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LatifNasser_2015-_现代疼痛医疗之父的传奇故事_
A few years ago, my mom developed rheumatoid arthritis . 几年前 我母亲患了类风湿关节炎
rheumatoid arthritis:n.类风湿(性)关节炎;
Her wrists , knees and toes swelled up, causing crippling , chronic pain. 她的手腕,膝盖根脚趾都肿起来导致难以忍受的慢性疼痛
wrists:n.手腕(wrist的复数); toes:n.脚趾;足尖部;有…脚趾的;v.用脚尖走;(toe的第三人称单数和复数) swelled:adj.骄傲自大;自负的;v.膨胀;隆起;增大(swell的过去分词); crippling:adj.残废的; v.使残废; (cripple的现在分词) chronic:adj.慢性的;长期的;习惯性的;
She had to file for disability . 她甚至需要登记残障手册
disability:n.残疾;无能;无资格;不利条件;
She stopped attending our local mosque . 无法再去清真寺
mosque:n.清真寺;
Some mornings it was too painful for her to brush her teeth. 有些时候连早上刷牙都痛得办不到
painful:adj.痛苦的;疼痛的;令人不快的;
I wanted to help. 我想要幫她
But I didn't know how. 但我不知道该怎么做
I'm not a doctor. 我不是医生
So, what I am is a historian of medicine. 我只是一个医药历史学家
So I started to research the history of chronic pain. 所以我开始研究慢性疼痛的历史
Turns out, UCLA has an entire history of pain collection in their archives . 结果 在UCLA有完整的 疼痛历史檔案
archives:n.档案;档案馆;v.把…存档;(archive的第三人称单数和复数)
And I found a story -- a fantastic story -- of a man who saved -- rescued -- millions of people from pain; people like my mom. 我找到一个很棒的故事 有一个人拯救了无数个像我母亲这样身患病痛的人 让他们免于疼痛
fantastic:奇异的,空想的 rescued:v.营救;援救;抢救;(rescue的过去分词和过去式)
Yet, I had never heard of him. 但我从没听说过他
There were no biographies of him, no Hollywood movies. 没有他的自传,也没有拍成电影
biographies:n.列传,传记(biographie的复数形式);
His name was John J. Bonica. 他叫做约翰 J.博尼卡
But when our story begins, he was better known as Johnny " Bull " Walker. 但在这个故事的起头 大家都称他做强尼 “斗牛” 沃克
Bull:n.废话;公牛;彪形大汉;v.大量买进以期抬高价格;吓唬;
It was a summer day in 1941. 那是1941年夏季的一天
The circus had just arrived in the tiny town of Brookfield, New York. 马戏团刚刚抵达一个叫布鲁克菲尔德的纽约小镇
circus:n.马戏;马戏团;
Spectators flocked to see the wire-walkers, the tramp clowns -- if they were lucky, the human cannonball . 大家蜂拥而来去看钢丝行走者,小丑们 幸运一点还能看得到人体大炮
Spectators:n.观众;旁观者(spectator复数); flocked:v.聚集(flock的过去分词);成群而行;n.植绒;舒美绒皮; tramp:n.流浪汉;流浪乞丐;长途步行;淫妇;v.重步行走,踏,踩 clowns:n.小丑们(clown的复数); cannonball:n.炮弹;
They also came to see the strongman , Johnny "Bull" Walker, a brawny bully who'd pin you for a dollar. 他们也来看壮汉 “斗牛” 沃克 只要一美元,他可包准把观众压倒在地
strongman:n.强人;铁腕人物; brawny:adj.强壮的;肌肉结实的; bully:vt.恐吓;伤害;胁迫;n.仗势欺人者;adj.快活的;盛气凌人的; pin:n.大头针;饰针;旗杆;胸针;v.别上;使不能动弹;按住;钳住;
You know, on that particular day, a voice rang out over the circus P.A. system. 在那天,从马戏团扩音器里 传出广播
They needed a doctor urgently , in the live animal tent. 他们急需一个医生到动物区幫忙
urgently:adv.迫切地;紧急地;急切地;
Something had gone wrong with the lion tamer . 训兽师出事了
tamer:驯兽师
The climax of his act had gone wrong, and his head was stuck inside the lion's mouth. 他在表演的高潮时出了差错 脑袋卡在了狮子的嘴里
