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LauraGalante_2017-_俄罗斯如何（及为何）在美国大选期间进行黑客入侵_
Let's say you despise 假设你很反感
despise:vt.轻视,鄙视;
Western democracy . 西方民主。
democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治;
Democracy, in all its trappings , free elections, town halls, endless debates about the proper role of government. 一切民主制度的衍生物, 像自由选举、市政厅, 以及关于政府角色的无数论辩,
trappings:n.服饰,礼服;外部标志;马饰; endless:adj.无止境的;连续的;环状的;漫无目的的; debates:n.[法]辩论;讨论(debate的复数);v.[法]辩论;讨论(debate的三单形式);
Too messy , too unpredictable , too constraining for your taste. 都太乱, 不可捉摸, 在你看来局限太多。
messy:adj.肮脏的;凌乱的;不整洁的; unpredictable:adj.不可预知的;不定的;出乎意料的;n.不可预言的事; constraining:约束;
And the way these democracies band together and lecture everyone else about individual rights and freedoms -- it gets under your skin. 而种种制度都在一起向人们灌输 个人权利和自由的观念—— 这让你恼火。
democracies:民主; band:n.带;波段;频带;箍;v.加彩条(或嵌条等);(将价格、收入等)划分档次; lecture:n.演讲;讲座;讲课;谴责;v.开讲座;讲授;讲课;指责;告诫 individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的;
So what to do about it? 那怎么办？
You can call out the hypocrisy and failures of Western democracies and explain how your way is better, but that's never really worked for you. 你可以揭露西方民主的虚伪和失败, 说你的主张的优势, 但这对你而言并不实际。
hypocrisy:n.虚伪;伪善;
What if you could get the people whose support is the very foundation of these democracies to start questioning the system? 那如果你能让 民主制度的中坚分子 开始质疑这套制度呢？
What if:如果…怎么办? foundation:n.基础;地基;基金会;根据;创立;
Make the idea occur in their own minds that democracy and its institutions are failing them, their elite are corrupt puppet masters and the country they knew is in free fall . 让这些人自己感到 民主及其机制辜负了他们, 精英阶层腐败透顶,上下其手, 这个国家正急速衰落。
occur:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在; institutions:n.机构;慈善机构;风俗习惯,制度;(institution的复数) elite:n.精英;精华;杰出人物; corrupt:v.损坏;破坏;使腐化;使堕落;adj.贪污的;受贿的;腐败的;营私舞弊的; puppet:n.木偶;傀儡; free fall:n.自由落体;自由投放;自由下降;
To do that, you'll need to infiltrate the information spheres of these democracies. 要做到这些, 就要潜入相关机构的 信息系统,
infiltrate:vt.使潜入;使渗入,使浸润;vi.渗入;n.渗透物; spheres:n.[数]球体(sphere的复数); v.把…放在球体内(sphere的第三人称单数形式);
You'll need to turn their most powerful asset -- an open mind -- into their greatest vulnerability . 把民主最强有力的武器—— 开明思想—— 变成其要害。
asset:n.资产;优点;有用的东西;有利条件;财产;有价值的人或物; vulnerability:n.易损性;弱点;
You'll need people to question the truth. 要让人们开始质疑所谓真相。
Now, you'll be familiar of hacking and leaks that happened in 2016. 我想大家都熟知2016年的 黑客入侵和泄密事件。
familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友; hacking:v.黑客行为;砍;劈;猛踢;(hack的现在分词) leaks:n.泄漏; v.漏水; (leak的第三人称单数)
One was the Democratic National Committee's networks, and the personal email accounts of its staff, later released on WikiLeaks . 一个是民主党全国委员会（DNC） 网站资料及其成员的电邮被窃取, 并发布在维基解密上。
Democratic:adj.民主的;民主政治的;大众的; personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词; released:v.释放;使免除;已发布;(release的过去分词和过去式) WikiLeaks:维基解密;
After that, various online personas , like a supposed Romanian cybercriminal who didn't speak Romanian, aggressively pushed news of these leaks to journalists . 之后,网上有好几个人, 比如一个据说是罗马尼亚人, 却不会说该国语言的网络罪犯, 极力向媒体推送有关消息。
