you can have a green world, before you reduce the amount of oil that we use. 还有一件事情我们需要去做的, 是我们不应该愚弄我们自己 认为我们不用减少石油用量, 就可以拥有一个绿色世界。
We need to focus on reducing the oil. 我们需要关注于减少石油。
What you see in this top drawing is a schematic of how petroleum gets used in the U.S. economy. 现在你看到的这个图 显示了石油在美国整个经济体中的运用。
schematic:adj.图解的;概要的;n.原理图;图解视图;
It comes in on the side -- the useful stuff is the dark gray, and the un-useful stuff, which is called the rejected energy -- the waste, goes up to the top. 它从这边过来--有用的东西是深灰色的, 这些无用的东西, 被叫做废弃能量,这些废弃物, 在上部。
rejected:adj.被拒的;不合格的;v.拒绝,驳回;(reject的过去式和过去分词)
Now you can see that the waste far outweighs the actually useful amount. 你可以看到这些废弃物大大多于 实际有效用的总量。
outweighs:vt.比…重(在重量上);比…重要;比…有价值;
And one of the things that we need to do is, not only fix the fuel efficiency of our vehicles and make them much more efficient , but we also need to fix the economy in general . 我们需要做的一件事情 就是,不仅仅稳定我们交通工具的燃油效能 使它们变得更加有效率, 我们还需要稳定我们的经济大局。
efficiency:n.效率;效能;功效; vehicles:n.车辆;飞行器;运行工具;(vehicles是vehicle的复数) efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的; in general:总之,通常;一般而言;
We need to remove the perverse incentives to use more fuel. 我们需要尽量避免耗费更多的燃料。
incentives:n.激励;奖励;诱因(incentive的复数形式);奖励措施;
For example, we have an insurance system where the person who drives 20,000 miles a year pays the same insurance as somebody who drives 3,000. 例如,我们有一个保险系统 一个一年内驾驶两万英里的人 与一个驾驶了三千英里的人交付同样的保险金。
insurance:n.保险;保险业;保险费;保费;adj.胜券在握的;
We actually encourage people to drive more. 这其实是在鼓励人们行驶更长的里程。
We have policies that reward sprawl -- we have all kinds of policies. 我们有奖励杂乱扩张的政策。我们有各种各样的政策。
policies:n.政策;方针;原则;为人之道;保险单(policy的复数) reward:n.[劳经]报酬;报答;酬谢;v.[劳经]奖励;奖赏; sprawl:vi.蔓延; vt.懒散地伸开; n.蔓生;
We need to have more mobility choices. 我们需要更多的灵活性选择。
mobility:n.移动性;机动性;[电子]迁移率;
We need to make the gas price better reflect the real cost of oil. 我们需要使汽油的价格 更好的反应其真实的成本。
reflect:v.反映;映出(影像);反射;表明,表达;
And we need to shift subsidies from the oil industry, which is at least 10 billion dollars a year, into something that allows middle-class people to find better ways to commute. 我们要将把对石油工业的补助, 每年至少一百亿美元, 转移到改善那些使中产阶级的人们的处境上。
shift:n.移动;变化;手段;轮班;v.移动;转变;转换; subsidies:n.补贴;补助金;津贴;(subsidy的复数) middle-class:adj.中产阶级的;中层社会的;
Whether that's getting a much more efficient car and also kind of building markets for new cars and new fuels down the road , this is where we need to be. 是否能拥有更高效的汽车 或是创造 利用新型汽车和新型燃料的市场 这才是我们需要做的。
down the road:只要沿着这条路;将来;在路上;
We need to kind of rationalize this whole thing, and you can find more about this policy. 我们需要把这一切重新整理, 你将发现更多关于这一政策的信息。
It's called STRONG, which is "Secure Transportation 这一政策叫做STRONG,” Secure Transportation, Reducing Oil Needs Gradually.
