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LianPinKoh_2013G-_环境保护——无人机的视野_
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| When we think of Nepal, we tend to think of the snow-capped mountains of the Himalayas, the crystal-clear still waters of its alpine lakes, or the huge expanse of its grasslands . |
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snow-capped:adj.积雪盖顶的; crystal-clear:adj.透明如水晶的;易懂的;非常清楚的; alpine:adj.阿尔卑斯山的,高山的; expanse:n.宽阔;广阔的区域;苍天;膨胀扩张; grasslands:n.[畜牧]草原;大草原(grassland的复数形式);
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| What some of us may not realize is that in the Himalayan foothills , where the climate is much warmer and the landscape much greener, there lives a great diversity of wildlife, including the one-horned rhinoceros , the Asian elephant and the Bengal tiger. |
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Himalayan:adj.喜玛拉雅山脉的; foothills:n.山麓丘陵;前陆; landscape:n.景观;乡村风景画;(文件的)横向打印格式;v.对…做景观美化;美化…的环境; diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化: rhinoceros:n.[脊椎]犀牛;
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| But unfortunately , these animals are under constant threat from poachers who hunt and kill them for their body parts. |
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unfortunately:adv.不幸地; poachers:n.偷猎者;侵入者(poacher的复数);
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| To stop the killing of these animals, battalions of soldiers and rangers are sent to protect Nepal's national parks, but that is not an easy task, because these soldiers have to patrol thousands of hectares of forests on foot or elephant backs. |
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battalions:n.(军队的)营;(有组织的)队伍;(battalion的复数) rangers:n.园林管理员;护林人;女童子军;突击队员;(ranger的复数) patrol:n.巡逻;巡逻队;侦察队;vt.巡逻;巡查;vi.巡逻;巡查; hectares:n.公顷(hectare的复数);
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| It is also risky for these soldiers when they get into gunfights with poachers, and therefore Nepal is always looking for new ways to help with protecting the forests and wildlife. |
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gunfights:n.枪战;
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| Well recently , Nepal acquired a new tool in the fight against wildlife crime, and these are drones , or more specifically , conservation drones. |
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recently:adv.最近;新近; acquired:adj.习得的; v.获得; (acquire的过去分词和过去式) drones:v.嗡嗡叫;嗡嗡响;(drone的第三人称单数) specifically:adv.特别地;明确地; conservation:n.保存,保持;保护;
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| For about a year now, my colleagues and I have been building drones for Nepal and training the park protection personnel on the use of these drones. |
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colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); personnel:n.人事部门;全体人员;adj.人员的;有关人事的;
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| Not only does a drone give you a bird's-eye view of the landscape, but it also allows you to capture detailed, high-resolution images of objects on the ground. |
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capture:v.俘虏;捕获;攻占;夺得;刻画,描述;n.(被)捕获;(被)俘获 high-resolution:n.高分辨率; images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数)
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| This, for example, is a pair of rhinoceros taking a cooling bath on a hot summer day in the lowlands of Nepal. |
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lowlands:n.苏格兰东南部的低地;
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| Now we believe that drones have tremendous potential , not only for combating wildlife crime, but also for monitoring the health of these wildlife populations. |
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tremendous:adj.极大的,巨大的;惊人的;极好的; potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; combating:战斗;与…斗争;反对(combat的现在分词);
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| So what is a drone? |
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| Well, the kind of drone I'm talking about is simply a model aircraft fitted with an autopilot system, and this autopilot unit contains a tiny computer, a GPS, a compass , a barometric altimeter and a few other sensors . |
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aircraft:n.飞机,航空器; autopilot:n.[航]自动驾驶仪(等于automaticpilot); compass:n.罗盘;指南针;圆规;范围;界限;v.理解;领悟;将…包围;成功办到 barometric:adj.气压的; altimeter:n.测高仪,高度计; sensors:n.[自]传感器,感应器;感测器(sensor的复数);
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| Now a drone like this is meant to carry a useful payload , such as a video camera or a photographic camera. |
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payload:n.(导弹,火箭等的)有效载荷,有效负荷; (工厂,企业等)工资负担; video camera:n.摄像机; photographic:adj.摄影的;逼真的;(尤指记忆)详细准确的;
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| It also requires a software that allows the user to program a mission , to tell the drone where to go. |
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mission:n.使命,任务;代表团;布道;v.派遣;向…传教;
