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LarryBrilliant_2006-_希望消灭传染病_
I'm the luckiest guy in the world. 我是世界上最幸运的人
I got to see the last case of killer smallpox in the world. 我亲眼看到了世界最后一例的天花被消灭
smallpox:n.[内科]天花;
I was in India this past year, and I may have seen the last cases of polio in the world. 今年我又到了印度 我马上会看到世界最后一个小儿麻痹症案例
polio:n.小儿麻痹症(等于poliomyelitis);脊髓灰质炎;
There's nothing that makes you feel more -- the blessing and the honor of working in a program like that than to know that something that horrible no longer exists. 没有其他别的东西可以让你感到更加——尤其是当你在这一领域工作的话 看到这些疾病被消灭 没有比这更大的光荣与幸福了
horrible:可怕的,极讨厌的,
So, I'm going to tell -- (Applause) -- so, I'm going to show you some dirty pictures. 接下来——（掌声） 我会给大家展示一些很难看的图片
They are difficult to watch, but you should look at them with optimism because the horror of these pictures will be matched by the uplifting quality of knowing that they no longer exist. 它们很刺眼,但是我觉得我们需要以一种乐观主义的心态来看待它们 因为我们看到的这些恐怖的面容—— 造成这样的疾病已经被根除了
optimism:n.乐观;乐观主义; horror:n.恐惧;厌恶;震惊;对某事物的强烈畏惧(或憎恨); uplifting:adj.令人振奋的;使人开心的;
But first I'm going to tell you a little bit about my own journey . 首先我想讲一下我自己的历史
journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行;
My background is not exactly the conventional medical education that you might expect. 我并不是从传统的医学院出来的 你也许想象不到
conventional:adj.符合习俗的,传统的;常见的;惯例的;
When I was an intern in San Francisco, 当我还是在旧金山当实习生的时候
intern:n.实习医生; v.(战争期间或由于政治原因未经审讯)拘留;
I heard about a group of Native Americans who had taken over Alcatraz Island, and a Native American who wanted to give birth on that island, and no other doctor wanted to go and help her give birth. 我听说有一群北美的土著 占据了恶魔岛 还有个土著希望在那个岛上生产 但是没有任何一个医生愿意去那里为她提供帮助
Alcatraz:n.恶魔岛(等于阿尔卡特拉兹岛,是美国旧金山的头号景点,曾是联邦监狱所在地,也是一个野生动物的庇护所); Native American:n.美洲土著居民;
I went out to Alcatraz, and I lived on the island for several weeks. 于是我去了恶魔岛, 在那里住了好几个星期
She gave birth, I caught the baby, I got off the island, 她顺利的生下了孩子,我也离开了那个岛
I landed in San Francisco, and all the press wanted to talk to me because my three weeks on the island made me an expert in Indian affairs. 去到了旧金山,所有的报纸都希望采访我 似乎我在那个岛上三周的生活使我成为了印度问题专家
I wound up on every television show. 于是我就上了电视
wound:n.创伤,伤口;v.使受伤;受伤,伤害;
Someone saw me on television, they called me up, and they asked me if I'd like to be in a movie and to play a young doctor for a bunch of rock and roll stars who were traveling in a bus ride 有人在电视上看到我,给我打电话 问我是否愿意在一部电影里扮演一个年轻医生的角色 一起的还有一班摇滚明星,他们要从旧金山坐汽车去到伦敦
a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆; rock and roll:n.摇滚乐;摇滚舞;adj.摇滚乐的;
from San Francisco to England. And I said, yes, I would do that, so I became the doctor in an absolutely awful movie called " Medicine Ball Caravan ." 我说,很好啊 于是我就在一部相当糟糕的影片里当上了医生 影片名字是 Medicine Ball Caravan.
absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; Medicine Ball:n.健身实心球; Caravan:n.(可供居住的)拖车,大篷车; vi.乘拖车度假;
Now, you know from the '60s, you're either on the bus or you're off the bus. 提到60年代 你不是在汽车上就是在汽车外
I was on the bus. My wife and I, of 37 years, joined the bus. 我就在汽车上。我跟妻子两人加起来才37岁,就坐进了那样的汽车
Our bus ride took us from San Francisco to London. 汽车把我们从旧金山带到了伦敦
We switched buses at the big pond . We then got on two more buses and we drove through Turkey and Iran, Afghanistan , over the Khyber Pass, into Pakistan, like every other young doctor. 在大湖区我们 换了汽车,后来还上了另外两辆汽车 我们就穿过土耳其、伊朗、阿富汗 经过开伯尔山口,进入巴基斯坦。那时候很多年轻的医生都是这样
pond:n.池塘;水池(尤指人工的);v.把…挖成池塘;堵(溪流)水成池; Afghanistan:n.阿富汗(国家名称,位于亚洲);
This is us at the Khyber Pass, and that's our bus. 这是我们在开伯尔山口的照片,那是我们的汽车
We had some difficulty getting over the Khyber Pass, but we wound up in India. 要经过开伯尔山口还真不容易 但反正最后到了印度
And then, like everyone else in our generation, we went to live in a Himalayan monastery . 跟我们那个年代所有人一样 我们去了喜马拉雅山的一座寺庙
Himalayan:adj.喜玛拉雅山脉的; monastery:n.修道院;僧侣;
(Laughter) （笑声）
This is just like a residency program, for those of you that are in medical school. 就像是去那里实习 假如你是在医学院的话应该知道
residency:n.住处;住院医生实习期;
And we studied with a wise man, a guru named Karoli Baba, who then told me to get rid of the dress, put on a three-piece suit , go join the United Nations as a diplomat and work for the World Health Organization . 我们跟一非常智慧的导师学习,他叫Karoli Baba, 后来他告诉我脱下这和尚袍 穿上西装 加入联合国成为一名外交官 为世界卫生组织工作
guru:n.古鲁(指印度教等宗教的宗师或领袖);领袖;专家; three-piece suit:三件套; United Nations:n.联合国; diplomat:n.外交家,外交官;有外交手腕的人;处事圆滑机敏的人; Organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体;
