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LeilaPirhaji_2019U-_ai_和代谢产物的医学潜能_-
In 2003, when we sequenced the human genome , we thought we would have the answer to treat many diseases . 在 2003 年, 当我们测序人类基因组时, 我们以为会找到 治疗多种疾病的答案。
sequenced:[数][计]序列; genome:n.基因组;染色体组; treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
But the reality is far from that, because in addition to our genes , our environment and lifestyle could have a significant role in developing many major diseases. 但是实际情况远非如此, 因为除了我们的基因, 我们的生存环境和生活方式 也可能导致多种重大疾病。
in addition to:除…之外; genes:n.基因;(gene的复数) significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物;
One example is fatty liver disease, which is affecting over 20 percent of the population globally, and it has no treatment and leads to liver cancer or liver failure. 例如,影响全球 超过 20％ 人口的脂肪肝, 没有任何有效的治疗方法, 而且最终可发展为肝癌 或肝衰竭。
fatty:adj.脂肪的;肥胖的;多脂肪的;脂肪过多的;n.胖子; liver:n.肝;(动物供食用的)肝; treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论; cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤;
So sequencing DNA alone doesn't give us enough information to find effective therapeutics . 因此,单纯的 DNA 测序 无法提供足够信息, 帮助我们寻找有效治疗方法。
sequencing:n.[计]排序; v.[计]定序(sequence的ing形式); effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象; therapeutics:n.疗法,治疗学;
On the bright side , there are many other molecules in our body. 好消息是,我们体内 还有许多其他分子。
On the bright side:从好方面想; molecules:n.[化学]分子,微粒;[化学]摩尔(molecule的复数);
In fact, there are over 100,000 metabolites . 实际上,有超过 10 万多种代谢物。
metabolites:n.[生化]代谢物;代谢分子(metabolite的复数形式);
Metabolites are any molecule that is supersmall in their size. 代谢物是体积很小的分子,
supersmall:迷你型电容;小超人;
Known examples are glucose , fructose , fats, cholesterol -- things we hear all the time. 像我们常听说的: 葡萄糖、果糖、脂肪、胆固醇等。
glucose:n.葡萄糖;葡糖(等于dextrose); fructose:n.[有化]果糖;左旋糖; cholesterol:n.[生化]胆固醇;
Metabolites are involved in our metabolism . 代谢物参与我们的新陈代谢,
involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) metabolism:n.[生理]新陈代谢;
They are also downstream of DNA, so they carry information from both our genes as well as lifestyle. 它们在 DNA 的下游, 因此,它们携带着来自基因 和我们生活方式的信息。
downstream:adv.下游地;顺流而下;adj.下游的;顺流的; as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且;
Understanding metabolites is essential to find treatments for many diseases. 了解代谢物对寻找许多疾病的 治疗方法至关重要。
essential:n.要点;要素;实质;必需品;adj.完全必要的;必不可少的;极其重要的;本质的; treatments:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;(treatment的复数)
I've always wanted to treat patients . 我一直想治病救人,
patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数)
Despite that, 15 years ago, I left medical school, as I missed mathematics . 但尽管如此,在十五年前, 我因为喜欢数学 而离开了医学院。
Despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; mathematics:n.数学;数学运算;
Soon after, I found the coolest thing: 不久之后,我发现了最酷的东西:
I can use mathematics to study medicine. 我可以使用数学来研究医学。
Since then, I've been developing algorithms to analyze biological data. 从那时起,我一直在开发 用于分析生物学数据的算法。
analyze:v.对…进行分析,分解(等于analyse); biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品;
So, it sounded easy: let's collect data from all the metabolites in our body, develop mathematical models to describe how they are changed in a disease and intervene in those changes to treat them. 这听起来很简单: 我们先收集体内所有代谢物, 然后,开发数学模型 描述疾病中的代谢物变化, 并通过干预这些变化来进行治疗。
mathematical:adj.数学的,数学上的;精确的; describe:v.描述;形容;把…称为;画出…图形; intervene:vi.干涉;调停;插入;
Then I realized why no one has done this before: it's extremely difficult. 然后,我终于明白 以前为何没人做这件事了: 这真是太困难了。
extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地;
(Laughter) （笑声）
There are many metabolites in our body. 我们体内有许多代谢产物,
Each one is different from the other one. 种类繁多。
For some metabolites, we can measure their molecular mass using mass spectrometry instruments . 对于某些代谢物,我们可以使用 质谱仪来检测其分子量。