personas:n.人物角色;角色模型(persona的复数); supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式) aggressively:adv.侵略地;攻击地;有闯劲地; journalists:n.新闻记者(journalist的复数);
The media took the bait . 媒体上钩了。
media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉; bait:v.引诱;在…中放诱饵;折磨;n.饵;诱饵;vi.中途休息;
They were consumed by how much the DNC hated Bernie. 记者们只关注DNC 多么讨厌伯尼·桑德。
consumed:adj.沉迷…的; v.消耗,耗费; (consume的过去分词和过去式)
At the time, it was that narrative that far outshined the news that a group of Russian government sponsored hackers who we called " Advanced Persistent Threat 28," 那段时间,DNC和伯尼间的恩怨远比 某个俄国政府支持的黑客组织更吸引人。 该组织被称为高持续性威胁28,
narrative:n.叙述;故事;讲述;adj.叙事的,叙述的;叙事体的; outshined:v.比…亮;胜过;使相形见绌; sponsored:adj.(活动或比赛)为慈善筹款而举办的; v.赞助(活动、节目等); (sponsor的过去式和过去分词) hackers:n.黑客,骇客;电脑黑客(hacker的复数); Advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式) Persistent:adj.固执的,坚持的;持久稳固的;
or " APT 28" for short, was carrying out these operations against the US. 简称APT28, 正是它进行了此次入侵。
APT:adj.恰当的;有…倾向的;灵敏的;
And there was no shortage of evidence . 此事证据确凿。
shortage:n.短缺;不足;缺少; evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明;
This group of Russian government hackers hadn't just appeared out of nowhere in 2016. 这一黑客组织并不是到了2016年才 凭空出现的。
nowhere:v.无处; n.无处; adj.不存在的;
We had started tracking this group back in 2014. 从2014年起我们就在追踪它。
tracking:n.追踪,跟踪;v.跟踪;(track的现在分词)
And the tools that APT 28 used to compromise its victims' networks demonstrated a thoughtful , well-resourced effort that had taken place for now over a decade in Moscow's time zone from about 9 am to 6 pm. APT28所使用的入侵手段表明 其行动有计划性,资源充足, 且运作长达十数年, 在莫斯科时区范围内 十分活跃。
compromise:n.妥协;折中;互让;和解;v.妥协;违背(原则);达不到(标准);使陷入危险; demonstrated:v.证明;证实;论证;说明;表达;(demonstrate的过去分词和过去式) thoughtful:adj.深思的;体贴的;关切的; time zone:n.时区;
APT 28 loved to prey on the emails and contacts of journalists in Chechnya , the Georgian government, eastern European defense attachés -- all targets with an undeniable interest to the Russian government. APT28常常盯上记者的 电邮和通信记录,目标包括车臣、 格鲁吉亚政府 和东欧各国驻外武官, 都是俄罗斯政府的兴趣所在。
prey:n.猎物;受害者;受骗者;v.折磨;掠夺;捕食(on,upon);损害(on,upon); contacts:v.联系,联络;(contact的第三人称单数) Chechnya:n.车臣; eastern:adj.东方的;向东的;东部的;东方国家的;n.东方人;东正教信徒; undeniable:adj.不可否认的;公认优秀的;无可争辩的;
We weren't the only ones onto this. 并非只有我们关注他们。
Governments, research teams across the world, were coming to similar conclusions and observing the same types of operations. 各国政府和全世界的研究团队 都得出了相似的结论, 都注意到类似的活动。
conclusions:n.结论,总结;决定;(conclusion的复数) observing:adj.观察的;注意的;观察力敏锐的;v.观察;遵守(observe的现在分词);
But what Russia was doing in 2016 went far beyond espionage . 但2016年俄罗斯的所作所为 远不止窃取情报。
espionage:n.间谍;间谍活动;刺探;
The DNC hack was just one of many where stolen data was posted online accompanied by a sensational narrative, then amplified in social media for lightning-speed adoption by the media. 和DNC事件一样,被窃信息 经常在网上发布, 辅以敏感的描写, 在社交媒体上被放大, 好在短时间内 得到媒体大量报道。
accompanied:v.陪同;陪伴;与…同时发生;为…伴奏;(accompany的过去式和过去分词) sensational:adj.轰动的;耸人听闻的;非常好的;使人感动的; amplified:v.放大;详述(amplify的过去分词);adj.放大的;扩充的; adoption:n.采用;收养;接受;
This didn't ring the alarm bells that a nation-state was trying to interfere with the credibility of another's internal affairs. 人们不会警觉 一个国家正试图破坏他国 处理内政上的公信力。
