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LindaHill_2014X-_如何管理集体创造力_
I have a confession to make. 创新是一番旅程。
confession:n.忏悔,告解;供认;
I'm a business professor whose ambition has been to help people learn to lead. 我是一位经济学教授, 我的目标是去帮助其他人学会领导。
ambition:n.追求的目标;野心;志向;抱负;
But recently , I've discovered that what many of us think of as great leadership does not work when it comes to leading innovation . 但是最近,我发现 大多数人认为良好的领导能力 在创新领域并不管用。
recently:adv.最近;新近; innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法;
I'm an ethnographer . 我是一位人种论学者。
ethnographer:n.民族志(或民族学)研究者;
I use the methods of anthropology to understand the questions in which I'm interested. 我用人类学的方法 去研究我感兴趣的问题。
anthropology:n.人类学;人类学家;
So along with three co-conspirators , 与3个同事一起,
co-conspirators:n.同谋者;(co-conspirator的复数)
I spent nearly a decade observing up close and personal exceptional leaders of innovation. 我花了接近十年的时间,通过更私密的途径去观察那些 创新领域的领导者。
observing:adj.观察的;注意的;观察力敏锐的;v.观察;遵守(observe的现在分词); personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词; exceptional:adj.异常的,例外的;n.超常的学生;
We studied 16 men and women, located in seven countries across the globe, working in 12 different industries. 我们研究了16位男性和女性, 他们分布于全世界七个不同的国家, 在12个不同岗位上工作。
located:adj.位于; v.确定…的准确地点; (locate的过去分词和过去式)
In total, we spent hundreds of hours on the ground, on-site , watching these leaders in action. 我们总共花了数百个小时, 在现场关注他们的一言一行。
on-site:adj.现场的;
We ended up with pages and pages and pages of field notes that we analyzed and looked for patterns in what our leaders did. 我们最后得到了一页又一页的笔记, 从而能够通过分析去弄清这些领导者的行为模式。
analyzed:v.分析(analyze的过去式和过去分词);检讨;
The bottom line ? 重点是什么呢？
The bottom line:底线;本质内容;最底线;
If we want to build organizations that can innovate time and again , we must unlearn our conventional notions of leadership. 如果我们想要建立可以持续不断创新的机构, 我们必须抛开对领导力的传统认识。
organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构; innovate:vi.创新;改革;革新;vt.改变;创立;创始;引人; time and again:adv.屡次;常常; unlearn:vt.忘却;抛掉以前的想法;去掉…的弊习; conventional:adj.符合习俗的,传统的;常见的;惯例的; notions:n.观念(notion的复数);小商品;
Leading innovation is not about creating a vision , and inspiring others to execute it. 领导创新不是去创造一种理念, 然后启发他人去执行它。
vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见; inspiring:adj.鼓舞人心的;灌输的;v.鼓舞;激发;使感悟;(inspire的现在分词) execute:vt.实行;执行;处死;
But what do we mean by innovation? 那我们所说的创新是什么意思呢？
An innovation is anything that is both new and useful. 创新是一种既新颖又实用的东西。
It can be a product or service. 它既能是产品也能是服务。
It can be a process or a way of organizing . 它既可以是一个过程,也可以是一种管理方式。
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; organizing:v.组织;安排;处理;分配;管理;(organize的现在分词)
It can be incremental , or it can be breakthrough . 它可以是一提升长,或者是一项突破。
incremental:adj.增加的,增值的; breakthrough:n.突破;开始取得成功之时;adj.突破性的;
We have a pretty inclusive definition . 我们有一个很全面的定义。
inclusive:adj.包括的,包含的; definition:n.定义;清晰度;(尤指词典里的词或短语的)释义;解释;
How many of you recognize this man? 有多少人认识这个人？
recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;
Put your hands up. 举起你们的手。
Keep your hands up, if you know who this is. 保持举手,如果你知道这个人。
How about these familiar faces? 那这些熟悉的面孔呢？
familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友;
(Laughter) （笑声）
From your show of hands, it looks like many of you have seen a Pixar movie, but very few of you recognized Ed Catmull, the founder and CEO of Pixar -- one of the companies I had the privilege of studying. 从你们举手的情况来讲, 大多数人都看过Pixar出版的电影, 但是几乎没人认出 Ed Catmull, Pixar的创建者和CEO—— 这是我有幸去研究的公司之一。
Pixar:n.皮克斯;皮克斯动画工作室; recognized:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;(recognize的过去分词和过去式) founder:vi.失败;沉没;倒塌;变跛;vt.破坏;使摔倒;垮掉;n.创始人;建立者;翻沙工; privilege:n.特权;优待;v.给与…特权;特免;