And he made an outrageous prediction that smallpox would be eradicated , and that this was God's gift to humanity because of the hard work of dedicated scientists. 他甚至预言,天花最终会被消灭的 这将会是上帝带给人类的礼物 另外也多得科学家的努力
outrageous:adj.粗暴的;可恶的;令人吃惊的; prediction:n.预报;预言; eradicated:adj.画着根的;v.摆脱;擦掉;连根拔起(eradicate的过去分词); humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科; dedicated:adj.献身的; v.把…奉献给; (dedicate的过去分词和过去式)
And that prediction came true, and this little girl is Rahima Banu, and she was the last case of killer smallpox in the world. 后来他的预言实现了,这个小女孩叫Rahima Banu, 她是世界上最后一例的天花感染个案
And this document is the certificate that the global commission signed certifying the world to have eradicated the first disease in history. 这是一份文件,那是全球的委员会共同签署的 显示人类历史上第一次消灭了一种疾病
certificate:n.证明;证明书;合格证书;文凭;v.发给结业证书;(尤指)发给职业培训证书; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; commission:n.委员会;佣金;犯;委任;委任状;vt.委任;使服役;委托制作; certifying:v.证明;保证; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病;
The key to eradicating smallpox was early detection , early response . 消灭天花关键是早发现、早反应
eradicating:根除; detection:n.侦查,探测;发觉,发现;察觉; response:n.响应;反应;回答;
I'm going to ask you to repeat that, early detection, early response. 希望大家可以跟我重复一遍,早发现、早反应
Can you say that? 可以吗？
Audience: Early detection, early response. 早发现、早反应
Larry Brilliant: Smallpox was the worst disease in history. 天花是历史上最糟糕的疾病
It killed more people than all the wars in history. 历史上因为感染这一疾病而死亡的人比所有在战争中死去的人还要多
In the last century, it killed 500 million people. 单单是20世纪,就有5亿人因为感染天花而死亡
More than two -- you're reading about Larry Page already, somebody reads very fast. (Laughter) 假如你已经看到了关于拉里·配奇的介绍 有人肯定是阅读得很快
In the year that Larry Page and Sergey Brin -- with whom I have a certain affection and a new affiliation -- in the year in which they were born, two million people died of smallpox. 在拉里·配奇和谢盖尔·柏林出生那一年 我跟他们有些关系并且最近还成立了一个新的组织 他们出生那一年 就有200万人因为这个病而死
affiliation:n.友好关系;加入;联盟;从属关系;
We declared smallpox eradicated in 1980. 1980年,我们宣布世界根除了天花
This is the most important slide that I've ever seen in public health because it shows you to be the richest and the strongest, and to be kings and queens of the world, did not protect you from dying of smallpox. 这是我看到过的关于公共卫生的最重要一张幻灯片 它告诉你,即使你再有钱、再健壮 即使你是君王 也不能免于天花之害
Never can you doubt that we are all in this together. 我们的命运都是联系在一起的,这一点无可质疑
But to see smallpox from the perspective of a sovereign is the wrong perspective. 但从国家的角度 来看天花是错误的
perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的; sovereign:adj.至高无上的; n.君主;
You should see it from the perspective of a mother watching her child develop this disease and standing by helplessly . 你应当从一位母亲的角色来看这个问题 她只能看着自己的孩子受感染,而后病情一日一日恶化
helplessly:adv.无助地;无能为力地;
Day one, day two, day three, day four, day five, day six. 第一天、第二天、第三天、第四天、第五天、第六天
You're a mother and you're watching your child, and on day six, you see pustules that become hard. 你是母亲,看着自己的孩子这个模样 到了第六天,你看到脓疱变硬
pustules:n.[皮肤]脓疱(pustule的复数);
Day seven, they show the classic scars of smallpox umbilication. 第七天,就看到天花成脐形
classic:n.名著;优秀的典范;adj.最优秀的;第一流的;有代表性的;典型的;
Day eight. 第八天
And Al Gore said earlier that the most photographed image in the world, the most printed image in the world, was that of the Earth. But this was in 1974, 戈尔不久前说世界上印刷数量最多的照片是 地球的图片 但是在1974年
and as of that moment this photograph was the photograph that was the most widely printed because we printed two billion copies of this photograph, and we took them hand to hand , door to door, 在那个时候,这张图片是 印刷最多的 我们一共印了二十亿张 而后是逐家逐户的发放
hand to hand:adj.极接近的;白刃战的;传递到手的;
to show people and ask them if there was smallpox in their house because that was our surveillance system. We didn't have Google , we didn't have web crawlers , we didn't have computers. 向人们询问他们家里是否有天花病人 这就是我们的监控系统。我们那时候没有Google 也没有网络爬虫,没有计算机
surveillance:n.监督;监视; Google:谷歌;谷歌搜索引擎; crawlers:n.履带牵引装置(crawler的复数形式);
By day nine, you look at this picture, and you're horrified . 到第九天,看着这图片,你都会感到害怕
horrified:adj.惊骇的;带有恐怖感的;v.惊骇(horrify的过去式和过去分词);使…战悚;
I look at this picture and I say, "Thank God" 而我看到这图片,会说“谢天谢地”
because it's clear that this is only an ordinary case of smallpox, and I know this child will live. 因为很明显,这仅仅是一个普通的天花个案 这个孩子是可以活下去的
And by day 13, the lesions are scabbing , his eyelids are swollen , but you know this child has no other secondary infection . 到了第十三天,伤痕会长痂,孩子的眼睑会下沉 但可以知道,这孩子没有其他的二级感染