nation-state:n.单一民族国家; interfere:v.干涉;干预;介入; credibility:n.可信性;确实性; internal:n.内脏;本质;adj.内部的;里面的;体内的;(机构)内部的;
So why, collectively , did we not see this coming? 那么从集体角度看, 为什么我们没预见到？
collectively:adv.共同地,全体地;
Why did it take months before Americans understood that they were under a state-sponsored information attack? 为什么几个月后美国民众才 意识到这是外国暗中支持的黑客行为？
state-sponsored:国家支持;国家所发起或资助的;国家操纵的;
The easy answer is politics . 简单而言,政治。
politics:n.政治;钩心斗角;政治观点;v.(贬)从事政治活动;(politic的第三人称单数)
The Obama Administration was caught in a perfect catch-22. 奥巴马政府正处于自相矛盾的困境中。
By raising the specter that the Russian government was interfering in the US presidential campaign, the Administration risked appearing to meddle in the campaign itself. 要是指出俄罗斯有可能干预 美国总统大选, 政府自己很可能背上干预大选的骂名。
specter:n.幽灵;妖怪;恐怖之物; interfering:adj.管闲事的;v.干涉;干预;介入;(interfere的现在分词) presidential:adj.总统的;首长的;统辖的; meddle:v.管闲事;干涉;干预;瞎搞;
But the better answer, I think, is that the US and the West were utterly unequipped to recognize and respond to a modern information operation, despite the fact that the US had wielded information with devastating success in an era not so long ago. 但我想,更确切的是, 美国和其他西方国家根本没准备好 辨别和应对现代信息战, 哪怕美国在信息技术方面 长期以来有着压倒性优势。
utterly:adv.完全地;绝对地;全然地;彻底地,十足地; unequipped:adj.无准备的;无配备的;无能力的; recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到; respond:vi.回答;作出反应;承担责任;n.应答;唱和; despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; wielded:v.使用;行使;挥舞; devastating:adj.毁灭性的; v.毁灭; (devastate的现在分词)
Look, so while the US and the West spent the last 20 years caught up in cybersecurity -- what networks to harden , which infrastructure to deem critical , 因此在过去20年里,美国 和其他西方国家 忙着加强网络安全—— 哪些网络需要加强防护, 哪些设备必须重视,
cybersecurity:网络安全;网络空间安全; harden:v.硬化;(使声音、面孔等)更严肃;(使)更坚定;使变得无情;n.哈登; infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造; deem:vt.认为,视作;相信;vi.认为,持某种看法;作某种评价; critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的;
how to set up armies of cyber warriors and cyber commands -- 如何组建网络军队和指挥系统——
warriors:n.(尤指旧时的)武士,勇士,斗士(warrior的复数)
Russia was thinking in far more consequential terms. 俄罗斯却在考虑影响更为深远的策略。
consequential:adj.间接的;结果的;重要的;随之发生的;自傲的;
Before the first iPhone even hit the shelf, the Russian government understood the risks and the opportunity that technology provided and the inter-communication and instant communication it provided us. 早在苹果手机上市之前, 俄罗斯就了解了技术 和交际与 即时通讯方式带来的风险、机会。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; provided:conj.假如; v.提供; (provide的过去分词和过去式) instant:n.瞬间; adj.立即的; conj.同"assoonas";
As our realities are increasingly based on the information that we're consuming at the palm of our hand and from the news feeds that we're scanning and the hashtags and stories that we see trending , the Russian government was the first to recognize how this evolution had turned your mind into the most exploitable device on the planet. 我们的生活越来越依赖于 通过移动设备 阅读媒体推送, 关注热门话题,以获取信息。 俄罗斯第一个意识到 这种革命性现象 能将人心变为最容易利用的武器。
increasingly:adv.越来越多地;渐增地; consuming:adj.消费的;强烈的;v.消耗(consume的ing形式); palm:n.手掌;手心;棕榈树;v.把…藏在手中(尤指玩戏法); hashtags:标签;话题标签;标签运用; trending:n.[统计]趋势;v.伸向;趋向;(trend的现在分词) evolution:n.演变;进化;发展;渐进; exploitable:adj.可开发的;可利用的; device:n.装置;策略;图案;