climax:n.(重要事情或时刻的)高潮,顶点; v.达成(或形成)极点(或顶点、高潮);
He was running out of air; the crowd watched in horror as he struggled and then passed out. 几乎无法呼吸 观众陷入恐惧 驯兽师奋力挣扎接着昏了过去
horror:n.恐惧;厌恶;震惊;对某事物的强烈畏惧(或憎恨); struggled:v.奋斗;努力;争取;艰难地行进;抗争;(struggle的过去式和过去分词)
When the lion finally did relax its jaws, the lion tamer just slumped to the ground, motionless . 当狮子最终鬆开了下颚 驯兽师躺在地上 一动也不动
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; relax:v.放松,休息;松懈,松弛;变从容;休养; slumped:adj.下跌的;倒下的;v.掉落(slump的过去分词形式); motionless:adj.静止的;不运动的;
When he came to a few minutes later, he saw a familiar figure hunched over him. 当他在几分钟后苏醒过来 发现在他面前蹲着的是一个熟悉的身影
familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友; hunched:adj.缩成一团的;v.弯腰驼背(hunch的过去分词);
It was Bull Walker. 那就是斗牛沃克
The strongman had given the lion tamer mouth-to-mouth , and saved his life. 这个壮汉做了人工呼吸 挽救了他的生命
mouth-to-mouth:adj.嘴对嘴的;口对口人工呼吸;
Now, the strongman hadn't told anyone, but he was actually a third-year medical student. 沃克没有告诉任何人 自己实际上是一个三年级的医学生
He toured with the circus during summers to pay tuition , but kept it a secret to protect his persona . 他参加马戏表演是为了攒点学费 但是他把这件事当做一个秘密来保存他的身份
tuition:n.指导;(尤指大专院校的)学费; persona:n.人物角色;伪装的外表;
He was supposed to be a brute , a villain -- not a nerdy do-gooder . 他在马戏团应扮演一个大块头的莽夫 而不是一个有学者风范的好人
supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式) brute:adj.残忍的;无理性的;n.畜生;残暴的人; villain:n.坏人,恶棍;戏剧,小说中的反派角色;顽童;罪犯; nerdy:adj.书呆子式的;n.令人厌烦的人; do-gooder:n.空想社会改良家;
His medical colleagues didn't know his secret, either. 他的同学也不知道他的秘密
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数);
As he put it, "If you were an athlete , you were a dumb dodo ." 在同侪间大家认为运动员都是蠢笨不可救药的那种
athlete:n.运动员,体育家;身强力壮的人; dumb:adj.哑的,无说话能力的;不说话的,无声音的; dodo:n.渡渡鸟(不能飞行,现已灭绝);笨人;蠢人;
So he didn't tell them about the circus, or about how he wrestled professionally on evenings and weekends. 因此他没有告诉同学马戏团的事 也没告诉他们自己在晚上和周末参加职業摔跤比赛
wrestled:v.摔跤;奋力对付;全力解决;(wrestle的过去分词和过去式) professionally:adv.专业地;内行地;
He used a pseudonym like Bull Walker, or later, the Masked Marvel . 他使用像Bull Walker 或者是 Masked Marvel 的艺名
pseudonym:n.笔名;假名; Marvel:n.奇迹;vt.对…感到惊异;vi.感到惊讶;
He even kept it a secret that same year, when he was crowned the Light Heavyweight Champion of the world. 甚至当他赢得了轻量组的 世界冠军时,他依然没有将秘密透漏出去
crowned:adj.王室的;戴王冠的;v.加冕,使成王(crown的过去式和过去分词形式); Heavyweight:n.重量级拳击手;有影响的人物;聪明绝顶的人;adj.重量级的;特别厚重的;
Over the years, John J. Bonica lived these parallel lives. 那些年来博尼卡同时过着两条不同的生活
parallel:adj.平行的; v.与…相似; n.极其相似的人(或情况、事件等);
He was a wrestler; he was a doctor. 一名摔跤手 一位医生
He was a heel; he was a hero. 一名混蛋 一位英雄