lesions:[生物]损伤; scabbing:n.碎甲;斑疤;v.结痂(scab的ing形式); eyelids:n.[解剖]眼睑;[解剖]眼皮(eyelid的复数); swollen:adj.肿胀的,浮肿的;浮夸的;激动兴奋的; secondary:adj.第二的;中等的;次要的;中级的;n.副手;代理人; infection:n.感染;传染;(身体某部位的)感染;传染病;
And by day 20, while he will be scarred for life, he will live. 这是到了第二十天,孩子也许会终身都带着伤疤,但是他还是可以活下来
There are other kinds of smallpox that are not like that. 还有别的天花并不是像这样的
This is confluent smallpox, in which there isn't a single place on the body where you could put a finger and not be covered by lesions. 这是一种发散型的天花 你看整个身体 连一跟指头大小没有被感染的肌肤也没有
confluent:adj.汇合的;融合性的;n.支流;
Flat smallpox, which killed 100 percent of people who got it. 这是平坦天花, 一旦感染上就必定丧命
And hemorrhagic smallpox, the most cruel of all, which had a predilection for pregnant women. 还有出血性天花,那是最毒的一种 怀孕妇女最容易感染
hemorrhagic:adj.出血的; predilection:n.偏爱,嗜好; pregnant:adj.怀孕的;富有意义的;
I've probably had 50 women die. They all had hemorrhagic smallpox. 我见过至少50人因此而死亡,都是感染了这个病毒
I've never seen anybody die from it who wasn't a pregnant woman. 没有一个因此死去的不是怀孕妇女
In 1967, the WHO embarked on what was an outrageous program to eradicate a disease. 1967年,世界卫生组织开始了一场极为浩大的运动 要根除一种疾病
embarked:v.上船;装船;(embark的过去式和过去分词)
In that year, there were 34 countries affected with smallpox. 那一年,有34个国家有天花个案
By 1970, we were down to 18 countries. 1970年,这一数字降到了18个
1974, we were down to five countries. 1974年, 五个
But in that year, smallpox exploded throughout India. 但是那一年,天花在印度感染蔓延开了
exploded:adj.分解的; v.爆炸; (explode的过去分词和过去式) throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及;
And India was the place where smallpox made its last stand. 也就是在印度,我们见到了最后一宗的天花
In 1974, India had a population of 600 million. 1974年,印度有6亿人
There are 21 linguistic states in India, which is like saying 21 different countries. 21种官方语言 也就是相当于有21个不同的国家
linguistic:adj.语言的;语言学的;
There are 20 million people on the road at any time in buses and trains, walking, 500,000 villages, 120 million households , and none of them wanted to report if they had a case of smallpox in their house 那个年代的任意时刻,都会有两千万的人不是在汽车上 就是在火车上或在路上,我们走遍了50座村庄,走访了1.2亿户人家 但是没有人愿意跟我们说他们家有天花的个案
households:n.家庭;拆迁户;家户(household的复数);
because they thought that smallpox was the visitation of a deity , 他们认为感染天花是因为有天神降临
visitation:n.访问;探视;视察;正式访问; deity:n.神;神性;
Shitala Mata, the cooling mother, and it was wrong to bring strangers into your house when the deity was in the house. No incentive to report smallpox. 那天神就是Shitala Mata, 降温女神 另外,把 陌生人带到屋子里也是不被接受的 因为神就在屋子里,所以没有人愿意报告天花的案例
incentive:n.动机;刺激;adj.激励的;刺激的;
It wasn't just India that had smallpox deities , smallpox deities were prevalent all over the world. 也不仅仅是在印度才有关于天花的神的传说 全世界各地都有这样的传说
deities:n.神明,神灵(deity的复数); prevalent:adj.流行的;普遍的,广传的;
So, how we eradicated smallpox was -- max vaccination wouldn't work. 那我们是怎么根除了天花的呢？要大范围的接种是不可能的
vaccination:n.接种疫苗;种痘;
You could vaccinate everybody in India, but one year later there'll be 21 million new babies, which was then the population of Canada. 即使今年给全印度的人注射了疫苗,但是下一年马上又有 两千一百万新生婴孩 这相当于加拿大的人口
vaccinate:vi.接种疫苗;vt.给…注射疫苗;n.被接种牛痘者;
It wouldn't do just to vaccinate everyone. 所以实现人人接种是不可能的
You had to find every single case of smallpox in the world at the same time and draw a circle of immunity around it. 必须是找到世界上每一个的天花案例去治疗 而与此同时也开展社区接种行动
at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时; immunity:n.免疫力;豁免权;免除;
And that's what we did. 我们做的就是这个
In India alone, my 150,000 best friends and I went door to door with that same picture to every single house in India. We made over one billion house calls. 单单是在印度,我就有15万的朋友跟我一起 挨家挨户的拿着这照片问 一共做了十亿次的家访
And in the process , I learned something very important. 在这一过程中,我学到了很重要一点
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
Every time we did a house-to-house search, we had a spike in the number of reports of smallpox. 我们每做一次家访 都会看到患病人数在上升
house-to-house:adj.逐户的,挨家挨户的; spike:n.长钉,道钉;钉鞋;细高跟;vt.阻止;以大钉钉牢;用尖物刺穿;
When we didn't search, we had the illusion that there was no disease. 当我们不是在调查的时候,会有一种错觉,认为这病已经根除了
illusion:n.幻觉,错觉;错误的观念或信仰;
When we did search, we had the illusion that there was more disease. 当我们在做调查的时候,就有另外 一种幻觉,以为事实比我们知道的严重得多
A surveillance system was necessary because what we needed was early detection, early response. 必须建立一个监控的体系 因为我们需要的是早发现早反应
So, we searched and we searched, and we found every case of smallpox in India. We had a reward . 我们不断的开展调查,并且找到了 印度的每一宗天花案例
reward:n.[劳经]报酬;报答;酬谢;v.[劳经]奖励;奖赏;