And your mind is particularly exploitable if you're accustomed to an unfettered flow of information, now increasingly curated to your own tastes. 特别是有些人 喜欢关注来自非法渠道的信息, 这类信息常常根据 他们的兴趣加工过。
particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; accustomed to:习惯于; unfettered:adj.无拘无束的; v.使自由(unfetter的过去分词); curated:v.当馆长(curate的过去分词);
This panorama of information that's so interesting to you gives a state, or anyone for that matter, a perfect back door into your mind. 这样呈现的信息很能引人关注, 给了国家或其他人一个后门 进入你的思想。
panorama:n.全景,全貌;全景画;概论; back door:后门;非法途径;
It's this new brand of state-sponsored information operations that can be that much more successful, more insidious , and harder for the target audience -- that includes the media -- to decipher and characterize . 正是这种由国家运作的新型信息战 更能取得成功, 更隐秘, 对其目标人群而言,包括媒体, 更难辨识和判别。
brand:v.铭刻于,铭记;打烙印于;印…商标于;n.商标,牌子;烙印; insidious:adj.阴险的;隐伏的;暗中为害的;狡猾的; decipher:n.密电译文;v.解释; characterize:v.描述;是…的特征;以…为典型;使…具有特点(或最引人注目的特征);
If you can get a hashtag trending on Twitter, or chum the waters with fake news directed to audiences primed to receive it, or drive journalists to dissect terabytes of email for a cent of impropriety -- all tactics used in Russian operations -- 如果能制造推特热点话题, 或是散布虚假新闻作为诱饵, 故意让某些人群看到, 让记者们检查大量电邮 以寻找敏感的字句—— 这些在俄罗斯的行动中均可看到——
chum:n.室友;密友;vi.结为密友; fake:n.假货;骗子;假动作;v.捏造;假装…的样子;adj.伪造的; primed:adj.待发的;v.使准备好;装填;使泵起动;涂底漆;修剪树枝(prime的过去分词); dissect:vt.切细;仔细分析;vi.进行解剖;进行详细分析; terabytes:n.兆兆字节(信息量度单位,terabyte的复数); impropriety:n.不适当;不正确;用词错误;[审计]不正当行为; tactics:n.战术:策略:手段:兵法(tactic的复数)
then you've got a shot at effectively camouflaging your operations in the mind of your target. 那么就能在不知不觉间有效地 左右目标人群的想法。
camouflaging:n.伪装,掩饰;vt.伪装,掩饰;vi.伪装起来;
This is what Russia's long called " reflexive control." 这就是俄罗斯一直说的“反身性控制”,
reflexive:n.反身代词;反身动词;adj.反身的;[物]反射的;
It's the ability to use information on someone else so that they make a decision on their own accord that's favorable to you. 即你可以通过对目标人群释放信息, 诱导他们做出判断, 他们自主的判断, 却对你有利。
accord:n.协议;协定;一致;和谐;v.一致;给予;相符;协调; favorable:adj.有利的;良好的;赞成的,赞许的;讨人喜欢的;
This is nation-state-grade image control and perception management , and it's conducted by any means , with any tools, network-based or otherwise, that will achieve it. 这是在国家层面上操控 公共形象和认知, 有很多种途径来实现, 很多工具可以利用, 无论是不是基于网络。
perception:n.感知;知觉;看法;洞察力; management:n.管理;管理人员;管理部门;操纵;经营手段; conducted:v.组织;安排;实施;执行;指挥;带领;引导;(conduct的过去分词和过去式) by any means:无论如何;
Take this for another example. 有另一个例子。
In early February 2014, a few weeks before Russia would invade Crimea, a phone call is posted on YouTube. 2014年2月,俄罗斯 入侵克里米亚几周前, 一段电话录音被传到YouTube上。
invade:v.侵犯;侵略;侵袭;干扰;
In it, there's two US diplomats . 录音中是两名美国外交官,
diplomats:外交官;
They sound like they're playing kingmaker in Ukraine , and worse, they curse the EU for its lack of speed and leadership in resolving the crisis . 似乎在谈论在乌克兰扶植政权, 还骂欧盟行动迟缓,缺乏领导力, 不能解决危机。
kingmaker:n.拥立国王者;有权支配要职的任命者; Ukraine:n.乌克兰(原苏联一加盟共和国,现已独立); curse:n.诅咒;咒骂;v.诅咒;咒骂; resolving:n.分解;解析;v.分辨(resolve的ing形式);分解;决定;解决矛盾; crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的;
The media covers the phone call, and then the ensuing diplomatic backlash leaves Washington and Europe reeling . 媒体报道了这一事件, 随之而来的外交僵局 让美国和欧洲措手不及。
