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LauraSchulz_2015-_婴儿令人惊奇的逻辑思维_
Mark Twain summed up what I take to be one of the fundamental problems of cognitive science with a single witticism . 马克·吐温说过一句话, 在我看来,指出了认知科学 的根本问题。
summed:v.归纳;总计;总结,概括;(sum的过去分词和过去式) fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; cognitive:adj.认知的,认识的; witticism:n.妙语;名言;俏皮话;
He said, "There's something fascinating about science. 他说,“科学非常奇妙,
fascinating:adj.极有吸引力的;迷人的;v.深深吸引;迷住;(fascinate的现在分词)
One gets such wholesale returns of conjecture out of such a trifling investment in fact." 你实际上只需进行少量投资, 得到的回报却是一整套理论。”
wholesale:n.批发; v.大量地,大批地; v.批发; adj.批发的; conjecture:n.推测;猜想;v.推测;揣摩;; trifling:adj.微不足道的;轻浮的;v.浪费,闲聊(trifle的现在分词); investment:n.投资;投入;封锁;
(Laughter) （笑声）
Twain meant it as a joke, of course, but he's right: 吐温当然是在开玩笑,但他没说错:
There's something fascinating about science. 科学就是这么神奇。
From a few bones, we infer the existence of dinosuars. 从几块骨头,我们能推测出恐龙的存在。
infer:v.推断;推论;暗示;推理;
From spectral lines, the composition of nebulae . 从几条光谱带,我们能推测星云的构成物质。
spectral:adj.[光]光谱的;幽灵的;鬼怪的; composition:n.成分;作文;构成;创作; nebulae:n.星云;
From fruit flies, the mechanisms of heredity , and from reconstructed images of blood flowing through the brain, or in my case, from the behavior of very young children, 分析果蝇, 我们能推导出遗传机制, 分析大脑血液流动的图像, 或者,从我的研究方向来说,分析儿童的行为,
mechanisms:n.机制;[机]机构(mechanism的复数);机械;[机]机构学; heredity:n.遗传,遗传性; reconstructed:adj.重建的;改造的;v.重建;改造(reconstruct的过去式); images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数)
we try to say something about the fundamental mechanisms of human cognition . 我们尝试搞清楚人类认知的 基本机制。
cognition:n.认识;知识;认识能力;
In particular , in my lab in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at MIT, 尤其在我们麻省理工学院大脑和认知科学系实验室,
In particular:尤其,特别;
I have spent the past decade trying to understand the mystery of how children learn so much from so little so quickly. 过去十年我一直在研究一个问题, 为什么小孩子能从无到有快速地学会很多东西。
Because, it turns out that the fascinating thing about science is also a fascinating thing about children, which, to put a gentler spin on Mark Twain, is precisely their ability to draw rich, abstract inferences rapidly and accurately from sparse , noisy data. 因为,科学的奇妙之处, 恰恰也是小孩子的奇妙之处, 从马克·吐温的话引申出来, 准确地说,就是他们都能从少量的、充满干扰的数据中 迅速而准确地得出丰富的理论推断。
spin:v.旋转;纺纱;吐丝;纺线;n.头晕;(快速)旋转;常用于英式英语;晕头转向; abstract:n.摘要; adj.抽象的; vt.摘要; vi.做摘要; inferences:n.[数]推断,[数]推论(inference复数形式); accurately:adv.精确地,准确地; sparse:adj.稀疏的;稀少的;
I'm going to give you just two examples today. 我今天只举两个例子。
One is about a problem of generalization , and the other is about a problem of causal reasoning. 一个关于归纳总结, 另一个关于因果推理。
generalization:n.概括;普遍化;一般化; causal:adj.因果关系的;有原因的;n.表示原因的连词;
And although I'm going to talk about work in my lab, this work is inspired by and indebted to a field. 尽管我今天要谈的是我的实验室里的工作, 但它的灵感来源于整个（认知科学）领域。
inspired:adj.受到启发的; v.鼓舞; (inspire的过去分词和过去式) indebted:adj.感激的;负债的;蒙恩的;
I'm grateful to mentors , colleagues , and collaborators around the world. 我要感谢世界各地的导师、同事和合作者们。
mentors:n.导师,教练(mentor复数); colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); collaborators:n.[劳经]合作者;投敌者(collaborator的复数);
Let me start with the problem of generalization. 我先从归纳总结开始讲起。
Generalizing from small samples of data is the bread and butter of science. 从少量的数据样本进行归纳总结是科学的立身之本。
Generalizing:归纳; bread and butter:adj.实用的,基本的;生计的;青年期的;
We poll a tiny fraction of the electorate and we predict the outcome of national elections. 我们调查一小部分选民的投票结果, 就能推测出大选结果。
poll:n.投票; v.获得(票数); adj.当事人一方作成的; fraction:n.分数;小部分;小数;少量; electorate:n.选民;选区; predict:v.预报;预言;预告; outcome:n.结果,结局;成果;