We raised the reward. We continued to increase the reward. 我们设立一个举报的奖励机制。并且逐步提高奖金数额
We had a scorecard that we wrote on every house. 在每家每户的得分板上都写着
scorecard:n.记分卡;一种用于检验或测试的系统或程序;
And as we did that, the number of reported cases in the world dropped to zero, and in 1980 we declared the globe free of smallpox. 采取了这样的措施后,向我们报告患病的人数降到了零 1980年,我们宣布,天花在这个地球上被完全消灭
It was the largest campaign in United Nations history until the Iraq war. 那是联合国在伊战以前所发起的最大一场运动
150,000 people from all over the world, doctors of every race, religion, culture and nation, who fought side by side , brothers and sisters, with each other, not against each other, in a common cause to make the world better. 来自全球的15万位医生 他们来自不同的种族、宗教、文化以及国家 大家并肩作战 为的是使得这个世界变得更加美好
fought side by side:并肩作战;
But smallpox was the fourth disease that was intended for eradication . 但天花是人类历史上第四次发起针对疾病的行动
intended:adj.预定的;计划的;v.打算;计划;想要;(intend的过去分词和过去式) eradication:n.消灭,扑灭;根除;
We failed three other times. 我们先前的三次行动都失败了
We failed against malaria , yellow fever and yaws. 我们对疟疾、黄热病以及 yaws 的斗争都失败了
malaria:n.[内科]疟疾;瘴气; yellow fever:n.黄热病(热带疾病,可导致死亡);
But soon we may see polio eradicated. 但后来我们看到了小儿麻痹症被消灭
But the key to eradicating polio is early detection, early response. 而实现这一目标的方法是早发现、早应对
This may be the year we eradicate polio -- that will make it the second disease in history. 今年我们也许可以赢得对小儿麻痹症的斗争 它将成为人类历史上第二次战胜一个疾病
And David Heymann, who's watching this on the webcast -- David Heymann, 他现在也在看直播
webcast:n.网络广播;网络直播;网路广播;
David, keep on going. We're close. We're down to four countries. David, 坚持这样的斗争吧,我们马上就要胜利了。现在只剩下四个国家有感染个案了
(Applause) （掌声）
I feel like Hank Aaron. Barry Bonds can replace me any time. 现在我就像棒球手Hank Aaron一样,Barry Bonds什么时候都能顶替我
Let's get another disease off the list of terrible things to worry about. 让我们再看看另外一个可怕的疾病
I was just in India working on the polio program. 不久前我在印度做小儿麻痹症的项目
The polio surveillance program is four million people going door to door. 这个项目我们逐家逐户的走访了400万户人家
That is the surveillance system. 这就是监控体系
But we need to have early detection, early response. 但需要强调的是,我们要早发现,早反应
Blindness, the same thing. The key to discovering blindness is doing epidemiological surveys and finding out the causes of blindness so you can mount the correct response. 失明也是同样的道理。发现失明的关键是 做传染病调查,并且发现致盲的原因 只有这样,我们才能找到正确的应对方法
epidemiological:adj.流行病学的; surveys:n.调查(survey的复数); mount:n.山;坐骑;山峰;衬纸板;v.登上;爬上;攀登;准备;
The Seva Foundation was started by a group of alumni of the smallpox eradication program who, having climbed the highest mountain, tasted the elixir of the success of eradicating a disease, wanted to do it again. Seva 基金会就是由当年参与消灭天花的 那群英雄发起的 他们登过了世界最高的山峰 尝试过因消灭一个顽疾而产生的快感 并且希望再来一次
Foundation:n.基础;地基;基金会;根据;创立; alumni:n.(统称)校友,毕业生; elixir:n.不老长寿药;万能药;炼金药;
And over the last 27 years, Seva's programs in 15 countries have given back sight to more than two million blind people. 过去27年里,Seva基金会的项目在15个国家 为200万人恢复了光明
Seva got started because we wanted to apply these lessons of surveillance and epidemiology to something which nobody else was looking at as a public health issue : blindness, which heretofore had been thought of only as a clinical disease. 因为我们希望把这样的预警以及相关的传染疾病的知识 应用到一个没有人会意识到 是公共医疗问题的领域 也就是失明 人们以前认为那只是一个门诊能解决的病
apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求; epidemiology:n.流行病学;传染病学; issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行; heretofore:adv.直到此时,迄今为止;在这以前; clinical:adj.临床的;诊所的;
In 1980, Steve Jobs gave me that computer, which is Apple number 12, and it's still in Kathmandu, and it's still working, and we ought to go get it and auction it off and make more money for Seva. 1980年,乔布斯把一台苹果电脑送给我,那是他们出产的第12台电脑 它现在还在加德满都,并且还能用 我想我们得去那里找到那台电脑,把它拍卖掉,拿那些钱用于支持Seva项目
auction:v.拍卖;竞卖;n.拍卖;
And we conducted the first Nepal survey ever done for health, and the first nationwide blindness survey ever done, and we had astonishing results. 我们也在尼泊尔开展了该国第一次的人口普查 以及第一次全国失明个案调查 得到的结果是让人惊讶的
conducted:v.组织;安排;实施;执行;指挥;带领;引导;(conduct的过去分词和过去式) astonishing:adj.令人十分惊讶的;v.使十分惊讶;使吃惊;(astonish的现在分词)
Instead of finding out what we thought was the case -- that blindness was caused mostly by glaucoma and trachoma -- we were astounded to find out that blindness was caused instead by cataract . 因为它跟我们设想的相差很大 我们以为失明大多数是因为青光眼或沙眼所致 但我们调查发现,失明的原因更多的是白内障
glaucoma:n.[眼科]青光眼;绿内障; trachoma:n.颗粒性结膜炎,[眼科]沙眼; astounded:adj.受惊骇的;被震惊的;v.使惊愕(astound的过去式和过去分词); cataract:n.[眼科]白内障;大瀑布;暴雨,洪水;奔流;vt.倾注;