He inflicted pain, and he treated it. 他造就痛苦 他施予治疗
inflicted:把…强加给;使承受(inflict的过去式和过去分词); treated:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;(treat的过去分词和过去式)
And he didn’t know it at the time, but over the next five decades, he'd draw on these dueling identities to forge a whole new way to think about pain. 在那时他并不知道但在接下来的50年 他将会利用这两个相对决的生命经验 去探索关于疼痛的新思路
dueling:n.决斗;竞争;v.决斗;斗争(duel的ing形式); identities:n.身份;本身;本体;特征;同一性;相同;(identity的复数) forge:v.锻造; n.锻压;
It'd change modern medicine so much so, that decades later, 这将改造现代医学,以至于几十年后
Time magazine would call him pain relief 's founding father . 时代周刊将称他为疼痛研究之父
relief:n.救济;减轻,解除;安慰;浮雕; founding father:n.(运动、机构或思想的)创建人;
But that all happened later. 当然 那都是之后发生的事情了
In 1942, Bonica graduated medical school and married Emma, his sweetheart , whom he had met at one of his matches years before. 1942年,博尼卡毕業并和他的甜心 在一次比赛中结识的艾玛 结了婚
sweetheart:n.亲爱的;甜心;爱人;心上人
He still wrestled in secret -- he had to. 他依然不得不继续秘密地摔跤
His internship at New York's St. Vincent's Hospital paid nothing. 因为在纽约圣文森特医院实习并无薪水
internship:n.实习生;(美)实习期;实习医师职位;
With his championship belt , he wrestled in big-ticket venues ,like Madison Square Garden, against big-time opponents , like Everett "The Blonde Bear" Marshall, or three-time world champion, Angelo Savoldi. 靠着他的冠军腰带他在麦迪逊花园广场等的大场地 与着名对手较劲 例如 “金色大熊” 马歇尔 或者是三届世锦赛冠军 赛沃尔迪
championship:n.锦标赛;冠军称号;冠军的地位; belt:n.皮带;腰带;传动带;传送带;v.猛击;狠打;飞奔;飞驰; big-ticket:adj.高价的; venues:n.场地,场馆(venue复数形式);犯罪现场,发生地点; big-time:adj.一流的;快乐时光; opponents:n.对手(opponent的复数形式); Blonde:n.金发女郎;adj.金黄色的; three-time:adj.三次的;
The matches took a toll on his body; he tore hip joints , fractured ribs . 这些比赛损伤了他的身体 磨损了他的肌腱并导致了数根肋骨骨折
toll:n.伤亡人数; v.(缓慢而有规律地)敲(钟); (尤指)鸣(丧钟); joints:n.关节; v.接合,联合; (joint的第三人称单数和复数) fractured:v.(使)断裂,折断,破裂;(使)分裂;(fracture的过去式和过去分词) ribs:n.[解剖]肋骨;排骨(rib的复数);
One night, The Terrible Turk's big toe scratched a scar like Capone's down the side of his face. 一晚 “恐怖突厥”的脚趾在沃克的脸上划了一道像艾尔卡朋脸上的伤疤 （卡朋 芝加哥黑幫老大 左颊上有三条伤疤)
scratched:adj.受抓损的;有刮痕;v.抓;搔;(scratch的过去式及过去分词)
The next morning at work, he had to wear a surgical mask to hide it. 隔天早晨上班时,他只好戴口罩掩饰伤口
surgical:adj.外科的;外科手术的;
Twice Bonica showed up to the O.R. with one eye so bruised , he couldn't see out of it. 有两次,博尼卡上手术房跟刀时 眼睛瘀伤严重至他根本看不清
bruised:v.(使)出现伤痕;撞伤;擦伤;打击;挫伤(bruise的过去分词和过去式)
But worst of all were his mangled cauliflower ears. 不过最糟糕的是那双被打开花的耳朵
mangled:v.压碎;撕烂;严重损坏;糟蹋;(mangle的过去分词和过去式) cauliflower:n.花椰菜,菜花;
He said they felt like two baseballs on the sides of his head. 感觉就像在大脑两边挂了个棒球
Pain just kept accumulating in his life. 疼痛不断在他的生活中积累
accumulating:n.[数]累加;v.积累(accumulate的ing形式);