We see how a handful of patients responds to treatment in a clinical trial, and we bring drugs to a national market. 我们分析临床试验中一部分病人对治疗方案的反应, 然后向全国市场推广新药。
patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数) responds:v.(口头或书面)回答,回应;作出反应;响应;(respond的第三人称单数) treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论; clinical:adj.临床的;诊所的;
But this only works if our sample is randomly drawn from the population. 但这要求我们抽取样本要完全随机。
randomly:adv.随便地,任意地;无目的,胡乱地;未加计划地;
If our sample is cherry-picked in some way -- say, we poll only urban voters, or say, in our clinical trials for treatments for heart disease , we include only men -- the results may not generalize to the broader population. 如果样本是刻意挑选的, 比如说,只抽取城市选民, 或者,在治疗心脏病的临床试验中, 只抽取男性患者, 那结果可能不适用于整个人群。
cherry-picked:vt.择优挑选; urban:adj.城市的;都市的;城镇的;都市音乐的; treatments:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;(treatment的复数) disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; generalize:vt.概括;推广;使...一般化;vi.形成概念;
So scientists care whether evidence is randomly sampled or not, but what does that have to do with babies? 因此科学家非常重视样本的抽取是否随机, 那婴儿会不会重视呢？
evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; have to do with:与…有关;
Well, babies have to generalize from small samples of data all the time. 实际上,婴儿一直在对少量数据样本进行归纳总结。
They see a few rubber ducks and learn that they float, or a few balls and learn that they bounce . 他们见过几只橡胶鸭子,知道它们能浮起来, 见过几个球,知道它们能在地上弹跳。
rubber:n.橡胶;橡皮;v.涂橡胶于…; bounce:v.反弹;反射;(使)弹起;n.弹跳;跳动;弹性;
And they develop expectations about ducks and balls that they're going to extend to rubber ducks and balls for the rest of their lives. 他们对鸭子和球产生了预判 并会在今后的人生中将这种预判延伸到 （所有）橡胶鸭子和球身上。
expectations:n.预料;预期;期待;希望;指望;(expectation的复数) extend:vt.延伸; vi.延伸;
And the kinds of generalizations babies have to make about ducks and balls they have to make about almost everything: shoes and ships and sealing wax and cabbages and kings. 这种针对鸭子和球的归纳总结法, 婴儿几乎要用在所有东西上: 鞋子、船、封蜡、卷心菜和国王。
generalizations:n.概括;一般化(generalization的复数); sealing wax:n.封蜡;火漆;
So do babies care whether the tiny bit of evidence they see is plausibly representative of a larger population? 那么婴儿会不会在乎他们看到的这几个样本 是不是具有代表性呢？
plausibly:adv.似真地; representative:n.代表; adj.典型的;
Let's find out. 我们来看一看。
I'm going to show you two movies, one from each of two conditions of an experiment, and because you're going to see just two movies, you're going to see just two babies, and any two babies differ from each other in innumerable ways. 我将给你们放两段视频, 每一段各反映一个实验里的一种情况, 因为只有两段视频, 所以你们只能看到两个婴儿, 而任意两个婴儿之间都是千差万别的。
innumerable:adj.无数的,数不清的;
But these babies, of course, here stand in for groups of babies, and the differences you're going to see represent average group differences in babies' behavior across conditions. 当然,这两个婴儿,各代表一类婴儿, 你们即将看到的差别, 代表了婴儿在不同情况下普遍的行为差异。
In each movie, you're going to see a baby doing maybe just exactly what you might expect a baby to do, and we can hardly make babies more magical than they already are. 在每段视频中,婴儿的所作所为, 可能会跟你所预期的一样, 婴儿是如此神奇,可能超乎你的想象。
But to my mind the magical thing, and what I want you to pay attention to , is the contrast between these two conditions, because the only thing that differs between these two movies is the statistical evidence the babies are going to observe . 但在我看来神奇的是, 我也希望大家能注意到, 就是两种情况之间的差别, 因为两段视频唯一的不同之处 就是婴儿需要观察的统计学证据。
pay attention to:注意 contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比; statistical:adj.统计的;统计学的; observe:v.观察;看到;庆祝;监视;