You can't cure or prevent what you don't know is there. 要知道,医生只有当他知道事实上生了什么病,他才能对症下药
In your TED packages there's a DVD, " Infinite Vision ," 在你的TED礼品包里,有一张DVD,其标题是《无限视野》
Infinite:adj.无限的,无穷的; n.无限; Vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见;
about Dr. V and the Aravind Eye Hospital. 就是关于V博士以及他所创办的阿拉文眼科医院的
I hope that you will take a look at it. 希望大家有时间去看看
take a look at:看一看;检查;
Aravind, which started as a Seva project, is now the world's largest and best eye hospital. 阿拉文医院,一开始时是Seva基金会的一个项目 现在已经发展成为世界最好的眼科医院
This year, that one hospital will give back sight to more than 300,000 people in Tamil Nadu, India. 今年一年,阿拉文将可以帮助 印度泰米尔纳德邦30万人恢复视力
(Applause) （掌声）
Bird flu . I stand here as a representative of all terrible things -- this might be the worst. 还有禽流感。我站在这里是代表了各种悲剧性的事情 这也许会变得更糟
Bird flu:n.禽流感(鸟类传染病,可感染人类并导致死亡); representative:n.代表; adj.典型的;
The key to preventing or mitigating pandemic bird flu is early detection and rapid response. 解决和控制传染性禽流感的方法是 早发现、早反应
mitigating:adj.可考虑从轻处置的情节(或因素)v.减轻;缓和;(mitigate的现在分词) pandemic:adj.(疾病等)全国流行的;普遍的;n.流行性疾病;
We will not have a vaccine or adequate supplies of an antiviral to combat bird flu if it occurs in the next three years. 假如禽流感在未来3年内发生 我们是没有疫苗或足够的抗病毒药物来与之进行搏斗的
vaccine:n.疫苗;牛痘苗;adj.疫苗的;牛痘的; adequate:adj.充足的;适当的;胜任的; antiviral:adj.抗病毒的;抗滤过性病原体的;n.抗病毒物质(等于antidote); combat:v.战斗;防止;减轻;与…搏斗;n.战斗;搏斗;打仗; occurs:v.重现(occur的第三人称单数);
WHO stages the progress of a pandemic. 世界卫生组织在记录着病毒的发展情况
We are now at stage three on the pandemic alert stage, with just a little bit of human-to-human transmission , but no human-to-human-to-human sustained transmission. 我们现在是处于病毒警戒的第3级 有一点点的人传人现象 但还没有出现连续性的传染
alert:n.警报; adj.警觉的; v.向…报警; transmission:n.传输;传染;播送;发射;广播;传动装置; sustained:adj.持续的; v.维持; (sustain的过去分词和过去式)
The moment WHO says we've moved to category four, this will not be like Katrina. The world as we know it will stop. 当世卫说,我们到达第4警戒级别的时候 我们看到的将会是比卡特里那风灾后更悲惨的世界。因为整个世界都将停滞下来
category:n.种类,分类;[数]范畴;
There'll be no airplanes flying. 没有任何的飞机敢起飞
airplanes:n.(美)[航]飞机(airplane的复数);
Would you get in an airplane with 250 people you didn't know, coughing and sneezing , when you knew that some of them might carry a disease that could kill you, for which you had no antivirals or vaccine? 试想一下,假如一架飞机上的250名乘客里 有人在感冒咳嗽,你知道他们有可能把病传染给你 并且这个病可以引致死亡,你也找不到药来医这种病 你还敢搭这飞机吗？
sneezing:n.打喷嚏;v.打喷嚏(sneeze的ing形式); antivirals:n.[药]抗病毒药;抗病毒物质(antiviral的复数);
I did a study of the top epidemiologists in the world in October. 10月的时候,我对世界上最顶尖的流行病学家进行了一次调查
epidemiologists:n.流行病学家(epidemiologist的复数);
I asked them -- these are all fluologists and specialists in influenza -- and I asked them the questions you'd like to ask them. 我问他们——他们都是流感方面的专家 我提出的问题跟你们希望提的问题一样
influenza:n.[内科]流行性感冒(简写flu);家畜流行性感冒;
What do you think the likelihood is that there'll be a pandemic? 你预言流感再次爆发的几率有多大？
likelihood:n.可能性,可能;
If it happens, how bad do you think it will be? 假如真的发生,你认为最坏会发生怎样的结果？
15 percent said they thought there'd be a pandemic within three years. 有15%的人说,未来3年内会发生
But much worse than that, 90 percent said they thought there'd be a pandemic within your children or your grandchildren's lifetime. 而更糟糕的是 他们当中有90%的人认为我们的子辈和孙辈长大后 必将会发生流感爆发
And they thought that if there was a pandemic, a billion people would get sick. 假如真的出现 将会有10亿人患病
As many as 165 million people would die. 并且将有1.65亿的人因此而死亡
There would be a global recession and depression as our just-in-time inventory system and the tight rubber band of globalization broke, and the cost to our economy of one to three trillion dollars 全球经济也将走向萧条和衰退 人类临危而应对的那种体系将倒台 整个全球化的框架将崩溃 并且会给我们带来3万亿美元的经济损失
recession:n.经济衰退;经济萎缩;退后;撤回; depression:n.沮丧;洼地;不景气;忧愁; just-in-time:n.刚好及时;恰好够用;adj.及时生产的; inventory:n.存货,存货清单;详细目录;财产清册; rubber band:n.橡皮筋;胶带; globalization:n.全球化; economy:n.经济;节约;理财; trillion:n.[数]万亿;adj.万亿的;num.[数]万亿;
would be far worse for everyone than merely 100 million people dying because so many more people would lose their job and their healthcare benefits that the consequences are almost unthinkable . 不单是有1亿人因此而死,还有 很多人会因此而失去工作 他们的医疗保障也会丧失 整个后果简直是不堪设想
merely:adv.仅仅,只不过;只是; healthcare:n.医疗保健;健康护理,健康服务;卫生保健; consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数); unthinkable:adj.不能想象的;过分的;
And it's getting worse because travel is getting so much better. 并且随着交通变得越来越便利,情况变得越来越糟糕
Let me show you a simulation of what a pandemic looks like so we know what we're talking about. 让 我给大家演示一下,发生大流感是怎样子的 我们讲的就是流感