My first visit to Pixar was in 2005, when they were working on " Ratatouille ," 我第一次去拜访Pixar是在2005年, 当时他们正在制作《料理鼠王》,
Ratatouille:n.蹩脚的炖菜;
that provocative movie about a rat becoming a master chef. 一部备受关注的关于一只老鼠成为大厨的电影。
provocative:adj.刺激的,挑拨的;气人的;n.刺激物,挑拨物;兴奋剂;
Computer-generated movies are really mainstream today, but it took Ed and his colleagues nearly 20 years to create the first full-length C.G. movie. 现在,电脑制作的电影是主流, 但是,Ed和他的团队花了接近20年的时间 才创造出第一部完整的电脑制作的电影。
Computer-generated:adj.计算机产生的;电脑生成的; mainstream:n.主流; colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); full-length:adj.全身的;全长的,未删节的;大型的;
In the 20 years hence , they've produced 14 movies. 在之后的20年里,他们制作了14部电影。
hence:adv.因此;今后;
I was recently at Pixar, and I'm here to tell you that number 15 is sure to be a winner. 我前不久还去过Pixar,现在在这里可以告诉你们, 第15部电影肯定会相当卖座。
When many of us think about innovation, though, we think about an Einstein having an 'Aha!' moment. 当我们当中的很多人想到创新的时候, 我们会想到爱因斯坦灵光一现的时刻。
But we all know that's a myth . 但是我们都知道那是一个迷。
myth:n.神话;虚构的人,虚构的事;
Innovation is not about solo genius , it's about collective genius. 创新不是关于个人的天赋, 而是关于团体的智慧。
solo:n.独奏; adj.独奏的; v.单人攀登; v.单独地; genius:n.天才;天资;才能,本领; collective:adj.集体的;共同的;集合的;集体主义的;n.集团;集合体;集合名词;
Let's think for a minute about what it takes to make a Pixar movie: 让我们想一想制作一部Pixar电影都需要些什么:
for a minute:一会儿;
No solo genius, no flash of inspiration produces one of those movies. 不需要个人才智,不需要灵光一现去制作那样的一部电影。
flash:n.闪光; v.闪光; adj.庞大的;
On the contrary , it takes about 250 people four to five years, to make one of those movies. 相反,这需要250人工作4到5年 去完成这样一部电影。
On the contrary:正相反;
To help us understand the process, an individual in the studio drew a version of this picture. 为了让我们明白这整个过程, 一名工作室人员画了这样一个版本的流程图。
individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; studio:n.工作室;[广播][电视]演播室;画室;电影制片厂;
He did so reluctantly , because it suggested that the process was a neat series of steps done by discrete groups. 他画的时候很犹豫不决, 因为这个过程是一系列紧凑的步骤, 由一些独立的小组所完成。
reluctantly:adv.不情愿地;嫌恶地; neat:adj.整洁的;整齐的;有序的;有条理的; series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书; discrete:adj.离散的,不连续的;n.分立元件;独立部件;
Even with all those arrows, he thought it failed to really tell you just how iterative , interrelated and, frankly, messy their process was. 即使有这些箭头,他还是认为这并不能真正地告诉你们, 这是一个涵盖如此大量重复性和高度关联性,以及说实话,相当杂乱的过程。
iterative:adj.[数]迭代的;重复的,反复的;n.反复体; interrelated:adj.相关的;互相联系的;v.使相互联系(interrelate的过去式); messy:adj.肮脏的;凌乱的;不整洁的;
Throughout the making of a movie at Pixar, the story evolves . 故事的发展贯穿一部Pixar电影的制作。
Throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及; evolves:v.进化,进展(evolve的第三人称单数形式);
So think about it. 所以,设想一下。
Some shots go through quickly. 一些镜头过得很快。
They don't all go through in order. 它们不全部按顺序过。
It depends on how vexing the challenges are that they come up with when they are working on a particular scene. 这取决于当他们在制作一个特殊情节的时候, 遇到的挑战有多么令人烦恼。
vexing:v.使恼火;使烦恼;使忧虑(vex的现在分词) come up with:提出;想出;赶上;
So if you think about that scene in "Up" 所以当你想到《飞屋环游记》中
where the boy hands the piece of chocolate to the bird, that 10 seconds took one animator almost six months to perfect. 小男孩把一块巧克力递给小鸟的场景, 那10秒钟的场景花了一个动漫师接近6个月的时间去达到完美的效果。
animator:n.鼓舞者;赋与生气者;卡通片绘制者(等于animater);
The other thing about a Pixar movie is that no part of the movie is considered finished until the entire movie wraps . 另外一件关于Pixar电影的事, 是电影的任何一个部分都不能算完工, 直到整部电影制作完成。
wraps:n.外衣; v.包裹;
Partway through one production, an animator drew a character with an arched eyebrow that suggested a mischievous side. 制作到一半时,一位动画师画了一个拥有 弯眉毛的角色,想表现出他淘气的一面。