We're going to show babies a box of blue and yellow balls, and my then-graduate student, now colleague at Stanford, Hyowon Gweon, is going to pull three blue balls in a row out of this box, 我们会给婴儿看一个盒子,里面装满了蓝色和黄色的球, 我当时的研究生学生,现在是斯坦福大学的同事,权孝媛。 会从盒子里连续拿出三个蓝色的球,
and when she pulls those balls out, she's going to squeeze them, and the balls are going to squeak . 当她把球拿出来的时候,她会捏它们, 球会发出声音。
squeeze:v.挤;紧握;勒索;压榨;n.压榨;紧握;拥挤;佣金; squeak:n.尖叫声;短促而尖厉的叫声;v.吱吱叫;短促而尖厉地叫;尖声说话;侥幸成功;
And if you're a baby, that's like a TED Talk. 对孩子来说,这就像TED演讲。
It doesn't get better than that. 真的没什么区别。
(Laughter) （笑声）
But the important point is it's really easy to pull three blue balls in a row out of a box of mostly blue balls. 重要的一点是,从一个几乎全都是蓝色球的盒子里, 连续拿出三个蓝色的球非常容易。
You could do that with your eyes closed. 闭上眼睛都能做到。
It's plausibly a random sample from this population. 这是一个真正的随机取样。
And if you can reach into a box at random and pull out things that squeak, then maybe everything in the box squeaks . 如果你从一个盒子里随机取出来的东西能捏响, 那也许这个盒子里所有的东西都能捏响。
squeaks:vi.告密;吱吱叫;侥幸成功;n.吱吱声;机会;vt.以短促尖声发出;
So maybe babies should expect those yellow balls to squeak as well. 因此,婴儿也许会觉得黄色的球也能捏响。
Now, those yellow balls have funny sticks on the end, so babies could do other things with them if they wanted to. 这些黄色的球在尾端有一根棍子, 因此婴儿还可以对它做其他动作。
They could pound them or whack them. 比如说打它或者掰它。
whack:v.重打;猛击;击败;削减;n.重击;尝试;份儿;机会;
But let's see what the baby does. 让我们来看婴儿会怎么做。
(Video) Hyowon Gweon: See this? (Ball squeaks) （视频）权孝媛:看到没？（球被捏响）
Did you see that? (Ball squeaks) 听到了吗？（球被捏响）
Cool. 酷。
See this one? 看到这个球没？
(Ball squeaks) （球被捏响）
Wow. 哇。
Laura Schulz: Told you. (Laughs) 劳拉·舒尔茨:我就说嘛。（笑）
(Video) HG: See this one? (Ball squeaks) （视频）权孝媛:看这个。（球被捏响）
Hey Clara, this one's for you. You can go ahead and play. 克拉拉,这个球给你。拿着玩吧。
(Laughter) （笑声）
LS: I don't even have to talk, right? 劳拉·舒尔茨:我都不必解释了,对吗？
All right, it's nice that babies will generalize properties of blue balls to yellow balls, and it's impressive that babies can learn from imitating us, but we've known those things about babies for a very long time. 好的,婴儿能从蓝色球的特性推导出黄色球的特性 这非常棒, 而且婴儿通过模仿我们进行学习,令人印象深刻, 但婴儿的这些特点我们早就知道了。
impressive:adj.感人的;令人钦佩的;给人以深刻印象的; imitating:v.模仿;仿效;冒充;(imitate的现在分词)
The really interesting question is what happens when we show babies exactly the same thing, and we can ensure it's exactly the same because we have a secret compartment and we actually pull the balls from there, 真正有意思的是, 我们将上述实验完全重复一遍, 我们之所以能保证两次实验完全一样,是因为装球的箱子有一个隔层, 实际上我们是从那个隔层里往外拿球,
ensure:vt.保证,确保;使安全; compartment:n.[建]隔间;区划;卧车上的小客房;vt.分隔;划分;
but this time, all we change is the apparent population from which that evidence was drawn. 但是这一次,我们更改了样品库的外观, 也就是说盒子里的球看起来不同了。
apparent:adj.显然的;表面上的;
This time, we're going to show babies three blue balls pulled out of a box of mostly yellow balls, and guess what? 这一次,我们还是给婴儿看三个蓝色的球, 但是装球的箱子里几乎全是黄色的球, 猜猜结果会怎样？
You [probably won't] randomly draw three blue balls in a row out of a box of mostly yellow balls. 从几乎全是黄色球的箱子里 连续拿出三个蓝色的球,也许很难。
That is not plausibly randomly sampled evidence. 这不是令人信服的随机取样。
That evidence suggests that maybe Hyowon was deliberately sampling the blue balls. 也许孝媛是故意选的蓝色的球。
deliberately:adv.故意地;谨慎地;慎重地;
Maybe there's something special about the blue balls. 也许蓝色的球有些特别之处。
Maybe only the blue balls squeak. 也许只有蓝色的球能捏响。
Let's see what the baby does. 我们来看婴儿会怎么做。
(Video) HG: See this? (Ball squeaks) （视频）权孝媛:看到了吗？（球被捏响）
See this toy? (Ball squeaks) 再看这个。（球被捏响）
Oh, that was cool. See? (Ball squeaks) 哦,太酷了。看！（球被捏响）
Now this one's for you to play. You can go ahead and play. 这个是给你的。拿去玩吧。
(Fussing) (Laughter) （不耐烦）（笑声）