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| Now people I talk to are often surprised when they hear that these are the only four components that make a conservation drone, but they are even more surprised when I tell them how affordable these components are. |
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components:n.部件;组件;成份(component复数); affordable:adj.负担得起的;
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| The facts is, a conservation drone doesn't cost very much more than a good laptop computer or a decent pair of binoculars . |
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laptop:n.便携式电脑;笔记本电脑; decent:adj.正派的;得体的;相当好的; binoculars:n.双筒望远镜;
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| So now that you've built your own conservation drone, you probably want to go fly it, but how does one fly a drone? |
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| Well, actually, you don't, because the drone flies itself. |
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| All you have to do is to program a mission to tell the drone where to fly. |
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| But you simply do that by clicking on a few way points on the Google Maps interface using the open-source software. |
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Google:谷歌;谷歌搜索引擎; interface:n.接口;人机界面;连接电路;v.连接; open-source:adj.(计算机)开放源代码;
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| Those missions could be as simple as just a few way points, or they could be slightly longer and more complicated , to fly along a river system. |
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missions:n.任务; v.给…交代任务; (mission的复数) slightly:adv.些微地,轻微地;纤细地; complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式)
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| Sometimes, we fly the drone in a lawnmower-type pattern and take pictures of that area, and those pictures can be processed to produce a map of that forest. |
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processed:v.加工,处理;审核;列队行进;(process的过去式和过去分词)
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| Other researchers might want to fly the drone along the boundaries of a forest to watch out for poachers or people who might be trying to enter the forest illegally . |
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boundaries:n.边界;分界线;(boundary的复数) watch out for:戒备;密切注意;留意;注意; illegally:adv.非法地;
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| Now whatever your mission is, once you've programmed it, you simply upload it to the autopilot system, bring your drone to the field, and launch it simply by tossing it in the air. |
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upload:v.上传; launch:v.发射(导弹,火箭等); n.发射; tossing:v.扔,抛,掷;甩;(使)摇摆,挥动,颠簸;(toss的现在分词)
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| And often we'll go about this mission taking pictures or videos along the way, and usually at that point, we will go grab ourselves a cup of coffee, sit back, and relax for the next few minutes, |
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grab:v.攫取;霸占;将…深深吸引;n.攫取;霸占;夺取之物; relax:v.放松,休息;松懈,松弛;变从容;休养;
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| although some of us sit back and panic for the next few minutes worrying that the drone will not return. |
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panic:adj.恐慌的;n.惊恐;恐慌;惶恐不安;v.惊慌失措;
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| Usually it does, and when it does, it even lands automatically . |
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automatically:adv.自动地;机械地;无意识地;adj.不经思索的;
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| So what can we do with a conservation drone? |
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| Well, when we built our first prototype drone, our main objective was to fly it over a remote rainforest in North Sumatra , Indonesia , to look for the nest of a species of great ape known as the orangutan . |
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prototype:n.原型;雏形;最初形态; objective:n.目标; adj.客观的; remote:adj.偏远的;偏僻的;遥远的;久远的; rainforest:n.(热带)雨林; Sumatra:n.[气象]苏门答腊岛(印尼西部的大岛); Indonesia:n.印尼,印度尼西亚(东南亚岛国); species:n.[生物]物种;种类; great ape:n.猩猩科动物; orangutan:n.[脊椎]猩猩(等于orangoutang);
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| The reason we wanted to do that was because we needed to know how many individuals of this species are still left in that forest. |
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individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
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| Now the traditional method of surveying for orangutans is to walk the forest on foot carrying heavy equipment and to use a pair of binoculars to look up in the treetops where you might find an orangutan or its nest. |
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traditional:传统的,惯例的, surveying:n.(土地)测量;考察; orangutans:n.[脊椎]猩猩(orangutan的复数); treetops:n.树顶公园(肯尼亚高原境内);树顶酒店;
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| Now as you can imagine, that is a very time-consuming , labor-intensive , and costly process, so we were hoping that drones could significantly reduce the cost of surveying for orangutan populations in Indonesia and elsewhere in Southeast Asia. |