ensuing:adj.接著发生的;v.跟着发生(ensue的ing形式); diplomatic:adj.外交的;从事外交的;有手腕的;灵活变通的; backlash:n.反冲;强烈抵制;vt.强烈反对;发生后冲; reeling:v.踉跄;摇摇晃晃地挪动;蹒跚;感到震惊;(reel的现在分词)
And it creates a fissured response and a feckless attitude towards Russia's land grab in Ukraine. 于是美欧都不能有力地回击, 听任俄罗斯占领克里米亚。
fissured:n.裂隙; v.(使)裂开; (fissure的过去分词); response:n.响应;反应;回答; feckless:adj.无效的;软弱的;没精神的;不负责任的;无气力的; attitude:n.态度;看法;意见;姿势; grab:v.攫取;霸占;将…深深吸引;n.攫取;霸占;夺取之物;
Mission accomplished . 目标达成。
Mission:n.使命,任务;代表团;布道;v.派遣;向…传教; accomplished:adj.完成的;有技巧的;有学问的;v.完成;(accomplish的过去分词和过去式)
So while hacked phone calls and emails and networks keep grabbing the headlines, the real operations are the ones that are influencing the decisions you make and the opinions you hold, all in the service of a nation-state's strategic interest. 所以,泄露的电话录音、 邮件和网站资料 屡屡占据头条, 与此同时,真正的目标却是 影响你的判断, 左右你的观点, 好为某个国家的战略利益服务。
hacked:v.砍;劈;猛踢;非法侵入(hack的过去分词和过去式) grabbing:v.抓住;夺得;利用,抓住(机会)(grab的现在分词) influencing:v.影响;对…起作用;支配;左右(influence的现在分词) strategic:adj.战略上的,战略的;
This is power in the information age. 这就是信息时代的力量。
And this information is all that much more seductive , all that much easier to take at face value and pass on, when it's authentic . 这些信息变得更加诱人, 更容易让人从表面解读,更易于传播, 因其像模像样。
seductive:adj.有魅力的;性感的;引人注意的; at face value:根据外表,从表面上看; authentic:adj.真正的,真实的;可信的;
Who's not interested in the truth that's presented in phone calls and emails that were never intended for public consumption ? 只有电话录音和邮件里才有 而不会公开的东西, 谁会不感兴趣？
intended:adj.预定的;计划的;v.打算;计划;想要;(intend的过去分词和过去式) consumption:n.消费;消耗;肺痨;
But how meaningful is that truth if you don't know why it's being revealed to you? 但这些若是出于某种原因 给你看的,又有何意义？
meaningful:adj.严肃的;重要的;重大的;意味深长的; revealed:v.揭示;显示;露出;(reveal的过去分词和过去式)
We must recognize that this place where we're increasingly living, which we've quaintly termed " cyberspace ," 我们必须意识到,网络 越来越多地介入生活, 这个我们称之为“网络空间”的地方,
quaintly:adv.优雅地; cyberspace:n.网络空间;赛博空间;
isn't defined by ones and zeroes, but by information and the people behind it. 起决定作用的并非0和1, 而是信息和信息背后的人。
defined:adj.有定义的,确定的; v.使明确;
This is far more than a network of computers and devices . 它并不只是电脑和其他设备组成。
devices:n.[机][计]设备;[机]装置;[电子]器件(device的复数);
This is a network composed of minds interacting with computers and devices. 它是由与电脑等设备交互的 无数人组成的网络。
composed:adj.由…组成的; v.组成; (compose的过去分词和过去式) interacting:v.交流;沟通;合作;相互影响;(interact的现在分词)
And for this network, there's no encryption , there's no firewall , no two-factor authentication , no password complex enough to protect you. 对于这样的网络, 没有加密,没有防火墙, 没有双重认证, 没有复杂的密码保护你。
encryption:n.加密;加密术; firewall:n.防火墙;vt.用作防火墙; authentication:n.证明;鉴定;证实; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施;
What you have for defense is far stronger, it's more adaptable , it's always running the latest version. 能保护你的, 更为强大,更易于更新, 永远都是最新版本。
adaptable:adj.适合的;能适应的;可修改的;
It's the ability to think critically : call out falsehood , press for the facts. 那就是批判性思维: 揭穿谎言, 逼近事实。
critically:adv.精密地;危急地;批评性地;用钻研眼光地; falsehood:n.说谎;假话;不真实;错误的信仰;
And above all, you must have the courage to unflinchingly pursue the truth. 但首先,你必须要有勇气 不懈地追寻真相。
pursue:v.继续;从事;追赶;纠缠;
(Applause) （掌声）