molecular:adj.[化学]分子的;由分子组成的; mass:n.块,团; adj.群众的,民众的; v.聚集起来,聚集; spectrometry:n.[光][分化][物]光谱测定法,[光]度谱术; instruments:n.器械;仪器;器具;手段(instrument的复数)
But because there could be, like, 10 molecules with the exact same mass, we don't know exactly what they are, and if you want to clearly identify all of them, 而质量完全相同的分子 可能有 10 种之多, 我们分不清谁是谁, 如果想识别所有这些分子,
identify:v.识别:鉴定:确认:发现:
you have to do more experiments, which could take decades and billions of dollars. 则必须进行更多实验, 这可能需要几十年、 数十亿美元。
So we developed an artificial intelligence , or AI, platform , to do that. 为了做这件事,我们开发了 人工智能（AI）平台,
artificial intelligence:n.人工智能; platform:n.平台; v.把…放在台上[放在高处;
We leveraged the growth of biological data and built a database of any existing information about metabolites and their interactions with other molecules. 我们利用生物数据的增长, 建立了一个数据库, 包含代谢物现有信息 及与其它分子的相互作用的数据。
leveraged:adj.杠杆的; v.举债经营; (leverage的过去式和过去分词); interactions:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰;(interaction复数)
We combined all this data as a meganetwork. 我们将所有这些数据 组合成了一个大型网络,
Then, from tissues or blood of patients, we measure masses of metabolites and find the masses that are changed in a disease. 然后,在患者的组织或血液中, 测量代谢物的质量, 并寻找因疾病 而产生变化的代谢物的质量。
tissues:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织;(tissue的复数) masses:n.民众;大量(mass的复数);包块;v.集中;聚集(mass的三单形式);
But, as I mentioned earlier, we don't know exactly what they are. 但是,正如我之前提到的, 我们并不知道是什么代谢物。
A molecular mass of 180 could be either the glucose, galactose or fructose. 分子量为 180 的代谢物 可以是葡萄糖、半乳糖或果糖,
galactose:n.[有化]半乳糖;
They all have the exact same mass but different functions in our body. 在我们体内,它们的质量完全相同, 但功能不同。
Our AI algorithm considered all these ambiguities . 我们的 AI 算法 考虑了所有这些可能。
ambiguities:歧义;模棱两可;
It then mined that meganetwork to find how those metabolic masses are connected to each other that result in disease. 然后,会挖掘那个巨型网络的数据, 以发现那些代谢物 如何相互关联而导致疾病。
metabolic:adj.变化的;新陈代谢的;
And because of the way they are connected, then we are able to infer what each metabolite mass is, like that 180 could be glucose here, and, more importantly, to discover how changes in glucose and other metabolites lead to a disease. 根据它们的关联方式, 我们就能推断出 每个代谢物的质量, 如 180 分子量的 可能是葡萄糖, 更重要的是, 发现葡萄糖和其他代谢物的变化 如何导致疾病。
infer:v.推断;推论;暗示;推理;
This novel understanding of disease mechanisms then enable us to discover effective therapeutics to target that. 对疾病机制的这种新颖理解, 使我们能够发现 针对该疾病的有效疗法。
novel:adj.新奇的;异常的;n.小说; mechanisms:n.机制;[机]机构(mechanism的复数);机械;[机]机构学; enable:v.使能够;使有机会;使成为可能;使可行;
So we formed a start-up company to bring this technology to the market and impact people's lives. 凭借该技术,我们成立了 一家初创公司,
start-up:n.启动;adj.起动阶段的;开始阶段的(异体字startup); technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响;
Now my team and I at ReviveMed are working to discover therapeutics for major diseases that metabolites are key drivers for, like fatty liver disease, because it is caused by accumulation of fats, which are types of metabolites in the liver. 现在,我们的 ReviveMed 团队 正努力寻找主要代谢疾病的疗法, 例如脂肪肝, 因为它由脂肪堆积造成, 而脂肪是肝脏中的代谢物。
accumulation:n.积聚,累积;堆积物;
As I mentioned earlier, it's a huge epidemic with no treatment. 如前所述,这种大型流行病 尚无有效疗法。
epidemic:n.流行病;蔓延;adj.传染病;流行性的;
And fatty liver disease is just one example. 脂肪肝只是其中一个例子,
Moving forward, we are going to tackle hundreds of other diseases with no treatment. 展望未来,我们将研究其它几百种 尚无有效疗法的疾病。
tackle:v.处理; n.用具;
And by collecting more and more data about metabolites and understanding how changes in metabolites leads to developing diseases, our algorithms will get smarter and smarter to discover the right therapeutics for the right patients. 通过收集更多代谢物的数据, 了解代谢物的变化 如何导致疾病发展, 我们的算法会逐步完善, 为某些患者找到合适的疗法。
And we will get closer to reach our vision of saving lives with every line of code. 而且,我们将更加接近我们的愿景: 用程序代码拯救生命。
vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见;
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）