Partway:adv.部分地,到某种程度; arched:adj.拱形的;有拱的;弓形结构的;v.成弓形弯曲;成弓形(arch的过去分词形式); eyebrow:n.眉;眉毛; mischievous:adj.淘气的;(人,行为等)恶作剧的;有害的;
When the director saw that drawing, he thought it was great. 当导演看到绘画的时候,他觉得很棒。
It was beautiful, but he said, "You've got to lose it; it doesn't fit the character." 画的非常漂亮,但是他说: “你不能采用它,这不符合人物形象。“
Two weeks later, the director came back and said, "Let's put in those few seconds of film." 两周过后,那个导演回来说, “我们还是花几秒钟把弯眉毛放进电影里吧。“
Because that animator was allowed to share what we referred to as his slice of genius, he was able to help that director reconceive the character in a subtle but important way that really improved the story. 因为那位动画师被允许去分享 我们所说的他自己那部分的智慧, 他才能够帮助导演重新构建那个角色 从而以一种微妙而又重要的方式改进了故事。
referred:v.提到;引用;认为;指示;涉及;(refer的过去式和过去分词) slice:n.片; v.切成片; (很容易地)切开; subtle:adj.微妙的;精细的;敏感的;狡猾的;稀薄的; improved:adj.改良的:v.改进:改善(improve的过去分词和过去式)
What we know is, at the heart of innovation is a paradox . 我们所知道的是,创新的核心是一个悖论。
paradox:n.悖论,反论;似非而是的论点;自相矛盾的人或事;
You have to unleash the talents and passions of many people and you have to harness them into a work that is actually useful. 你必须释放很多人的才能和激情 并且有效地利用它们。
unleash:vt.发泄;突然释放;使爆发; passions:n.强烈情感;激情;盛怒;(passion的复数) harness:vt.治理; n.马具;
Innovation is a journey . 创新是一番旅程。
journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行;
It's a type of collaborative problem solving, usually among people who have different expertise and different points of view. 它是一种团队型解决问题的方式, 通常存在于一群拥有不同特长, 不同观点的人当中。
collaborative:adj.合作的,协作的; expertise:n.专门知识;专门技术;专家的意见;
Innovations rarely get created full-blown . 创新很少在一开始就达到完美。
Innovations:n.创新(innovation的复数);改革; rarely:adv.很少地;难得;罕有地; full-blown:adj.成熟的;(花)盛开的;(帆等)张满的;
As many of you know, they're the result, usually, of trial and error. 正如大部分人知道的那样, 它们通常是尝试和犯错的结果。
Lots of false starts, missteps and mistakes. 很多错误的开始,错误的步骤和错误的结果。
missteps:n.失足;过失;踏错;失策;vi.失足;走上歧途;
Innovative work can be very exhilarating , but it also can be really downright scary. 创新的产品可以令人非常振奋, 但也可以变得十分可怕。
Innovative:adj.革新的,创新的; exhilarating:adj.令人兴奋的; v.使高兴; (exhilarate的现在分词) downright:adj.明白的;直率的;显明的;adv.完全,彻底;全然;
So when we look at why it is that Pixar is able to do what it does, we have to ask ourselves, what's going on here? 所以当我们思考为什么Pixar能够获得成功, 我们必须先自问,这是一个怎样的团队呢？
For sure, history and certainly Hollywood, is full of star-studded teams that have failed. 当然,历史上还有好莱坞, 是一个星光璀璨却不断遭遇失败的团队。
star-studded:adj.星罗棋布的;
Most of those failures are attributed to too many stars or too many cooks, if you will, in the kitchen. 大多数的失败是因为 有太多的明星或者说,有太多的厨师在厨房里了。
attributed:v.归于(attribute的过去式,过去分词);属性化;
So why is it that Pixar, with all of its cooks, is able to be so successful time and time again ? 那么为什么Pixar有那么多的“厨师”, 但仍能一次又一次地成功呢？
time and time again:一次次;一次又一次;多次;不断地;
When we studied an Islamic Bank in Dubai , or a luxury brand in Korea, or a social enterprise in Africa, we found that innovative organizations are communities that have three capabilities: creative abrasion , creative agility and creative resolution . 当我们研究一个在迪拜的伊斯兰银行时, 或者一个韩国的奢侈品牌,或者一个非洲的社会企业, 我们发现创新机构 是拥有三个特点的团体: 创意摩擦,创造的灵活性,以及创新的解决方式。
Islamic:adj.穆斯林的; Dubai:n.迪拜(阿拉伯联合酋长国的酋长国之一); luxury:n.奢侈,奢华;奢侈品;享受;adj.奢侈的; brand:v.铭刻于,铭记;打烙印于;印…商标于;n.商标,牌子;烙印; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) creative:adj.创造性的; abrasion:n.磨损;磨耗;擦伤; agility:n.敏捷;灵活;机敏; resolution:n.解决;分辨;解析;决议;
Creative abrasion is about being able to create a marketplace of ideas through debate and discourse . 创意摩擦是指能够通过辩论和讨论的方式 创造出很多想法。
marketplace:n.市场;集市; debate:n.辩论;争论;考虑;v.辩论;争论;考虑; discourse:n.论述;谈话;演讲;vi.演说;谈论;讲述;vt.说出;演奏出;