Transportation:n.运输;运输系统;运输工具;流放;
Reducing Oil Needs Gradually ," “安全运输,并逐步减低石油用量”
Gradually:adv.渐渐地;逐步地;
and the idea is instead of being helpless, we need to be more strong. 主旨是,与其处在一种无助状态,我们要变得更强。
They're up at NewAmerica.net. 具体的内容在NewAmerica.net（网站）上。
What's important about these is that we try to move from feeling helpless at the pump, to actually being active and to really sort of thinking about who we are, having kind of that special moment, where we connect the dots actually at the pump. 所有这些重要的是 我们试图将 在加油站的那种无助感 转变为主动, 认真思考我们是谁, 在那一特殊的时刻, 在加油站的我们是整个链接上的哪一个环节
Now supposedly, oil taxes are the third rail of American politics -- the no-fly zone . 假如,石油税 在美国的政治上是一个禁忌的话题--如同禁飞区。
no-fly zone:n.禁飞区(禁止别国飞机飞行的地区);
I actually -- I agree that a dollar a gallon on oil is probably too much, but I think that if we started this year with three cents a gallon on gasoline, 我同意一美元买一加仑的汽油 是有点贵, 但是我认为如果我们从今年开始 以一加仑汽油三美分
gallon:n.加仑
and upped it to six cents next year, nine cents the following year, all the way up to 30 cents by 2020, that we could actually significantly reduce our gasoline consumption, 然后明年增加到六美分,后年九美分, 一直这样增加到二零二零年的三十美分, 如此这般就可以显著地减少我们对汽油的消费,
significantly:adv.意味深长地;值得注目地;
and at the same time we would give people time to prepare, time to respond , and we would be raising money and raising consciousness at the same time. 同时我们应该给予人们准备的时间, 反应的时间, 收入提高的同时,人们的觉悟也在提高。
respond:vi.回答;作出反应;承担责任;n.应答;唱和; consciousness:n.意识;知觉;觉悟;感觉;
Let me give you a little sense of how this would work. 让我来用一个简单的道理演示这如何工作。
This is a gas receipt , hypothetically , for a year from now. 这是一张汽油的收据,假设,从现在起一年。
receipt:n.收据;收入;接受;字据;v.开收据; hypothetically:adv.假设地;假想地;
The first thing that you have on the tax is -- you have a tax for a stronger America -- 33 cents. 首先在这个税上的是, 一个对“更强壮的美国”的税--三十三美分。
So you're not helpless at the pump. 如此在加油站的你将不再感觉无助。
And the second thing that you have is a kind of warning sign, very similar to what you would find on a cigarette pack. 然后这里有一个警告的标示, 与你在香烟盒子上 看到的警告标示非常相似。
And what it says is, "The National Academy of Sciences estimates that every gallon of gas you burn in your car creates 29 cents in health care costs." 它说的是,“国家科学院 预测您的汽车所燃烧的每一加仑的汽油 造成医疗保健的二十九美分代价。”
Academy:n.学院;研究院;学会;专科院校; estimates:n.估计;估价;估计的成本;v.估价;估算(estimate的第三人称单数和复数)
That's a lot. 这是很多的。
And so this -- you can see that you're paying considerably less than the health care costs on the tax. 如此一来--你可以看到你支付相当少的 医疗保健费用在税收上。
considerably:adv.相当地;非常地;
And also, the hope is that you start to be connected to the whole greater system. 并且,期望是 你开始和这整个庞大的系统连接起来。
And at the same time, you have a number that you can call to get more information on commuting , or a low-interest loan on a different kind of car, or whatever it is you're going to need to actually reduce your gasoline dependence. 同时,有一个号码你可以拨打 可以获取更多的关于通勤的信息, 或者对一个不同汽车的低息贷款, 无论如何你将 确实地减少你对汽油的依赖。
commuting:n.乘公交车上下班;经常往来;
With this whole sort of suite of policies, we could actually reduce our gasoline consumption -- or our oil consumption -- by 20 percent by 2020. 依据这整套的政策, 我们可以实实在在地减少汽油的消费量-- 或是石油的消费量-- 百分之二十到二零二零年。
suite:n.套房;一套家具;组曲(由三个或更多相关部分组成);套装软件;
So, three million barrels a day. 也就是一天三百万桶。
barrels:n.机筒; v.把…装桶;
But in order to do this, one of the things we really need to do, is we need to remember we are people of the hydrocarbon. 但是为了做这些, 有一件事情我们必须要做的就是我们要记得 我们是依赖碳氢化合物的人。
We need to keep or minds on the molecules and not get distracted by the theater, not get distracted by the cognitive dissonance of the green possibilities that are out there. 我们必须集中精力在分子上 不要被噱头所分心, 不要因为认知失调而分神, 这里根本不存在绿色可能性。
We need to kind of get down and do the gritty work of reducing our dependence upon this fuel and these molecules. 我们需要着手认真的做些棘手的工作 来减少我们对这些燃料和分子的依赖性。
gritty:adj.坚韧不拔的;有砂砾的;多沙的;像砂的;
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）