LS: So you just saw two 15-month-old babies do entirely different things based only on the probability of the sample they observed . 劳拉·舒尔茨:2个15个月大的婴儿 仅仅基于他们观察到的取样几率 做出了完全不同的反应。
probability:n.可能性;机率;[数]或然率; observed:adj.观察的;观测的;v.观察;遵守;注意到(observe的过去分词形式);
Let me show you the experimental results. 让我们来看一下实验结果。
experimental:adj.实验的;根据实验的;试验性的;
On the vertical axis , you'll see the percentage of babies who squeezed the ball in each condition, and as you'll see, babies are much more likely to generalize the evidence 在纵轴上,你看到的是在不同情况下 会去捏球的婴儿的百分比, 如图表所示,当婴儿认为取样具有代表性
vertical:n.垂直线;垂直位置;adj.竖的;垂直的;直立的;纵向的; axis:n.轴;轴线;轴心国; percentage:n.百分比;百分率;利润的分成;提成; squeezed:v.挤压;捏;榨出,挤出,拧出;挤入;(squeeze的过去分词和过去式)
when it's plausibly representative of the population than when the evidence is clearly cherry-picked. 而不是特意选取的时候 他们有更高几率去捏黄色的球。
And this leads to a fun prediction : 这个结果能导致一个有趣的推测:
prediction:n.预报;预言;
Suppose you pulled just one blue ball out of the mostly yellow box. 假设你从几乎全是黄色球的箱子里拿出一个蓝色球。
Suppose:v.推断:假定:假设:设想:
You [probably won't] pull three blue balls in a row at random out of a yellow box, but you could randomly sample just one blue ball. 你也许很难从很多黄球的箱子里连续拿出三个蓝色球, 但随机拿出一个还是有可能的。
That's not an improbable sample. 这不是一个小概率事件。
improbable:adj.不大可能的,未必确实的;不可信的;
And if you could reach into a box at random and pull out something that squeaks, maybe everything in the box squeaks. 如果你从箱子里随机抽出一个东西, 而这个东西能捏响,那可能箱子里所有东西都能捏响。
So even though babies are going to see much less evidence for squeaking , and have many fewer actions to imitate in this one ball condition than in the condition you just saw, 因此,尽管婴儿们在接下来的“只拿一个球”的实验中, 看到的证据更少, 可模仿的动作也更少,
squeaking:n.[通信]滑音测试;锐音;v.吱吱叫;使尖叫(squeak的现在分词); imitate:v.模仿;仿效;模仿(某人的讲话、举止);作滑稽模仿;
we predicted that babies themselves would squeeze more, and that's exactly what we found. 但我们推测婴儿们捏球的几率会升高, 结果正是如此。
predicted:v.预言;预告;预报;(predict的过去分词和过去式)
So 15-month-old babies, in this respect, like scientists, care whether evidence is randomly sampled or not, and they use this to develop expectations about the world: what squeaks and what doesn't, what to explore and what to ignore . 15个月大的婴儿,在这个实验中,跟科学家一样, 十分看重取样是否真正随机, 他们通过这种方法来发展对世界的预判: 什么能捏响,什么不能, 什么值得探究,什么可以忽略。
explore:v.探索:探测:探险: ignore:v.驳回诉讼;忽视;不理睬;
Let me show you another example now, this time about a problem of causal reasoning. 下面我们来看另一个实验, 关于因果推论的实验。
And it starts with a problem of confounded evidence that all of us have, which is that we are part of the world. 这个实验源于一个让我们所有人 都感到困惑的事实: 我们是这个世界的一部分。
confounded:adj.讨厌的,该死的; v.使困惑惊讶; (confound的过去式和过去分词)
And this might not seem like a problem to you, but like most problems, it's only a problem when things go wrong. 也许在你看来这根本不算个问题,但就像许多其他问题一样, 只有问题出现时,它才算一个问题。
Take this baby, for instance . 以下面这个婴儿为例。
instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例;
Things are going wrong for him. 他就碰到了点问题。
He would like to make this toy go, and he can't. 他想把玩具弄响,但是没有成功。
I'll show you a few-second clip . 我给你们放几秒视频。
clip:v.剪辑;修剪;削减;固定;n.夹;夹子;速度;钳;
And there's two possibilities, broadly : 大体而言,有两种可能:
broadly:adv.明显地;宽广地;概括地;露骨地;粗鄙地;
Maybe he's doing something wrong, or maybe there's something wrong with the toy. 也许他玩的方法不对, 或者玩具坏了。
So in this next experiment, we're going to give babies just a tiny bit of statistical data supporting one hypothesis over the other, and we're going to see if babies can use that to make different decisions about what to do. 因此在接下来的实验中, 我们会给婴儿少量统计学数据, 这些数据能支持某一种可能性, 我们再看婴儿能否依据这些数据 作出不同的决定。
hypothesis:n.假设;
Here's the setup. 实验是这样的。
Hyowon is going to try to make the toy go and succeed. 孝媛尝试弄响这个玩具,她成功了。