In innovative organizations, they amplify differences, they don't minimize them. 在创新机构里,人们会放大差异, 而并不是弱化它们。
amplify:vt.放大,扩大;增强;详述;vi.详述; minimize:v.使减少到最低限度;降低;贬低;使显得不重要;
Creative abrasion is not about brainstorming , where people suspend their judgment . 创意摩擦不是关于头脑风暴, 在这个过程中人们只是持保留意见。
brainstorming:n.集思广益;v.集中各人智慧猛攻;(brainstorm的现在分词) suspend:v.暂停;悬浮;中止;挂; judgment:n.判断;裁判;判决书;辨别力;
No, they know how to have very heated but constructive arguments to create a portfolio of alternatives . 不,他们知道如何进行激烈而又有效的争论, 去创造一个充满不确定性的方案汇总。
constructive:adj.建设性的;推定的;构造上的;有助益的; portfolio:n.公文包;文件夹;证券投资组合;部长职务; alternatives:n.可供选择的事物;(alternative的复数)
Individuals in innovative organizations learn how to inquire , they learn how to actively listen, but guess what? 在创新集体里的个人 要学会如何去询问,如何去主动聆听,但是你们知道么？
Individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); inquire:v.询问;打听;调查;(古)质问;
They also learn how to advocate for their point of view . 他们也知道如何去贡献他们自己的观点。
advocate:v.拥护;支持;提倡;n.支持者;提倡者;辩护律师;出庭辩护人; point of view:观点;见地;立场;
They understand that innovation rarely happens unless you have both diversity and conflict . 他们知道如果你不具备多样性的思维,不知道如何争论, 创新就很难实现。
diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化: conflict:n.冲突;矛盾;争执;抵触;v.抵触;
Creative agility is about being able to test and refine that portfolio of ideas through quick pursuit , reflection and adjustment . 创造的灵活性是关于通过快速追寻,反应和调整, 来检验并提炼这些点子。
refine:v.精炼;改进;改善;提纯; pursuit:n.追求;追赶;追捕;跟踪; reflection:n.反映;沉思;映像;深思; adjustment:n.调整,调节;调节器;
It's about discovery-driven learning where you act, as opposed to plan, your way to the future. 这是以发现为动力的学习过程, 以不同于计划的方式创造你的未来。
opposed:adj.强烈反对; v.反对(计划、政策等); (oppose的过去分词和过去式)
It's about design thinking where you have that interesting combination of the scientific method and the artistic process. 这是关于设计一种思维方式,能够把 科学方法和艺术过程有趣地结合起来。
combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合; scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; artistic:adj.艺术的;风雅的;有美感的;
It's about running a series of experiments, and not a series of pilots. 这是关于进行一系列的实验,而不是一系列的试点。
Experiments are usually about learning. 实验通常意味着一种学习。
When you get a negative outcome , you're still really learning something that you need to know. 当你得到负面的结果, 你依然在学习你需要知道的东西。
negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝; outcome:n.结果,结局;成果;
Pilots are often about being right. 试点性实践通常要保证可行性。
When they don't work, someone or something is to blame. 当它们的效果不理想时,某些人或某些事就要对此负责。
The final capability is creative resolution. 最后的能力是具有创造力的解决方式。
capability:n.才能,能力;性能,容量;
This is about doing decision making in a way that you can actually combine even opposing ideas to reconfigure them in new combinations to produce a solution that is new and useful. 这是关于做决定的方式, 通过最终结合包括对立观点的方式 去重新塑造它们从而形成新的组合, 来得到一个新的,有用的解决方法。
opposing:adj.对立的; v.反对(计划、政策等); (oppose的现在分词) reconfigure:vt.重新配置; combinations:n.[数]组合;制品(combination的复数);合谱;
When you look at innovative organizations, they never go along to get along. 当你分析创新机构时,会发现他们从不以牺牲个人观点的方式去融入集体。
They don't compromise . 他们从不妥协。
compromise:n.妥协;折中;互让;和解;v.妥协;违背(原则);达不到(标准);使陷入危险;
They don't let one group or one individual dominate , even if it's the boss, even if it's the expert. 他们不会让一组人或一个人做主, 即使是上司,或是专家。
dominate:vt.控制;支配;占优势;在…中占主要地位;vi.占优势;处于支配地位;
Instead, they have developed a rather patient and more inclusive decision making process that allows for both/and solutions to arise and not simply either/or solutions. 相反,他们发展出了 一种既具备耐心又更包容的方式去达成一个决定, 允许双方的解决办法都得到体现, 而不是简单的一方观点。
patient:adj.有耐心的,能容忍的;n.病人;患者; arise:v.出现;发生;产生;起身;
These three capabilities are why we see that Pixar is able to do what it does. 这三种能力就是为什么Pixar 能够实现目前成就的原因。