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time-consuming:adj.耗时的;旷日持久的; labor-intensive:adj.劳动密集型的; costly:adj.昂贵的;代价高的; significantly:adv.意味深长地;值得注目地; elsewhere:adv.在别处;到别处; Southeast:adj.东南的;来自东南的;n.东南;东南地区;adv.来自东南;
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| So we were very excited when we captured our first pair of orangutan nests on camera. |
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captured:adj.捕获的;被俘的;v.捕获;占领;引起;(capture的过去式和过去分词) first pair:第一双打;
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| And this is it; this is the first ever picture of orangutan nests taken with a drone. |
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| Since then we have taken pictures of dozens of these nests from around various parts of Southeast Asia, and we're now working with computer scientists to develop algorithms that can automatically count the number of nests from the thousands of photos we've collected so far. |
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| But nests are not the only objects these drones can detect . |
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detect:vt.察觉;发现;探测;
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| This is a wild orangutan happily feeding on top of a palm tree, seemingly oblivious to our drone that was flying overhead , not once but several times. |
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palm:n.手掌;手心;棕榈树;v.把…藏在手中(尤指玩戏法); seemingly:adv.看来似乎;表面上看来; oblivious:adj.遗忘的;健忘的;不注意的;不知道的; overhead:n.开销;经常费用;经常开支;adj.头上方的;地面以上的;adv.在头上方;在空中
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| We've also taken pictures of other animals including forest buffalos in Gabon, elephants, and even turtle nests. |
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buffalos:n.[畜牧][脊椎]水牛;[脊椎]野牛(产于北美);水陆两用坦克; turtle:海龟,乌龟
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| But besides taking pictures of just the animals themselves, we also take pictures of the habitats these animals live in, because we want to keep track of the health of these habitats. |
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besides:adv.此外;而且;prep.除…之外; habitats:n.[生态]栖息地;(动植物的)[经]产地(habitat的复数形式); keep track of:记录;与…保持联系;
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| Sometimes, we zoom out a little and look at other things that might be happening in the landscape. |
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| This is an oil palm plantation in Sumatra. |
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plantation:n.种植园;木材林地;人造林;
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| Now oil palm is a major driver of deforestation in that part of the world, so we wanted to use this new drone technology to keep track of the spread of these plantations in Southeast Asia. |
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deforestation:n.采伐森林;森林开伐; technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; plantations:n.[农]种植园(plantation的复数形式);
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| But drones could also be used to keep track of illegal logging activities. |
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logging:n.伐木作业;v.把…载入正式记录;记录;采伐;(log的现在分词)
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| This is a recently logged forest, again in Sumatra. |
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logged:v.把…载入正式记录;记录;行驶;采伐;(log的过去分词和过去式)
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| You could even still see the processed wooden planks left on the ground. |
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wooden:adj.木制的;木头的;木头似的;死板的 planks:[木]木板;
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| But perhaps the most exciting part about taking pictures from the air is we could later stitch these pictures together using special software to create a map of the entire landscape, and this map gives us crucial information for monitoring land use change, |
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stitch:n.针脚,线迹;一针;vt.缝,缝合;vi.缝,缝合; crucial:adj.重要的;决定性的;定局的;决断的;
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| to let us know where and when plantations might be expanding , where forests might be contracting , or where fires might be breaking out. |
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expanding:v.扩大,增加,增强细谈;详述;(expand的现在分词) contracting:adj.缔约的;承包的;收缩的;
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| Aerial images could also be processed to produce three-dimensional computer models of forests. |
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Aerial:adj.从飞机上的;空中的;空气中的;地表以上的;n.天线; three-dimensional:adj.三维的;立体的;真实的;
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| Now these models are not just visually appealing , but they are also geometrically accurate , which means researchers can now measure the distance between trees, calculate surface area, the volume of vegetation , and so on, all of which are important information for monitoring the health of these forests. |
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visually:adv.形象化地;外表上;看得见地; appealing:adj.吸引人的; v.呼吁; (appeal的现在分词) geometrically:adv.用几何学;几何学上地;按几何级数地; accurate:adj.精确的; volume:n.体积;容积;音量;响度;一册;合订本 vegetation:n.植被;植物,草木;呆板单调的生活;