Next, he watched his wife go into labor at his hospital. 他看着他的妻子于他工作的医院生产
She heaved and pushed, clearly in anguish . 她努力推,很明显十分痛苦
heaved:vt.举起; vi.起伏; n.举起; anguish:n.痛苦;苦恼;v.使极度痛苦;感到极度的痛苦;
Her obstetrician called out to the intern on duty to give her a few drops of ether to ease her pain. 产科医生叫当值的实习生 去给她用些乙醚以减轻痛苦
obstetrician:n.产科医师; ether:n.乙醚;[有化]以太;苍天;天空醚;
But the intern was a young guy, just three weeks on the job -- he was jittery , and in applying the ether, irritated Emma's throat. 但是实习生尚年轻,工作仅三星期 他非常紧张 用乙醚的时候 刺激了艾玛的喉咙
jittery:adj.神经过敏的;战战兢兢的;紧张不安的; applying:v.申请,请求;使用;应用;(apply的现在分词) irritated:adj.烦恼;恼怒;v.使烦恼;刺激(irritate的过去分词和过去式)
She vomited and choked , and started to turn blue. 她的呕吐物阻挡呼吸道 脸色发紫
vomited:v.呕;吐;呕吐;(vomit的过去分词和过去式) choked:adj.堵塞的; v.使窒息; (choke的过去分词和过去式)
Bonica, who was watching all this, pushed the intern out of the way, cleared her airway , and saved his wife and his unborn daughter. 博尼卡看到了这一切 赶走了实习医师 清空艾玛的呼吸道 挽救了他的妻子和还未出世的女儿
airway:n.导气管;空中航线;通风孔; unborn:adj.未来的;未诞生的;
At that moment, he decided to devote his life to anesthesiology . 就在那一刻他决定将于生投身于麻醉医学
devote:v.贡献;把…专用于;听任; anesthesiology:n.麻醉学;
Later, he'd even go on to help develop the epidural , for delivering mothers. 后来 他甚至发明用于产妇的无痛分娩技术
epidural:adj.硬脑膜外的;硬膜上的;
But before he could focus on obstetrics , 但是在他聚焦于妇产科之前
obstetrics:n.产科学,助产术;
Bonica had to report for basic training. 博尼卡得到部队报到
Right around D-Day , 大概在诺曼底登陆的时候
D-Day:n.(第二次世界大战中)盟国在西欧登陆日;诺曼底登陆日;
Bonica showed up to Madigan Army Medical Center,near Tacoma . 博尼卡加入了接近 Tacoma
Tacoma:n.塔科马港市(美国华盛顿州西部港市);
At 7,700 beds, it was one of the largest army hospitals in America. 座拥 7700 床位它是全美最大的陆军医院
Bonica was in charge of all pain control there. 博尼卡在那里负责所有疼痛治疗
in charge of:负责;主管;
He was only 27. 他当时仅 27 岁
Treating so many patients , Bonica started noticing cases that contradicted everything he had learned. 在治疗了很多病人之后博尼卡开始注意到 一些案例和他学到的知识完全不符
Treating:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;处理;讨论;(treat的现在分词) patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数) contradicted:反驳;矛盾;
Pain was supposed to be a kind of alarm bell -- in a good way -- a body's way of signaling an injury , like a broken arm. 疼痛被视为身体的警报 是身体对于受伤 -- 如骨折 -- 的反应
signaling:n.发信号;打信号; injury:n.伤害,损害;受伤处;
But in some cases, like after a patient had a leg amputated , that patient might still complain of pain in that nonexistent leg. 但是在某些情况下 比如照料一名腿部截肢的病人 病人可能抱怨在那条不存在的腿上仍感到疼痛
amputated:切断;锯掉;截(肢)(amputate的过去式和过去分词); complain:v.投诉;发牢骚;诉说; nonexistent:adj.不存在的;
But if the injury had been treated, why would the alarm bell keep ringing? 但是如果说伤口被治疗了为什么警报会持续个不停?