Let me give you another example, and that example is the infrastructure group of Google . 再给你们举一个例子, 这个例子是关于Google的基础建设部门。
infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造; Google:谷歌;谷歌搜索引擎;
The infrastructure group of Google is the group that has to keep the website up and running 24/7. Google的基础设施部门是一个 让网站持续运作的部门。
So when Google was about to introduce Gmail and YouTube, they knew that their data storage system wasn't adequate . 当Google准备推出Gmail和Youtube时, 他们知道自己的数据库还无法满足要求。
was about to:眼看就要;即将;正要;行将; adequate:adj.充足的;适当的;胜任的;
The head of the engineering group and the infrastructure group at that time was a man named Bill Coughran. 当时工程组和基础设施组的组长, 是一个叫做Bill Coughran的人。
engineering:n.工程;工程学;v.密谋策划;设计制造;改变…的基因;(engineer的现在分词)
Bill and his leadership team, who he referred to as his brain trust , had to figure out what to do about this situation. Bill和他的领导小组或者说智囊团, 不得不想办法应对这种情况。
brain trust:智囊团;
They thought about it for a while . 他们思考了很久。
for a while:adv.片刻;暂时;一会儿;一时;
Instead of creating a group to tackle this task, they decided to allow groups to emerge spontaneously around different alternatives. 他们没有选择新建一个团队去强行执行这个任务, 而是决定让不同的小组在不同的方案中 同时施展他们的才能。
tackle:v.处理; n.用具; emerge:v.浮现;显现;暴露;露出真相; spontaneously:adv.自发地;自然地;不由自主地;
Two groups coalesced . 两个小组合并了。
coalesced:合并(coalesce的过去式和过去分词);
One became known as Big Table, the other became known as Build It From Scratch . 一个就是我们现在了解的大桌(Big Table),
From Scratch:白手起家;从头做起;
Big Table proposed that they build on the current system. 大桌提议他们在现有的系统上工作。
proposed:adj.建议的;推荐的;v.提议;建议;计划;求婚;(propose的过去分词和过去式)
Build It From Scratch proposed that it was time for a whole new system. 无中生有却提议这是重建另一个系统的时候了。
Separately , these two teams were allowed to work full-time on their particular approach . 这两个队被允许分别从他们 自己的观点出发来全面开展工作。
Separately:adv.分别地;分离地;个别地; full-time:adj.专职的;全日制的;全部时间的; approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理;
In engineering reviews , Bill described his role as, " Injecting honesty into the process by driving debate." 从工程学的角度来讲,Bill把他的角色描述为 ”以倡导争论的方式向过程中注入诚实。“
reviews:n.综述; v.回顾; described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式) Injecting:v.(给…)注射(药物等);(给…)添加,增加(某品质);(inject的现在分词)
Early on, the teams were encouraged to build prototypes so that they could " bump them up against reality and discover for themselves the strengths and weaknesses of their particular approach." 最开始时,各组被鼓励去打造原型,以能够 “与现实进行对比,从而发现 自己方案中的优势和不足”。
prototypes:n.原型;技术原型;雏型; bump:n.肿块,隆起物;撞击;v.碰撞,撞击;颠簸而行;adv.突然地,猛烈地;
When Build It From Scratch shared their prototype with the group whose beepers would have to go off in the middle of the night if something went wrong with the website, they heard loud and clear about the limitations of their particular design. 当无中生有与另一组分享原型时, 这一组的传呼机就会在半夜响个不停, 如果网站出问题的话, 他们会被明确告知这个独特设计的局限。
beepers:n.能发出哔哔声音的仪器;导弹遥控员; limitations:n.局限性;(限制)因素;边界(limitation的复数形式);
As the need for a solution became more urgent and as the data, or the evidence , began to come in, it became pretty clear that the Big Table solution was the right one for the moment. 当对解决方案的需求越来越紧急, 然后数据,或者说证据开始浮现时, 很明显,大桌的解决方案 是当时最合适的。
urgent:adj.紧急的;急迫的; evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明;
So they selected that one. 所以他们选择了那一个。
But to make sure that they did not lose the learning of the Build it From Scratch team, 但是为了确定他们不会失去 无中生有团队的知识,
Bill asked two members of that team to join a new team that was emerging to work on the next-generation system. Bill让两名无中生有的队员加入这个新的,正在成长的队伍, 来一起建造下一代的系统。
emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词)