I am then going to try twice and fail both times, and then Hyowon is going to try again and succeed, and this roughly sums up my relationship to my graduate students in technology across the board . 然后我也开始玩,但两次都失败了, 然后孝媛再次尝试,她又成功了, 也许这是我跟孝媛在科技水平上差距 的很好体现。
roughly:adv.粗糙地;概略地; sums:n.算术题;总数;全部;v.归纳;总计;(sum的第三人称单数和复数) technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; across the board:全面地,整体地;
But the important point here is it provides a little bit of evidence that the problem isn't with the toy, it's with the person. 这里的关键点在于,它提供了一点点证据 证明问题不在于玩具,而在于人。
Some people can make this toy go, and some can't. 有的人能让玩具发出声音, 有的人则不能。
Now, when the baby gets the toy, he's going to have a choice. 当婴儿拿到玩具之后,他要做出选择。
His mom is right there, so he can go ahead and hand off the toy and change the person, but there's also going to be another toy at the end of that cloth, and he can pull the cloth towards him and change the toy. 他妈妈就在旁边, 他可以将玩具交给妈妈,换一个人, 同时在那块布的尽头放着另一个玩具, 他可以将布拖过来,换一个玩具。
So let's see what the baby does. 我们来看看他会怎么做。
(Video) HG: Two, three. Go! (Music) （视频）孝媛:二、三,开始！（音乐）
LS: One, two, three, go! 劳拉·舒尔茨:一、二、三,开始！
Arthur, I'm going to try again. One, two, three, go! 亚瑟,我再试一次。一、二、三,开始！
YG: Arthur, let me try again, okay? 孝媛:亚瑟,让我再试一次,好吗？
One, two, three, go! (Music) 一、二、三,开始！（音乐）
Look at that. Remember these toys? 看啊。记得这些玩具吗？
See these toys? Yeah, I'm going to put this one over here, and I'm going to give this one to you. 看到了吗？我把这个玩具放在这里, 把这个玩具给你。
You can go ahead and play. 你可以自己玩了。
LS: Okay, Laura, but of course, babies love their mommies. 劳拉·舒尔茨:好吧,劳拉,但是,小朋友都爱自己的妈妈呀。
Of course babies give toys to their mommies when they can't make them work. 他玩不转玩具的时候 肯定会把玩具交给妈妈。
So again, the really important question is what happens when we change the statistical data ever so slightly . 那么,让我们看看把这少量的统计学数据 进行更换会怎么样。
slightly:adv.些微地,轻微地;纤细地;
This time, babies are going to see the toy work and fail in exactly the same order, but we're changing the distribution of evidence. 这一次,玩具响和不响的顺序跟刚才一样, 但分布情况跟刚才不同。
distribution:n.分布;分配;分发;分销;
This time, Hyowon is going to succeed once and fail once, and so am I. 这一次,孝媛会成功一次,失败一次,我也一样。
And this suggests it doesn't matter who tries this toy, the toy is broken. 那就表明跟人没关系,是这个玩具有问题。
It doesn't work all the time. 它时好时坏。
Again, the baby's going to have a choice. 同样的,婴儿要做出选择。
Her mom is right next to her, so she can change the person, and there's going to be another toy at the end of the cloth. 她妈妈就在她旁边,她可以换人来试, 同样有另一个玩具放在布的另一头。
Let's watch what she does. 我们来看她会如何选择。
(Video) HG: Two, three, go! (Music) （视频）孝媛:二、三,开始！（音乐）
Let me try one more time. One, two, three, go! 我再试一次。一、二、三,开始！
Hmm. 嗯？
LS: Let me try, Clara. 劳拉·舒尔茨:克拉拉,让我试一下吧。
One, two, three, go! 一、二、三,开始！
Hmm, let me try again. 嗯,我再试一次。
One, two, three, go! (Music) 一、二、三,开始！（音乐）
HG: I'm going to put this one over here, and I'm going to give this one to you. 孝媛:我把这个放在这边, 把这个给你。
You can go ahead and play. 你可以玩了。
(Applause) （掌声）
LS: Let me show you the experimental results. 劳拉·舒尔茨:我们来看看实验结果。
On the vertical axis, you'll see the distribution of children's choices in each condition, and you'll see that the distribution of the choices children make depends on the evidence they observe. 在纵轴上,显示的是 在不同情况下婴儿所做选择的比例, 我们可以看到,婴儿们做出的选择 跟他们观察到的证据有关。
So in the second year of life, babies can use a tiny bit of statistical data to decide between two fundamentally different strategies for acting in the world: asking for help and exploring . 因此,在出生后的第二年, 婴儿已经可以利用少量统计数据 来决定如何从两种不同的基本策略中做出选择 从而在这个世界生存: 求助和探索。
fundamentally:adv.从根本上;基础地;重要地 strategies:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略;(strategy的复数) exploring:v.探索:考察:探查;(explore的现在分词)