simulation:n.仿真;模拟;模仿;假装;
Let's assume , for example, that the first case occurs in South Asia. 我们假设第一个案例出现在南亚
assume:v.承担;假定;采取;呈现;
It initially goes quite slowly. 一开始时是悄无声息的
initially:adv.最初,首先;开头;
You get two or three discrete locations . 逐渐在其他一两个地方也发生了感染
discrete:adj.离散的,不连续的;n.分立元件;独立部件; locations:n.地方;地点;位置;定位(location的复数)
Then there'll be secondary outbreaks , and the disease will spread from country to country so fast that you won't know what hit you. 之后会有二级感染,病毒也会 从一个国家传到另一个国家,你甚至不知道什么病毒将会光临你身上
outbreaks:n.(战争的)爆发;(疾病的)发作;vi.爆发;
Within three weeks it will be everywhere in the world. 三周之后,病毒就传遍了全世界
Now, if we had an undo button, and we could go back and isolate it and grab it when it first started. If we could find it early, and we had early detection and early response, 假如我们可以返回,并且在这个病毒一出现的时候就抓到它 假如我们可以很轻松的发现这个病毒 并且早发现早反应
isolate:v.孤立; n.[微]分离菌; grab:v.攫取;霸占;将…深深吸引;n.攫取;霸占;夺取之物;
and we could put each one of those viruses in jail -- that's the only way to deal with something like a pandemic. 我们就能将这些病毒放到“监狱”了 这是我们应对大流感的唯一办法
jail:n.监狱;监牢;拘留所;v.监禁;下狱;
And let me show you why that is. 接着就解释一下
We have a joke. This is an epidemic curve , and everyone in medicine, 我们圈内有个笑话。这是病毒传播的一个图
epidemic:n.流行病;蔓延;adj.传染病;流行性的; curve:n.曲线;弯曲;曲面;弧线;v.(使)沿曲线移动;呈曲线形;
I think, ultimately gets to know what it is. 我想医疗药品行业的应当会知道
ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究;
But the joke is, an epidemiologist likes to arrive at an epidemic right here and ride to glory on the downhill curve. 这个笑话是说,流行病学家喜欢 一头栽到这里,而后走向另一侧的荣誉
downhill:adv.下坡;向下;每况愈下;adj.下坡的;容易的;n.下坡;滑降;
But you don't get to do that usually. 但是通常都做不到
You usually arrive right about here. 你通常只能到达这里
What we really want is to arrive right here, so we can stop the epidemic. 但我们所希望的是到达这里,这样我们才能够阻止流行病的扩散
But you can't always do that. But there's an organization that has been able to find a way to learn when the first cases occur, and that is called GPHIN. 但不能每次都做到,但是有 一个组织 他们却做到了在每一次有新个案出现的时候都知道这些个案 它就是GPHIN
It's the Global Public Health Information Network. 全称是“全球公共健康信息网”
And that simulation that I showed you that you thought was bird flu, that was SARS. And SARS is the pandemic that did not occur. 刚才给大家看到的这个模拟图你会以为是禽流感 事实上那是非典。非典就是一个没有真正在全球范围内广泛传播的流行病
And it didn't occur because GPHIN found the pandemic-to-be of SARS three months before WHO actually announced it, and because of that we were able to stop the SARS pandemic. 因为GPHIN发现了这个后来演变为非典的病毒 它比世卫发现这一病毒还要早3个月 正是因为如此,我们才能阻止非典的蔓延
And I think we owe a great debt of gratitude to GPHIN and to Ron St. John, who I hope is in the audience some place -- over there -- who's the founder of GPHIN. 我想我们要感谢GPHIN以及Ron St. John所做出的努力 我想他就在我们中间——就在那里 他是GPHIN的创始人
owe:v.归功于;欠(债);欠(账);欠(情) debt of gratitude:人情债; founder:vi.失败;沉没;倒塌;变跛;vt.破坏;使摔倒;垮掉;n.创始人;建立者;翻沙工;
(Applause) （掌声）
Hello, Ron. Ron, 你好！
(Applause) （掌声）
And TED has flown Ron here from Ottawa, where GPHIN is located because not only did GPHIN find SARS early, but you may have seen last week that Iran announced that they had bird flu in Iran, but GPHIN found the bird flu in Iran not February 14 but last September. TED让Ron从渥太华飞到这里来了,GPHIN总部就在那边 这个机构不单最早发现了非典 伊朗上周说他们国内出现了禽流感 GPHIN则早在去年的9月份就已经发现了那里出现禽流感个案
located:adj.位于; v.确定…的准确地点; (locate的过去分词和过去式)
We need an early warning system to protect us against the things that are humanity's worst nightmare . 我们需要一个早期预警系统 只有这样,我们才能避免走向人类最可怕的梦魇
early warning:adj.预先警报的,预警的;远程警戒的; nightmare:n.恶梦;梦魇般的经历;adj.可怕的;噩梦似的;
And so my TED wish is based on the common denominator of these experiences. 所以我的TED愿望正是基于以上的这些经历提出的
denominator:n.[数]分母;命名者;共同特征或共同性质;平均水平或标准;
Smallpox -- early detection, early response. 对于天花,我们要早发现,早反应
Blindness, polio -- early detection, early response. 对于失明、小儿麻痹症,同样是早发现早反应
Pandemic bird flu -- early detection, early response. It is a litany . 对于禽流感,同样,早发现早反应。道理就是这样一句话
litany:n.冗长而枯燥的陈述;连祷;
It is so obvious that our only way of dealing with these new diseases is to find them early and to kill them before they spread. 我们应对这些新型疾病的唯一手段 就是及早发现,并且在其蔓延开来之前将其灭绝
obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
So, my TED wish is for you to help build a global system, an early-warning system, to protect us against humanity's worst nightmares . 所以我的TED愿望就是建立一个全球的监控体系 早期预警系统 来保护人类免遭这些传染病的侵袭
early-warning:adj.预先警报的,预警的;远程警戒的; nightmares:n.噩梦;梦魇;极其糟糕的情况;(nightmare的复数)