This whole process took nearly two years, but I was told that they were all working at breakneck speed. 整个过程花了接近两年, 但是我听说每个人都开足马力工作着。
breakneck:adj.非常危险的;要使颈骨折断似的;极快的;
Early in that process, one of the engineers had gone to Bill and said, "We're all too busy for this inefficient system of running parallel experiments." 在过程刚开始时,其中一位工程师找到Bill说 ”我们的时间全都花在这个没有效率的体制上 去执行双向实验了。”
inefficient:adj.无效率的,效率低的;无能的; parallel:adj.平行的; v.与…相似; n.极其相似的人(或情况、事件等);
But as the process unfolded , he began to understand the wisdom of allowing talented people to play out their passions. 但是当整个系统充分运转起来,他开始理解 这种能让有才能的人充分释放激情的智慧了。
unfolded:v.(使)展开;打开;展示;透露;(unfold的过去分词和过去式) wisdom:n.智慧;明智;才智;学问;
He admitted, "If you had forced us to all be on one team, we might have focused on proving who was right, and winning, and not on learning and discovering what was the best answer for Google." 他承认,“如果你强迫我们全部组成一队, 我们也许会专注于谁对谁错, 而不是学习和寻求对于Google而言最好的答案。”
answer for:因…而受罚;对…负责;
Why is it that Pixar and Google are able to innovate time and again? 那么为什么Pixar和Google可以不断进行创新呢？
It's because they've mastered the capabilities required for that. 原因是他们已经掌握了这一过程所需要的能力。
They know how to do collaborative problem solving, they know how to do discovery-driven learning and they know how to do integrated decision making. 他们知道如何去解决集体问题, 知道如何进行以探索为动力的学习, 也知道如何去做集体决定。
integrated:adj.综合的; v.整合; (integrate的过去式和过去分词)
Some of you may be sitting there and saying to yourselves right now, "We don't know how to do those things in my organization. 你们在座的有些人也许会心想, “我们不知道如何在我的机构里实现这个过程。
So why do they know how to do those things at Pixar, and why do they know how to do those things at Google?" 那么为什么在Pixar他们就知道如何做到这一点呢, 还有Google也同样做到了呢？“
When many of the people that worked for Bill told us, in their opinion, that Bill was one of the finest leaders in Silicon Valley , we completely agreed; the man is a genius. 当很多为Bill工作的人告诉我们, 在他们看来,Bill是在硅谷最好的领导者之一, 我们完全同意,那个人是个天才。
Silicon Valley:n.硅谷(美国加利福尼亚州一处计算机和电子公司聚集地,有时用以指任何计算机公司聚集地);
Leadership is the secret sauce . 领导能力是其中的秘诀。
sauce:n.酱;调味汁;讨厌的话(或举动);v.给…加滋味;(俚)对…说冒昧话;
But it's a different kind of leadership, not the kind many of us think about when we think about great leadership. 但这是另外一种领导能力, 而不是我们常说的那种伟大的领导能力。
One of the leaders I met with early on said to me, "Linda, I don't read books on leadership. 我之前见到的一位领导者告诉我, “Linda,我从不读关于领导能力的书。
All they do is make me feel bad." (Laughter) 这些书只会让我感觉很糟。“（笑声）
'"In the first chapter they say I'm supposed to create a vision. “在第一章他们说我应该创造一种理念。
supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式)
But if I'm trying to do something that's truly new, I have no answers. 但是如果我要去进行全新的尝试,我没有答案。
I don't know what direction we're going in and I'm not even sure I know how to figure out how to get there." 我不知道我们在向什么方向前进, 我甚至都不确定要如何实现目标。“
For sure, there are times when visionary leadership is exactly what is needed. 当然,有时具有预见性的领导能力 是十分必要的。
visionary:adj.梦想的;幻影的;n.空想家;梦想者;有眼力的人;
But if we want to build organizations that can innovate time and again, we must recast our understanding of what leadership is about. 但是如果我们想要打造可以不断创新的组织, 我们必须重新树立我们对于什么是领导能力的认识。
recast:vt.重铸;彻底改动;n.重铸;重做的事物;
Leading innovation is about creating the space where people are willing and able to do the hard work of innovative problem solving. 领导性创新是关于创造一种空间, 让人们愿意并能够努力工作, 以创新的方式解决问题。
At this point, some of you may be wondering, "What does that leadership really look like?" 现在,你们中的有些人也许在想, “领导能力到底是什么呢？”
At Pixar, they understand that innovation takes a village. 在Pixar,他们知道创新需要集体的力量。
The leaders focus on building a sense of community and building those three capabilities. 领导者们专注于建造集体意识 和培养那三种能力。
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