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| Recently, we've also begun experimenting with thermal imaging cameras. |
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thermal imaging:n.热成像(利用物体所散发的热量形成图像或定位);
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| Now these cameras can detect heat-emitting objects from the ground, and therefore they are very useful for detecting poachers or their campfires at night. |
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detecting:n.检测;检定;v.发现;探知(detect的现在分词);adj.探测的; campfires:n.营火;营火会;
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| So I've told you quite a lot about what conservation drones are, how you might operate one of these drones, and what a drone could do for you. |
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| I will now tell you where conservation drones are being used around the world. |
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| We built our first prototype drones in Switzerland. |
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| We brought a few of these to Indonesia for the first few test flights. |
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| Since then, we've been building drones for our collaborators from around the world, and these include fellow biologists and partners from major conservation organizations . |
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collaborators:n.[劳经]合作者;投敌者(collaborator的复数); biologists:n.生物学家(biologist的复数); organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构;
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| Perhaps the best and most rewarding part about working with these collaborators is the feedback they give us on how to improve our drones. |
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rewarding:adj.有益的;值得做的;报酬高的;v.奖励;奖赏;给以报酬;(reward的现在分词) feedback:n.反馈;反馈意见;回授;[电子]反馈; improve:v.改进;改善;
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| Building drones for us is a constant work in progress. |
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| We are constantly trying to improve them in terms of their range, their ruggedness, and the amount of payload they can carry. |
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constantly:adv.不断地;时常地;
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| We also work with collaborators to discover new ways of using these drones. |
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| For example, camera traps are a common tool used by biologists to take pictures of shy animals hiding in the forests, but these are motion-activated cameras, so they snap a picture every time an animal crosses their path. |
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traps:n.陷阱,捕捉器; v.使落入险境; (trap的第三人称单数和复数) snap:v.断裂;移到某位置;厉声说;n.啪嗒声;(尤指抢拍的)照片;adj.仓促的;
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| But the problem with camera traps is that the researcher has to go back to the forest every so often to retrieve those images, and that takes a lot of time, especially if there are dozens or hundreds of these cameras placed in the forest. |
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every so often:adv.偶尔;常常;时常; retrieve:v.取回;索回;检索数据;挽回;找回;n.恢复; especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分;
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| Now a drone could be designed to perform the task much more efficiently . |
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perform:v.表演;执行;履行;演出;工作,运转(好/不好); efficiently:adv.有效地;效率高地(efficient的副词形式);
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| This drone, carrying a special sensor, could be flown over the forest and remotely download these images from wi-fi–enabled cameras. |
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remotely:adv.遥远地;偏僻地;(程度)极微地,极轻地;
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| Radio collars are another tool that's commonly used by biologists. |
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collars:n.衣领;领子;颈圈;v.抓住;捉住;逮住(collar的第三人称单数和复数)
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| Now these collars are put onto animals. |
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| They transmit a radio signal which allows the researcher to track the movements of these animals across the landscape. |
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transmit:v.传送;发射;播送;传播;传染;
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| But the traditional way of tracking animals is pretty ridiculous , because it requires the researcher to be walking on the ground carrying a huge and cumbersome radio antenna, not unlike those old TV antennae we used to have on our rooftops . Some of us still do. |
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tracking:n.追踪,跟踪;v.跟踪;(track的现在分词) ridiculous:adj.可笑的;荒谬的; cumbersome:adj.笨重的;累赘的;难处理的; antennae:n.[电讯]天线(等于aerial);[昆]触须;[植]蕊喙;直觉; rooftops:n.屋顶;adj.屋顶上的;
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| A drone could be used to do the same job much more efficiently. |