And what I thought I would call it is Early Detection, but it should really be called Total Early Detection. 我想,可以称之为早期监控 但它更应当被称作“全面早期监控”（TED）
(Laughter) （笑声）
(Applause) （掌声）
But in all seriousness -- because this idea is birthed in TED, 我是认真的—— 因为这个想法是在TED诞生的
seriousness:n.严重性;严肃;认真;
I would like it to be a legacy of TED, and I'd like to call it the International System for Total Early Disease Detection. 我希望它可以成为TED的一个遗产 所以我希望将其命名为“国际早期传染病全面监控系统”
legacy:n.遗赠,遗产;
And INSTEDD then becomes our mantra . 于是INSTEDD成为了我们的口头禅
mantra:n.咒语(尤指四吠陀经典内作为咒文或祷告唱念的);颂歌;
So instead of a hidden pandemic of bird flu, we find it and immediately contain it. 不是等待一个潜伏的禽流感 而是及早发现并马上控制它
Instead of a novel virus caused by bio-terror or bio-error, or shift or drift , we find it, and we contain it. 不是坐视生物恐怖行为或生物实验失误 我们是发现它并控制它
novel:adj.新奇的;异常的;n.小说; shift:n.移动;变化;手段;轮班;v.移动;转变;转换; drift:v.漂移;漂流;飘;缓缓移动;n.趋势;大意;要点;流动;
Instead of industrial accidents like oil spills or the catastrophe in Bhopal, we find them, and we respond to them. 不是坐视类似工业意外或类似Bhopal那样的生态灾难 我们是发现它们,并且马上给予反应
industrial:adj.工业的,产业的; n.工业股票; spills:v.(使)洒出; n.洒出(量); (spill的第三人称单数和复数) catastrophe:n.大灾难;大祸;惨败; respond:vi.回答;作出反应;承担责任;n.应答;唱和;
Instead of famine , hidden until it is too late, we detect it, and we respond. 不是看着饥荒坐视不管,我们发现它并采取反应
famine:n.饥荒;
And instead of a system, which is owned by a government and hidden in the bowels of government, let's build an early detection system that's freely available to anyone in the world in their own language. 不是建立一个系统 让它由政府控制,并且存放于政府的某个角落 让我们建立一个早期预警监控系统 使得全世界人都能使用,并且可以使用他们自己的语言版本
bowels:n.内脏(尤指人的肠); v.取出…的肠子(bowel的第三人称单数);
Let's make it transparent , non-governmental , not owned by any single country or company, housed in a neutral country, with redundant backup in a different time zone and a different continent , and let's build it on GPHIN. Let's start with GPHIN. 让我们把它建成一个透明的、非政府控制的系统 它不会属于某个国家或公司 并且会在一个中立国家被托管 在不同时区以及不同的大陆上也有足够的备份 让我们就在GPHIN的基础上建立这个系统,让我们从GPHIN开始
transparent:adj.透明的;显然的;坦率的;易懂的; non-governmental:非政府的;非官方的; neutral:n.中立国; adj.中立的; redundant:adj.多余的,过剩的;被解雇的,失业的;冗长的,累赘的; backup:n.后援;增援;(文件等的)备份;adj.后补的;支持性的;伴奏的; time zone:n.时区; continent:n.大陆,洲,陆地;adj.自制的,克制的;
Let's increase the websites that they crawl from 20,000 to 20 million. 让我们把GPHIN所抓取的网站数量从2万提升到2000万
Let's increase the languages they crawl from seven to 70, or more. 让我们扩充其抓取源的语言数量,增加到70或更多
Let's build in outbound confirmation messages using text messages or SMS or instant messaging to find out from people who are within 100 meters of the rumor that you hear if it is in fact valid . 让我们建立一个允许市民发布信息的平台 使得人们可以用手机短信来告知我们最新疫情 当谣言传出时,让人们有办法了解到离自身方圆100米内的市民的动态 假如谣言会演变为真相的话
outbound:adj.出站;驶向外国的,向外去的; instant messaging:n.[IT]即时通讯; rumor:n.谣言;传闻;v.谣传;传说; valid:adj.有效的;有根据的;合法的;正当的;
And let's add satellite confirmation. 让我们加上卫星确认机制
And we'll add Gapminder's amazing graphics to the front end. 我们还可以把Gapminder的精彩图像放到这一系统的界面上
graphics:n.[测]制图学;制图法;图表算法;
And we'll grow it as a moral force in the world, finding out those terrible things before anybody else knows about them, and sending our response to them. So that next year, instead of us meeting here, 我们可以将此作为一种道德行动去推进 最快的去发现那些糟糕的事情 并且作出反应 我们都这样做的话,下一年我们再次在此相聚之时
moral:n.寓意;品行;教益;adj.道德的;道义上的;道德上的;品行端正的;
lamenting how many terrible things there are in the world, we will have pulled together, used the unique skills and the magic of this community , and be proud that we have done everything we can to stop pandemics , other catastrophes and change the world beginning right now. 我们不再抱怨 世界发生了多少糟糕的事情 我们将有办法通过这些手段以及动员 这一社区的力量 我们可以骄傲的宣布,我们尽了我们之所能去阻止传染病的发生 我们避免了许多灾难的发生,我们从此刻开始就在改变世界
lamenting:adj.悲伤的;悲哀的;v.悲痛;哀悼;惋惜(lament的ing形式); unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; pandemics:大流行;流行病; catastrophes:n.灾难;灾祸;横祸;不幸事件;困难;(catastrophe的复数)
(Applause) (掌声)
Chris Anderson: An amazing presentation . First of all , just so everyone understands, you're saying that by building -- by creating, web crawlers, looking on the Internet for patterns, they can detect something suspicious before WHO, before anyone else can see it? 安德森:这是十分精彩的演讲 首先,为了让大家都明白,你是说 通过网站信息的抓取,可以发现一些潜在的规律和模式 并且可以赶在世卫之前发现这些疾病 这是真的吗？
presentation:n.展示;描述,陈述;介绍;赠送; First of all:adv.首先; suspicious:adj.可疑的;怀疑的;多疑的;
Just explain. Give an example of how that could possibly be true. 你能解释一下吗？比方说举一个例子
Larry Brilliant: First of all, you're not mad about the copyright violation ? 好,首先,你对侵犯版权不会感到十分愤怒吧？