How do they define leadership? 他们怎样定义领导能力呢？
define:v.定义;使明确;规定;
They say leadership is about creating a world to which people want to belong. 他们说领导能力是关于创造一个 人们想置身于其中的世界。
What kind of world do people want to belong in at Pixar? 在Pixar工作的人们想要置身于一个什么样的世界呢？
A world where you're living at the frontier. 一个让你身居前沿的世界。
What do they focus their time on? 他们把时间用在哪里了呢？
Not on creating a vision. 不是在创造理念上。
Instead they spend their time thinking about, "How do we design a studio that has the sensibility of a public square so that people will interact ? 相反,他们把时间用在思考 “我们如何去设计一间拥有公共意识的, 能够让人们沟通融入的工作室？
sensibility:n.感情;感受能力;鉴赏力; interact:v.互相影响;互相作用;n.幕间剧;幕间休息;
Let's put in a policy that anyone, no matter what their level or role, is allowed to give notes to the director about how they feel about a particular film. 让我们制定规矩:任何人,抛开他们的级别或角色, 都可以向导演表达 他们对于某部影片的感受。
policy:n.政策,方针;保险单; no matter what:不管什么…;
What can we do to make sure that all the disruptors , all the minority voices in this organization, speak up and are heard? 我们要如何确保 所有与集体意见相左的人,所有少数人的 发言都会被听见呢？
disruptors:n.破坏者,分裂者; minority:n.少数民族;少数派;未成年;adj.少数的;属于少数派的;
And, finally , let's bestow credit in a very generous way." 还有最后,要能够大方地分享功劳。“
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; bestow:vt.使用;授予;放置;留宿; generous:adj.慷慨的,大方的;宽宏大量的;有雅量的;
I don't know if you've ever looked at the credits of a Pixar movie, but the babies born during a production are listed there. 我不知道你们是否仔细看过一部Pixar电影片尾的贡献者列表, 就连在制作过程中诞生的所有婴儿都被列出来了。
(Laughter) （笑声）
How did Bill think about what his role was? Bill是如何看待他自己的角色呢？
Bill said, "I lead a volunteer organization. Bill说,“我领导着一个志愿者集体。
volunteer:n.志愿者;志愿兵;adj.志愿的;v.自愿;
Talented people don't want to follow me anywhere. 有才能的人不想到处跟着我。
They want to cocreate with me the future. 他们想与我一起共创未来。
cocreate:德商创科软件;
My job is to nurture the bottom-up and not let it degenerate into chaos ." 我的工作就是从一开始就不断地在后方鼓励他们, 并且不让他们因为退步而造成混乱。“
nurture:v.养育;培养;养护;支持; bottom-up:adj.[计]自底向上的;从细节到总体的; degenerate:v.退化;蜕变;衰退;adj.退化的;堕落的;颓废的;n.堕落的人 chaos:n.混沌,混乱;
How did he see his role? 他是如何看待他自己的角色呢？
'"I'm a role model , I'm a human glue , “我是一个榜样,我是一个人类胶水,
role model:n.榜样;崇拜对象; glue:n.胶;胶水;v.粘贴;
I'm a connector , I'm an aggregator of viewpoints . 我是一个连接者,我是一个观点的聚集者。
connector:n.连接器,连接头; aggregator:n.聚合器,整合者;汇集者,聚合; viewpoints:观点;
I'm never a dictator of viewpoints." 我从来不是一个观点的独裁者。“
dictator:n.独裁者;命令者;
Advice about how you exercise the role? 有任何关于如何实践自己角色的忠告吗？
Hire people who argue with you. 招聘与你争论的人。
And, guess what? 还有,你猜什么？
Sometimes it's best to be deliberately fuzzy and vague . 有时最好谨慎地表现出一种模糊的态度。
deliberately:adv.故意地;谨慎地;慎重地; fuzzy:adj.模糊的;失真的;有绒毛的; vague:adj.模糊的;含糊的;不明确的;暧昧的;
Some of you may be wondering now, what are these people thinking? 你们有的人现在也许在想, 这些人在想些什么？
They're thinking, "I'm not the visionary, I'm the social architect . 他们在想, “我不是一个有远见的人,我是一个社会建筑师。
architect:n.建筑师;设计师;创造者;
I'm creating the space where people are willing and able to share and combine their talents and passions." 我在创建空间,让那里人们想要并且能够 去分享并融合他们的才能和激情。“
If some of you are worrying now that you don't work at a Pixar, or you don't work at a Google, 如果你们其中的一些人在担心你们没有在Pixar上班, 或者不在Google工作,
I want to tell you there's still hope. 我想告诉你们,仍然有改进的空间。
We've studied many organizations that were really not organizations you'd think of as ones where a lot of innovation happens. 我们也研究了很多并不是 你们所想像的以创新 而着称的机构。
We studied a general counsel in a pharmaceutical company who had to figure out how to get the outside lawyers, 19 competitors, to collaborate and innovate. 我们研究了一个制药公司的总法律顾问, 这个人不得不想办法让外围律师 和19个竞争对手一起进行合作和创新。