There were other cases in which there was no evidence of an injury whatsoever , and yet, still the patient hurt. 还有一些其他的病例患者没有任何创伤 却依然感受到疼痛
evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; whatsoever:pron.无论什么;
Bonica tracked down all the specialists at his hospital -- surgeons , neurologists , psychiatrists , others. 博尼卡和医院里的所有专家 外科医生 神经科医师精神病学者等等交流
tracked:v.跟踪;追踪;(track的过去分词和过去式) surgeons:n.外科医生;(surgeon的复数) neurologists:n.神经病学家;神经科专门医师; psychiatrists:n.精神病学家;精神科医生;(psychiatrist的复数)
And he tried to get their opinions on his patients. 听听他们对病人的看法
It took too long, so he started organizing group meetings over lunch. 这很费时,因此他是开始在午餐期间组织小组会议
organizing:v.组织;安排;处理;分配;管理;(organize的现在分词)
It would be like a tag team of specialists going up against the patient's pain. 以一个专家团队去同病患的疼痛作抗争
tag:n.标记;标签;标志;标牌;v.给…加上标签;把…称作;给…起诨名;
No one had ever focused on pain this way before. 从来没有人如此专注于疼痛
After that, he hit the books . 接下来,他沉迷书中
hit the books:用功学习;准备功课;
He read every medical textbook he could get his hands on, carefully noting every mention of the word "pain." 他读遍了所有能找到的医学书 小心翼翼地标记任何关于疼痛的出处
Out of the 14,000 pages he read, the word "pain" was on 17 and a half of them. 在他读遍的14000页中 “疼痛”这个词仅出现于17页半
Seventeen and a half. 只有17页半啊
For the most basic, most common, most frustrating part of being a patient. 疼痛对病人们来说可是最基础、普遍、又无可奈何的事情
frustrating:adj.令人沮丧的;v.使沮丧;(frustrate的现在分词)
Bonica was shocked -- I'm quoting him, he said, "What the hell kind of conclusion can you come to there? 博尼卡被深深地震撼了,他说: 见鬼 从这里可得出什么结论?
quoting:v.引用;报价;举例说明;开价;为(企业的股份)上市;(quote的现在分词) conclusion:n.结论;结局;推论;
The most important thing from the patient's perspective , they don't talk about." 病人角度来看最重要的事情 他们却避而不谈。
perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的;
So over the next eight years, Bonica would talk about it. 所以在接下来的八年博尼卡不断的提起它
He'd write about it; he'd write those missing pages. 他不断的记录他将会填补那些缺失的页数
He wrote what would later be known as the Bible of Pain. 他写了一部被后世称为疼痛学的圣经
Bible:n.有权威的书;
In it he proposed new strategies , new treatments using nerve-block injections . 在此书中提出了一个新的方法 神经阻滞注射法
proposed:adj.建议的;推荐的;v.提议;建议;计划;求婚;(propose的过去分词和过去式) strategies:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略;(strategy的复数) treatments:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;(treatment的复数) injections:n.注射(injection的复数);注射剂;注射室;
He proposed a new institution , the Pain Clinic , based on those lunchtime meetings. 基于那些午间讨论 他提出了一个全新的部门 疼痛诊疗部
institution:n.制度;建立;(社会或宗教等)公共机构;习俗; Clinic:n.诊所;临床实习;(医院的)门诊部;门诊时间;
But the most important thing about his book was that it was kind of an emotional alarm bell for medicine. 但这本书最重要的贡献是 它是对医疗界的一个当头棒喝
emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的;
A desperate plea to doctors to take pain seriously in patients' lives. 让医生在病患的生活中 有丝毫藉口不去认真对待疼痛
desperate:adj.不顾一切的;令人绝望的;极度渴望的; plea:n.请求;恳求;答辩;借口;