I've just shown you two laboratory experiments out of literally hundreds in the field that make similar points, because the really critical point is that children's ability to make rich inferences from sparse data underlies all the species-specific cultural learning that we do. 我刚刚向大家展示的两个实验 是从几百个类似实验中挑选出来的,它们得出了相似的结论, 因为真正重要的一点是 孩子们从很少的数据中推导出丰富结果的能力 构成了我们研究物种特异性文化的基础。
laboratory:n.实验室,研究室; literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的; underlies:vt.成为…的基础;位于…之下; cultural:adj.与文化有关的;文化的;与艺术、文学、音乐等有关的;
Children learn about new tools from just a few examples. 孩子能通过几个示范就掌握工具的用法。
They learn new causal relationships from just a few examples. 能通过几个例子就掌握新的因果关系。
They even learn new words, in this case in American Sign Language . 他们甚至能学会新的词语,这里我指的是美国手语。
Sign Language:n.手势语;
I want to close with just two points. 我想用两个观点来结束演讲。
If you've been following my world, the field of brain and cognitive sciences, for the past few years, three big ideas will have come to your attention. 如果在过去几年,你一直在关注我们的领域, 关注大脑和认知科学, 那么你一定注意到了这三个观点。
The first is that this is the era of the brain. 首先,现在是大脑的时代。
And indeed, there have been staggering discoveries in neuroscience : localizing functionally specialized regions of cortex , turning mouse brains transparent , activating neurons with light. 实际上,神经系统科学已经取得了不错的进展: 确定大脑皮层各区域的作用, 让小白鼠的大脑透明化, 利用光线触发神经元（活动）。
staggering:adj.惊人的; v.蹒跚; (stagger的现在分词) neuroscience:n.神经系统科学(指神经病学,神经化学等); localizing:局部化; functionally:adv.功能地;函数地;职务上地; specialized:adj.专业的; v.专门研究(或从事); (specialize的过去式和过去分词) regions:n.地区;地域;行政区;左近;(region的复数) cortex:n.[解剖]皮质;树皮;果皮; transparent:adj.透明的;显然的;坦率的;易懂的; activating:v.使活动(activate的ing形式);
A second big idea is that this is the era of big data and machine learning, and machine learning promises to revolutionize our understanding of everything from social networks to epidemiology . 第二个大的观点是 现在是大数据和机器学习的时代, 机器学习预示了我们对事物的理解将发生革命性的变化, 无论是对社交网络还是流行病学。
revolutionize:vt.发动革命;彻底改革;宣传革命;vi.革命化;从事革命; epidemiology:n.流行病学;传染病学;
And maybe, as it tackles problems of scene understanding and natural language processing , to tell us something about human cognition. 也许,随着它被用于场景理解 和自然语言处理, 能帮助我们更好地研究人类认知。
tackles:v.应付,处理,解决; n.用具; (tackle的第三人称单数和复数) natural language processing:n.(计算机)自然语言处理;
And the final big idea you'll have heard is that maybe it's a good idea we're going to know so much about brains and have so much access to big data, because left to our own devices , humans are fallible , we take shortcuts , we err, we make mistakes, we're biased , and in innumerable ways, we get the world wrong. 最后一个你可能注意到的观点是 我们能深入了解大脑,能深入运用大数据, 是一件非常好的事情, 因为人类天性随意, 我们容易犯错,喜欢走捷径, 我们闯祸,我们惹麻烦, 我们心存偏见,而且从许多方面来讲, 我们会错误理解这个世界。
devices:n.[机][计]设备;[机]装置;[电子]器件(device的复数); fallible:adj.易犯错误的;不可靠的; shortcuts:n.近路;捷径;快捷方式(图标);(shortcut的复数) biased:adj.有偏见的;结果偏倚的,有偏的;
I think these are all important stories, and they have a lot to tell us about what it means to be human, but I want you to note that today I told you a very different story. 我认为这些书都很重要, 能帮我们理解身为人类意味着什么, 但我想强调的是,今天我讲的是一个完全不同的故事。
It's a story about minds and not brains, and in particular, it's a story about the kinds of computations that uniquely human minds can perform , which involve rich, structured knowledge and the ability to learn from small amounts of data, the evidence of just a few examples. 它讲的是思维而不是大脑, 确切的说,是关于人类思维所特有的 一种计算能力, 这种能力让我们学识渊博, 帮助我们从少量数据和证据中进行学习。
computations:n.[数]计算;计算指令(computation的复数形式); uniquely:adv.独特地;珍奇地; perform:v.表演;执行;履行;演出;工作,运转(好/不好); involve:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加; structured:adj.有结构的;有组织的;v.组织;构成(structure的过去分词);建造;