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| Why not equip a drone with a scanning radio receiver, fly that over the forest canopy in a certain pattern which would allow the user or the operator to triangulate the location of these radio-collared animals remotely without having to step foot in the forest. |
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canopy:n.天篷;华盖;遮篷;苍穹;vt.用天蓬遮盖;遮盖; operator:n.算子;接线员;操作人员;骗子; triangulate:vt.把…分成三角形; adj.由三角形组成的; location:n.地方;地点;位置;定位
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| A third and perhaps most exciting way of using these drones is to fly them to a really remote, never-explored-before rainforest somewhere hidden in the tropics , and parachute down a tiny spy microphone that would allow us to eavesdrop on the calls of mammals , birds, amphibians , the Yeti , the Sasquatch , Bigfoot , whatever. |
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tropics:n.热带地区; parachute:n.降落伞;vi.跳伞;空投; microphone:n.麦克风;传声器;话筒; eavesdrop:n.屋檐上流下来的水;vi.偷听,窃听; mammals:n.哺乳动物;(mammal的复数) amphibians:n.两栖动物;[古生]两栖类; Yeti:n.雪人(等于AbominableSnowman); Sasquatch:n.萨斯科奇人;大脚野人;北美野人; Bigfoot:n.大脚;传说中生存于北美洲西北部太平洋沿岸森林中的野人(等于Sasquatch);
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| That would give us biologists a pretty good idea of what animals might be living in those forests. |
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| And finally , I would like to show you the latest version of our conservation drone. |
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finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;
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| The MAJA drone has a wingspan of about two meters. |
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MAJA:n.穿着俗艳的美女; wingspan:n.翼展;翼幅;
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| It weighs only about two kilograms, but it can carry half its weight. |
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| It is a fully autonomous system. |
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autonomous:adj.自治的;自主的;自发的;
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| During its mission, it can even transmit a live video feed back to a ground station laptop, which allows the user to see what the drone is seeing in real time . |
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real time:adj.实时的;接到指示立即执行的;
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| It carries a variety of sensors, and the photo quality of some of these sensors can be as high as one to two centimeters per pixel . |
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variety:n.多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化; centimeters:n.[计量]厘米(centimeter的复数); pixel:n.象素;图像的基本单位;表示显示在萤幕上的一点;
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| This drone can stay in the air for 40 to 60 minutes, which gives it a range of up to 50 kilometers. |
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| That is quite sufficient for most of our conservation applications. |
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sufficient:adj.足够的;充分的;
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| Now, conservation drones began as a crazy idea from two biologists who are just deeply passionate about this technology. |
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passionate:adj.热情的;热烈的,激昂的;易怒的;
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| And we believe, strongly believe, that drones can and will be a game changer for conservation research and applications. |
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changer:n.转换开关装置;改变者(change的名词形式);
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| We've had our fair share of skeptics and critics who thought that we were just fooling around with toy planes. |
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skeptics:n.疑论者,怀疑主义者(skeptic的复数形式); critics:n.评论家;批评者;吹毛求疵的人(critic的复数);
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| And in a way, they are right. |
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| I mean, let's be honest, drones are the ultimate toys for boys. |
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ultimate:adj.最终的;极限的;根本的;n.终极;根本;基本原则;
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| But at the same time , we've also gotten to know many wonderful colleagues and collaborators who share our vision and see the potential of conservation drones. |
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at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时; vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见;
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| To us, it is obvious that conservation biologists and practitioners should make full use of every available tool, including drones, in our fight to save the last remaining forests and wildlife of this planet. |
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obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的; practitioners:n.实践者;开业者;实习者(practitioner的复数); make full use of:充分利用;
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| Thank you. |
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| (Applause) |
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