He recast the very purpose of medicine. 他完完全改变了医学的目标
recast:vt.重铸;彻底改动;n.重铸;重做的事物;
The goal wasn't to make patients better; it was to make patients feel better. 目标并不是让病患“更好” 而是让病患感觉更好
He pushed his pain agenda for decades, before it finally took hold in the mid-'70s. 他不遗余力的推行他的疼痛病学 直到最终在七O 年代被人所接受
agenda:n.议事日程;
Hundreds of pain clinics sprung up all over the world. 疼痛科如雨后春笋般在全世界发展
clinics:n.诊所(clinic的复数形式);
But as they did -- a tragic twist . 然而在这其中 悲剧发生了
tragic:adj.悲剧的;悲痛的,不幸的; twist:v.捻;扭转;曲折;扭动;n.捻;拧;扭动;搓;
Bonica's years of wrestling caught up to him. 博尼卡这么多年的摔跤历史伤了身体
wrestling:n.摔跤运动;v.摔跤;奋力对付;全力解决;(wrestle的现在分词)
He had been out of the ring for over 20 years, but those 1,500 professional bouts had left a mark on his body. 尽管他已经远离比赛二十多年了 但是1500多场比赛在他的身体中总会留下印记
bouts:n.发作;来回一次(bout的复数);
Still in his mid-50s, he suffered severe osteoarthritis . 在他50多岁时 已患有严重的关节炎
severe:adj.极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的;苛刻的; osteoarthritis:n.[外科]骨关节炎;
Over the next 20 years he'd have 22 surgeries , including four spine operations, and hip replacement after hip replacement. 接下去的二十年他总共做了二十二次手术 这其中包括四次脊柱手术 和一次接一次的髋关节置换手术
surgeries:n.外科手术(surgery复数); spine:n.脊柱,脊椎;刺;书脊; replacement:n.替换;更换;替代品;接替者;
He could barely raise his arm, turn his neck. 他几乎无法举起胳膊 转动脖子
barely:adv.仅仅,勉强;几乎不;公开地;贫乏地;
He needed aluminum crutches to walk. 走路也要靠拐杖
aluminum:n.铝; crutches:n.拐杖,支撑物;叉状架(crutch复数);
His friends and former students became his doctors. 朋友和从前的学生变成了他的医生
One recalled that he probably had more nerve-block injections than anyone else on the planet. 据说他接受的神经阻滞麻醉次数 超过世界上任何一个人
recalled:v.记起;回想起;使想到;勾起;召回;(recall的过去分词和过去式)
Already a workaholic , he worked even more --15- to 18-hour days. 他每天工作15到18个小时
workaholic:n.专心工作的人; adj.醉心于工作的;
Healing others became more than just his job, it was his own most effective form of relief. 治疗他人不仅仅是他的工作 而是他一生的信仰
Healing:n.康复; adj.痊愈中的; v.(使)康复,复原; (heal的现在分词) effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象;
'"If I wasn't as busy as I am," he told a reporter at the time, "I would be a completely disabled guy." “如果我不这么工作下去” 他告诉记者 “我将会是一个废人”
On a business trip to Florida in the early 1980s, 在1980年代早期一次去佛罗里达的出差中
Bonica got a former student to drive him to the Hyde Park area in Tampa . 博尼卡让一个从前的学生载着自己去Tampa的海德公园
Tampa:n.坦帕市(美国佛罗里达州西部港市);
They drove past palm trees and pulled up to an old mansion , with giant silver howitzer cannons hidden in the garage . 他们穿过一排排棕榈树 停在了里面有银色巨大的加农炮的车庫前
palm:n.手掌;手心;棕榈树;v.把…藏在手中(尤指玩戏法); mansion:n.大厦;宅邸; giant:n.巨人;伟人;巨兽;adj.巨大的;特大的 silver:n.银; v.给…镀(或包)银; adj.银色的; howitzer:n.[军]榴弹炮; cannons:n.大炮; v.炮击; garage:n.车库;汽车修理厂;飞机库;v.把…送入车库;把(汽车)开进车库;
The house belonged to the Zacchini family, who were something like American circus royalty . 这间房子属于査西尼一家 査西尼一家差不多是美国马戏团的贵族
royalty:n.皇室;版税;王权;专利税;