And fundamentally, it's a story about how starting as very small children and continuing out all the way to the greatest accomplishments of our culture, we get the world right. 从本质上来说,这是一个关于成长的故事, 小孩子如何一天天成长,取得巨大成就, 为我们的文化做贡献, 我们对世界的理解又是正确的。
accomplishments:n.成就;成绩;才艺;技艺;完成;(accomplishment的复数)
Folks, human minds do not only learn from small amounts of data. 朋友们,人类的思维不光能从少量数据中进行学习。
Human minds think of altogether new ideas. 人类思维能提炼全新的观点。
Human minds generate research and discovery, and human minds generate art and literature and poetry and theater, and human minds take care of other humans: our old, our young, our sick. 人类思维进行研究和发现, 人类思维还能创作艺术、文学、诗歌和戏剧, 人类思维还会关注其他人类: 尊老爱幼,救死扶伤。
generate:v.产生;引起; literature:n.文学;文献;文艺;著作; poetry:n.诗;诗意,诗情;诗歌艺术;
We even heal them. 让他们痊愈。
heal:v.复原;治疗(病人);使又愉快起来;(使)结束
In the years to come, we're going to see technological innovations beyond anything I can even envision , but we are very unlikely to see anything even approximating the computational power of a human child in my lifetime or in yours. 在未来几年,我们将看到超出我们想象 的技术创新, 但是我们很可能看不到 哪怕仅仅是接近人类小孩计算能力的技术出现, 可能我们的有生之年都看不到。
technological:adj.技术[工程](上)的;因工艺技术高度发展而引起的; innovations:n.创新(innovation的复数);改革; envision:v.想象;预想; unlikely:adj.不大可能发生的;非心目中的;非想象的;难以相信的; approximating:n.逼近;v.接近;约等于(approximate的ing形式); computational:adj.计算的;
If we invest in these most powerful learners and their development, in babies and children and mothers and fathers and caregivers and teachers the ways we invest in our other most powerful and elegant forms of technology, engineering and design, we will not just be dreaming of a better future, we will be planning for one. 如果我们对这些最强大的学习者和他们的发展进行投资, 也就是对婴儿和儿童, 对他们的父母, 对他们的看护和老师, 就像我们对技术、工程和设计等最强大和优雅的门类 进行投资一样, 那我们将不仅梦想着更好的未来, 而是按计划在实现它。
caregivers:n.照顾者;看护人(caregiver的复数); elegant:adj.高雅的,优雅的;讲究的;简炼的;简洁的; engineering:n.工程;工程学;v.密谋策划;设计制造;改变…的基因;(engineer的现在分词)
Thank you very much. 非常感谢大家。
(Applause) （掌声）
Chris Anderson: Laura, thank you. I do actually have a question for you. 克里斯·安德森:劳拉,谢谢你。我有一个问题想问你。
First of all , the research is insane . 首先,这项研究非常棒。
First of all:adv.首先; insane:adj.疯狂的;精神病的;极愚蠢的;
I mean, who would design an experiment like that? (Laughter) 我是说,谁能设计出这样一个实验呢？（笑声）
I've seen that a couple of times, and I still don't honestly believe that that can truly be happening, but other people have done similar experiments; it checks out. 我已经看过好几次了, 但我仍然不敢相信这是真的, 但其他人也做过类似的实验,真的证明了,
The babies really are that genius . 婴儿们真的都是天才。
genius:n.天才;天资;才能,本领;
LS: You know, they look really impressive in our experiments, but think about what they look like in real life, right? 劳拉·舒尔茨:是啊,他们在实验中的表现真是棒极了, 但想象一下他们在生活中的表现（会更棒）,不是吗？
It starts out as a baby. 最开始只是个小东西,
Eighteen months later, it's talking to you, and babies' first words aren't just things like balls and ducks, they're things like "all gone," which refer to disappearance , or "uh-oh," which refer to unintentional actions. 十八个月后,他就可以跟你交谈了, 婴儿最开始会说的话不仅仅是球啊鸭子啊这些东西, 还有包括“不见了”表示消失, 或者“啊—哦”表示下意识的动作。
refer:v.参考;涉及;提到;查阅; disappearance:n.消失;不见; unintentional:adj.非故意的;无意识的;
It has to be that powerful. 就是这么神奇。
It has to be much more powerful than anything I showed you. 比我在实验中展示的要神奇得多。
They're figuring out the entire world. 他们能理解整个世界。
A four-year-old can talk to you about almost anything. 一个四岁的小孩几乎能跟你聊任何话题。
(Applause) （掌声）
CA: And if I understand you right, the other key point you're making is, we've been through these years where there's all this talk of how quirky and buggy our minds are, 克里斯·安德森:如果我没理解错的话,你想说明的另一个关键点是, 多年以来,我们一直认为 人类思维古怪而不正常,