copyright:n.版权;著作权;adj.受版权保护的;未经准许不得复制的;v.获得…的版权; violation:n.违反;妨碍,侵害;违背;强奸;
CA: No. I love it. 不,我喜欢
LB: Well, you know, as Ron St. John -- I hope you'll go and meet him in the dinner afterwards and talk to him -- Ron St. John所做的就是这个 等下你可以在晚餐的时候见到他跟他聊几句
When he started GPHIN in 1997, there was an outbreak of bird flu. 他于1997年创立了GPHIN,那一年刚好发生禽流感
H5N1. It was in Hong Kong. And a remarkable doctor in Hong Kong responded immediately by slaughtering 1.5 million chickens and birds, and they stopped that outbreak in its tracks . 是H5N1,地点是香港 香港有位很英明的医生马上勒令宰杀150万只鸡和其他家禽 他们通过一些传染途径发现了禽流感的发生
remarkable:adj.卓越的;非凡的;值得注意的; responded:v.回答,回应;作出反应;响应;反应灵敏;(respond的过去式和过去分词) slaughtering:v.[畜牧]屠宰(slaughter的ing形式); n.[畜牧]屠宰; adj.屠宰的; tracks:n.小道;足迹;车辙;轨道;v.追踪;跟踪;(track的第三人称单数和复数)
Immediate detection, immediate response. 那就是马上发现马上行动
Then a number of years went by, and there were a lot of rumors about bird flu. 之后又过了几年 又传出关于禽流感的谣言
rumors:n.谣传,流言(rumor的复数);v.谣传(rumor的第三人称单数);
Ron and his team in Ottawa began to crawl the web, only crawling 20,000 different websites, mostly periodicals , and they read about and heard about a concern of a lot of children who had high fever and symptoms of bird flu. Ron和他的同事就在渥太华开始抓取相关网站信息 那时候只抓取了2万个网站,基本是一些期刊 他们读到了不少关于鸡的报道以及人们的担忧 很多人都发高烧,并且有禽流感的症状
crawling:v.爬行;匍匐行进;(crawl的现在分词) periodicals:n.期刊(periodical的名词复数形式); concern:v.涉及,关系到;使担心;n.关系;关心;关心的事; symptoms:n.症状;征候;征兆;(symptom的复数)
They reported this to WHO. WHO took a little while taking action because WHO will only receive a report from a government, because it's the United Nations. 于是他们向世卫报告了这一情况,世卫还过了一段时间才作出反应 因为世卫通常只接受政府提交的报告 因为它是联合国的一个机构
But they were able to point to WHO and let them know that there was this surprising and unexplained cluster of illnesses that looked like bird flu. 但是GPHIN却告诉世卫说 出现了这样一例可疑的 并且难以解释的类似禽流感的病毒
unexplained:adj.未经解释的;未经说明的;不清楚的; cluster:n.群;簇;丛;串;vi.群聚;丛生;vt.使聚集;聚集在某人的周围;
That turned out to be SARS. 最后人们发现那就是非典
That's how the world found out about SARS. 这就是我们发现非典病毒的故事
And because of that we were able to stop SARS. 正是因为早发现,我们才能控制非典
Now, what's really important is that, before there was GPHIN, 100 percent of all the world's reports of bad things -- whether you're talking about famine or you're talking about bird flu or you're talking about Ebola -- 100 percent of all those reports came from nations. 更重要的是,在GPHIN出现以前 世界100%的报告都是关于坏消息的 不管是关于饥荒或禽流感 或伊博拉病毒 所有这些由政府提交的报告都是关于坏事情的
Ebola:n.埃博拉病毒;
The moment these guys in Ottawa, on a budget of 800,000 dollars a year, got cracking , 75 percent of all the reports in the world came from GPHIN, 25 percent of all the reports in the world came from all the other 180 nations. 之后我们看到了这个来自渥太华的机构,他们只有每年80万美元的经费 却提交了75%的报告 其他180个国家政府加起来 只占25%
budget:n.预算,预算费;v.安排,预定;把…编入预算;adj.廉价的; cracking:n.破裂;开裂;adj.裂解的;分裂的;
Now, here's what's real interesting, after they'd been working for a couple years, what do you think happened to those nations? 最为有趣的是 他们做这个事情几年后 你说政府会怎么想？
They felt pretty stupid, so they started sending in their reports earlier. 他们感到自己这样做不行,就很早提交报告
Now their reporting percentage is down to 50 percent because other nations have started to report. 现在他们的报告比例下降到了50% 因为其他国家也可以提交报告
percentage:n.百分比;百分率;利润的分成;提成;
So, can you find diseases early by crawling the web? 所以你问我们能够通过抓取网站来知道发生了什么疾病吗？
Of course you can. Can you find it even earlier than GPHIN does now? 那是当然的。我们能够做得比GPHIN更早吗？
Of course you can. You saw that they found SARS using their Chinese web crawler a full six weeks before they found it using their English web crawler. 当然也是可能的 他们发现非典是抓取中文网络内容,花了6周时间 之后才在英文网站上见到相关报道
Well, they're only crawling in seven languages. 他们现在只抓取7种语言
These bad viruses really don't have any intention of showing up first in English or Spanish or French. 但是这些病毒是不会倾向于首先 在英语或法语或西班牙语国家出现的
intention:n.意图;目的;意向;愈合;
(Laughter) （笑声）
So, yes, I want to take GPHIN, I want to build on it, 所以说,我希望可以在GPHIN的基础上
I want to add all the languages of the world that we possibly can, 加入更多的语言
I want to make this open to everybody so that the health officer in Nairobi or in Patna, Bihar will have as much access to it as the folks in Ottawa or in CDC, 使得整个系统变得更加开放 让内罗毕或Patna或Bihar的医生 也能跟西方的医生一样,获取到重要的信息
and I want to make it part of our culture that there is a community of people who are watching out for the worst nightmares of humanity, and that it's accessible to everyone. 我希望这会成为一个社区 这样一群人,他们在密切注视着人类梦魇的出现 并且随时准备好告诉世人
accessible:adj.易接近的;可进入的;可理解的;