Decades earlier, Bonica had watched them, clad in silver jumpsuits and goggles , doing the act they pioneered -- the Human Cannonball. 几十年前 博尼卡曾经看过他们的表演 身穿银色紧身衣头戴护目镜 来表演人体大炮
clad:adj.穿衣的; vt.在金属外覆以另一种金属; v.穿衣(clothe的过去式和过去分词); jumpsuits:连衣裤(jumsuit的复数); goggles:n.护目镜;风镜;游泳镜;v.瞪大眼睛看;(goggle的第三人称单数和复数)
But now they were like him: retired. 不过现在他们和他一样 業已退休
That generation is all dead now, including Bonica, so there's no way to know exactly what they said that day. 那一代人都已经消逝（包括博尼卡） 所以没有人知道他们谈论了什么
But still, I love imagining it. 不过我很喜欢想像那一天发生的事情
The strongman and the human cannonballs reunited , showing off old scars, and new ones. 壮汉和人体大炮表演者重逢 互相炫耀自己的伤疤
cannonballs:n.炮弹; reunited:v.重聚;使再结合(reunite的过去式和过去分词);
Maybe Bonica gave them medical advice. 或许博尼卡告诉他们如何疗伤
Maybe he told them what he later said in an oral history , which is that his time in the circus and wrestling deeply molded his life. 或许他会告诉他们 在马戏团和摔跤的经历塑造了他的生活
oral history:n.口述历史(用访谈录音方法);口述历史学; molded:adj.模塑的;造形的;
Bonica saw pain close up. 博尼卡将病痛视为生命的一部分
He felt it. He lived it. 他感受它 和它为伴
And it made it impossible for him to ignore in others. 这让他无法忽视其他人的痛苦
ignore:v.驳回诉讼;忽视;不理睬;
Out of that empathy , he spun a whole new field, played a major role in getting medicine to acknowledge pain in and of itself. 出于同情 他意外开创了一个新领域 并于促使医学慎重对待疼痛上 扮演了重要角色
empathy:n.神入;移情作用;执着; spun:adj.纺成的;v.纺(spin的过去分词);旋转;
In that same oral history, 在一个采访中
Bonica claimed that pain is the most complex human experience. 博尼卡曾声称疼痛 是人类最复杂的体验
claimed:v.宣称;声称;断言;索取;认领;索要(claim的过去分词和过去式) complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施;
That it involves your past life, your current life, your interactions , your family. 它涉及了你从前的生活 你现在的生活 你的家庭 你的人际关系
involves:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加,加入(involve的第三人称单数) interactions:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰;(interaction复数)
That was definitely true for Bonica. 对博尼卡来说确实如此
definitely:adv.清楚地,当然;明确地,肯定地;
But it was also true for my mom. 对于我的母亲 依然成立
It's easy for doctors to see my mom as a kind of professional patient, a woman who just spends her days in waiting rooms. 医生很容易把我的母亲视为 一个 “职業病人” 一个常年待在候诊室的人
Sometimes I get stuck seeing her that same way. 有时我也是这么想的
But as I saw Bonica's pain -- a testament to his fully lived life -- 但是当我审视博尼卡先生的病痛 疼痛是他精彩一生的证明
testament:n.[法]遗嘱;圣约;确实的证明;
I started to remember all the things that my mom's pain holds. 我逐渐回想起我母亲的疼痛所包含的种种
Before they got swollen and arthritic , my mom's fingers clacked away in the hospital H.R. department where she worked. 在手指还没因关节炎变而浮肿之前 我母亲的双手于电脑键盘上 于医院的人事部工作
swollen:adj.肿胀的,浮肿的;浮夸的;激动兴奋的; arthritic:adj.关节炎的;n.[外科]关节炎患者; clacked:vi.噼啪响;唠唠叨叨讲;n.噼啪响;哔剥声;
They folded samosas for our entire mosque. 为大家包 samosas （咖喱角）
samosas:n.萨莫萨三角饺;
When I was a kid, they cut my hair, wiped my nose, tied my shoes. 当我还是个孩子的时候那双手为我理发 擦干净我的鼻子 为我系鞋带
Thank you. 谢谢大家
(Applause) （掌声）