general counsel:n.(美国)公司法律总顾问; pharmaceutical:adj.制药(学)的;n.药物; collaborate:vi.合作;勾结,通敌;
We studied the head of marketing at a German automaker where, fundamentally , they believed that it was the design engineers, not the marketeers , who were allowed to be innovative. 我们研究了一个德国汽车制造商的营销总管, 他们从根本上相信设计工程师们 才是应该具备创新能力的人,而并不是市场销售者。
automaker:n.汽车制造商; fundamentally:adv.从根本上;基础地;重要地 marketeers:n.市场商人;
We also studied Vineet Nayar at HCL Technologies ,an Indian outsourcing company. 我们还研究了在HCL Technologies,一个印度外包公司任职的
Technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数); outsourcing:n.外包;外购;外部采办;
When we met Vineet, his company was about, in his words, to become irrelevant . 当我们见到Vineet时, 据他所说,他的公司正在变得无关紧要。
irrelevant:adj.不相干的;不切题的;
We watched as he turned that company into a global dynamo of I.T. innovation. 我们看着他把那个公司变成了一个IT创新领域的全球引领者。
global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; dynamo:n.发电机;精力充沛的人;
At HCL technologies, like at many companies, the leaders had learned to see their role as setting direction and making sure that no one deviated from it. 像其他许多公司一样,在HCL科技, 领导者们已经学会了去把自己当做设置方向的角色, 并且确保没有人去偏离它。
deviated:v.背离;偏离;违背;(deviate的过去分词和过去式)
What he did is tell them it was time for them to think about rethinking what they were supposed to do. 他所做的是去告诉他们,是时候 该重新思考他们应该做什么了。
rethinking:n.反思;v.重新考虑(rethink的现在分词);
Because what was happening is that everybody was looking up and you weren't seeing the kind of bottom-up innovation we saw at Pixar or Google. 因为当时所有人都在依据上层的决策而行动, 你还看不到像Pixar或Google那样 从下到上的创新。
So they began to work on that. 所以他们开始向那个方向靠近。
They stopped giving answers, they stopped trying to provide solutions. 他们不再给出答案,他们不再尝试去给出解决方案。
Instead, what they did is they began to see the people at the bottom of the pyramid, the young sparks , the people who were closest to the customers, as the source of innovation. 取而代之的是,他们开始发现 在金字塔底层的,年轻的, 与客户最亲近的人, 才是创新的来源。
sparks:n.(船或飞机上的)无线电通信师; source:n.来源;水源;原始资料;
They began to transfer the organization's growth to that level. 他们开始把机构的成长模式 转移到那个级别。
transfer:n.转移;调任;调离;[体]转会球员;v.调任;调走;转学;转移;
In Vineet's language, this was about inverting the pyramid so that you could unleash the power of the many by loosening the stranglehold of the few, and increase the quality and the speed of innovation that was happening every day. 用Vineet的话来说,这是关于颠倒金字塔, 以便你可以通过松开少数人的束缚 去释放众人的力量, 并且增强创新的质量和速度, 这的确是每天都在发生的事。
inverting:adj.反相的; loosening:v.(使)放松,变松;解开,松开(loosen的现在分词) stranglehold:n.束缚;勒颈;
For sure, Vineet and all the other leaders that we studied were in fact visionaries . 当然,Vineet和其他所有我们研究过的领导者们, 实际上都是理念者。
visionaries:n.空想主义者;愿景者;远见者(visionary的复数);
For sure, they understood that that was not their role. 当然,他们明白那不是他们的角色。
So I don't think it is accidental that many of you did not recognize Ed. 所以我认为你们当中的许多人没有认出Ed不是偶然。
accidental:n.偶然;[乐]临时符;adj.不测的;非本质的;
Because Ed, like Vineet, understands that our role as leaders is to set the stage, not perform on it. 因为像Vinnet一样,Ed明白我们作为领导者的角色 是去布置舞台,而不是在上面表演。
perform:v.表演;执行;履行;演出;工作,运转(好/不好);
If we want to invent a better future, and I suspect that's why many of us are here, then we need to reimagine our task. 如果我们想创造一个更好的未来, 并且我认为那正是我们中的许多人在这里的原因, 我们就需要去重新构想我们的任务。
suspect:n.犯罪嫌疑人;v.怀疑;不信任;adj.可疑的; reimagine:重新想象;再回味
Our task is to create the space where everybody's slices of genius can be unleashed and harnessed , and turned into works of collective genius. 我们的任务是去创造一个空间, 在那里,每个人的才华 都能被释放和驾驭, 并且转变成集体智慧的成果。
slices:n.切片,切割(slice的复数形式);v.切成薄片(slice的三单形式); unleashed:v.发泄;突然释放;使爆发(unleash的过去分词和过去式) harnessed:v.给(马等)上挽具;控制,利用(以产生能量等);(harness的过去式和过去分词)
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）