quirky:adj.古怪的;离奇的;诡诈的; buggy:n.童车;双轮单座轻马车;adj.多虫的;
that behavioral economics and the whole theories behind that that we're not rational agents . 行为经济学和它背后的一整套理论都认为 人类不是一种理性的生物。
behavioral:adj.行为的; rational:n.理性;人类;合理的事物;[数]有理数;adj.合理的;理性的;明智的;理智的; agents:n.代理人,经纪人;原动力;(agent的复数)
You're really saying that the bigger story is how extraordinary , and there really is genius there that is underappreciated . 而你认为人类思维是如此卓越, 如此出色,实际上是被低估了。
extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的; underappreciated:adj.未受到充分赏识的;未得到正确评价的;
LS: One of my favorite quotes in psychology comes from the social psychologist Solomon Asch, and he said the fundamental task of psychology is to remove the veil of self-evidence from things. 劳拉·舒尔茨:我最喜欢的关于心理学的一句话 来自社会心理学家所罗门·阿施, 他说,心理学的基本任务就是 揭开事物“无证自明”的面纱。
quotes:n.引用,引号;报价(quote的复数);v.报价(quote的第三人称单数);引用;复述; psychology:n.心理学;心理状态; psychologist:n.心理学家,心理学者; veil:n.面纱;面罩;遮蔽物;托词;v.遮蔽;掩饰;以面纱遮掩;用帷幕分隔;
There are orders of magnitude more decisions you make every day that get the world right. 要正确理解世界 你每天要做出非常之多的决定。
magnitude:n.大小;量级;[地震]震级;重要;光度;
You know about objects and their properties. 你了解物体和它们的属性。
You know them when they're occluded . You know them in the dark. 当有东西挡路的时候你会知道,即便是在黑暗中。
occluded:v.闭塞的;堵塞;咬合的(occlude的过去分词);
You can walk through rooms. 你可以穿过房间。
You can figure out what other people are thinking. You can talk to them. 你可以猜到其他人在想什么。你可以跟他们交谈。
You can navigate space. You know about numbers. 你可以在太空中导航。你了解数字。
navigate:vt.驾驶,操纵;使通过;航行于;vi.航行,航空;
You know causal relationships. You know about moral reasoning. 你知道因果关系。你理解道德推论。
moral:n.寓意;品行;教益;adj.道德的;道义上的;道德上的;品行端正的;
You do this effortlessly , so we don't see it, but that is how we get the world right, and it's a remarkable and very difficult-to-understand accomplishment. 这些事情做起来不费功夫,因此我们注意不到, 但我们就是这样来正确理解世界的,这是一种非凡的, 但非常难以理解的成就。
effortlessly:adv.轻松地;毫不费劲地; remarkable:adj.卓越的;非凡的;值得注意的;
CA: I suspect there are people in the audience who have this view of accelerating technological power who might dispute your statement that never in our lifetimes 克里斯·安德森:我猜观众中间 一定有技术加速理论的支持者, 他们可能不认同你的观点,就是有生之年都看不到
suspect:n.犯罪嫌疑人;v.怀疑;不信任;adj.可疑的; accelerating:adj.促进的,[物]加速的;催化的; dispute:n.纠纷;争端;争论;辩论;v.争论;争执;辩论;争夺; statement:n.声明;陈述,叙述;报表,清单;
will a computer do what a three-year-old child can do, but what's clear is that in any scenario , our machines have so much to learn from our toddlers . 计算机的智能达到一个三岁孩子的水平, 但毫无争议的是,无论如何, 从蹒跚学步的儿童身上机器可以学到很多很多。
scenario:n.方案;情节;剧本; toddlers:n.初学走路的孩子;儿童短衫(toddler的复数形式);
LS: I think so. You'll have some machine learning folks up here. 我想说,你不能认为婴儿或者黑猩猩
I mean, you should never bet against babies or chimpanzees or technology as a matter of practice, but it's not just a difference in quantity , it's a difference in kind. 我想说,你不能认为婴儿或者黑猩猩 或者技术的差别在于实践, 他们之间的差别不在于数量, 而在于种类。
bet:n.打赌;赌注;预计;估计;v.下赌注(于);用…打赌;敢说;八成儿; chimpanzees:n.[脊椎]黑猩猩(chimpanzee的复数); quantity:n.量;数量;大量;数额;
We have incredibly powerful computers, and they do do amazingly sophisticated things, often with very big amounts of data. 我们现在有非常强大的计算机, 它们能完成非常精确的任务, 处理海量的数据。
incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; sophisticated:adj.复杂的;老练的;见多识广的;水平高的;
Human minds do, I think, something quite different, and I think it's the structured, hierarchical nature of human knowledge that remains a real challenge. 但人类思维的运作方式完全不同, 我认为研究人类知识在结构和层次方面的属性 仍是一项巨大的挑战。
hierarchical:adj.分层的;等级体系的;
CA: Laura Schulz, wonderful food for thought . Thank you so much. 克里斯·安德森:劳拉·舒尔茨,带来了美妙的精神食粮。非常感谢。
food for thought:引人深思的事;
LS: Thank you. (Applause) 劳拉·舒尔茨:谢谢。（掌声）