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LaraDurgavich_2019X-_从演化的观点来看人类健康和疾病_-
When I was approximately nine weeks pregnant with my first child, 当我怀第一胎大约九周的时候,
approximately:adv.大约,近似地;近于; pregnant:adj.怀孕的;富有意义的;
I found out I'm a carrier for a fatal genetic disorder called Tay-Sachs disease . 我发现我带有泰萨氏症的隐性基因, 一种致命的遗传性疾病。
fatal:adj.致命的;灾难性的;毁灭性的;导致失败的; genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的; disorder:n.混乱;骚乱;vt.使失调;扰乱; Tay-Sachs:n.家族黑蒙性白痴;adj.家族黑蒙性白痴病的; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病;
What this means is that one of the two copies of chromosome number 15 that I have in each of my cells has a genetic mutation . 意思就是说, 我每个细胞中的两条十五号染色体 其中有一条发生了基因突变。
chromosome:n.[遗][细胞][染料]染色体(形容词chromosomal,副词chromosomally); mutation:n.[遗]突变;变化;元音变化;
Because I still have one normal copy of this gene, the mutation doesn't affect me. 因为我仍然有一个正常的这种基因, 突变并不会影响我。
But if a baby inherits this mutation from both parents, if both copies of this particular gene don't function properly, it results in Tay-Sachs, an incurable disease 但如果宝宝从双亲 遗传到了这种突变, 如果两个这种基因 都无法发挥正常功能, 就会造成泰萨氏症, 这种疾病无法治愈,
inherits:v.继承;经遗传获得;接替(责任等);继任;(inherit的第三人称单数) incurable:adj.不能治愈的;无可救药的;n.患不治之症者,不能治愈的人;
that progressively shuts down the central nervous system and causes death by age five. 会渐渐让中枢神经系统停摆, 造成病人在五岁时就死亡。
progressively:adv.渐进地;日益增多地; central nervous system:n.中枢神经系统;
For many pregnant women, this news might produce a full-on panic . 这种消息可能会让 许多怀孕的女性极度慌张。
full-on:adj.最典型的;最强烈的; panic:adj.恐慌的;n.惊恐;恐慌;惶恐不安;v.惊慌失措;
But I knew something that helped keep me calm when I heard this bombshell about my own biology . 但,当我听到这个关于 我自身生物学的震撼弹时, 因为我知道一件事, 让我能保持冷静。
bombshell:n.炸弹;突发事件;引起震惊的人或事; biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学;
I knew that my husband, whose ancestry isn't Eastern European Jewish like mine, had a very low likelihood of also being a carrier for the Tay-Sachs mutation. 我知道我的丈夫 不像我有东欧犹太血统, 因此他几乎不可能 同时也带有泰萨氏症的突变基因。
ancestry:n.祖先;血统; Eastern:adj.东方的;向东的;东部的;东方国家的;n.东方人;东正教信徒; Jewish:adj.犹太人的;犹太族的; likelihood:n.可能性,可能;
While the frequency of heterozygotes , individuals who have one normal copy of the gene and one mutated copy, is about one out of 27 people among Jews of Ashkenazi descent , like me, in most populations, only one in about 300 people carry the Tay-Sachs mutation. 所谓的异型合子指的是 一对基因中有一个正常 另一个突变, 在像我这种阿什肯纳兹犹太裔身上 在大部分的人口中, 只有三百分之一的人 带有突变的泰萨氏症基因。
frequency:n.频率;发生率;重复率;频繁; heterozygotes:[遗]杂合子(heterozygote的复数); individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); mutated:突变;变成;经受突变; descent:n.下降;血统;袭击;vt.除去…的气味;使…失去香味;
Thankfully , it turned out I was right not to worry too much. 谢天谢地,结果的确是 不需要我太担心。
Thankfully:adv.感谢地;感激地;
My husband isn't a carrier, and we now have two beautiful and healthy children. 我先生没有突变基因, 现在我们育有两个健康的好孩子。
As I said , because of my Jewish background, 如我所言,因为我的犹太背景,
As I said:正如我所说的
I was aware of the unusually high rate of Tay-Sachs in the Ashkenazi population. 我知道在阿什肯纳兹族群当中 有异常高的泰萨氏症比率。
unusually:adv.非常;异乎寻常地;显著地;
But it wasn't until a few years after my daughter was born when I created and taught a seminar in evolutionary medicine at Harvard , that I thought to ask, and discovered a possible answer to, the question "why?" 但,一直到我女儿出生的几年后, 我在哈佛设计并教授 一场关于演化医学的研讨会时, 我才想到要问「为什么？」并去寻找可能的答案。
seminar:n.讨论会,研讨班; evolutionary:adj.进化的;发展的;渐进的; Harvard:n.哈佛大学;哈佛大学学生;
The process of evolution by natural selection typically eliminates harmful mutations . 天择的演化过程 通常会让有害的突变消失。
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; natural selection:n.自然选择;物竞天择; typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地; eliminates:消除;排除; mutations:n.[遗]突变;变化;转变(mutation的复数形式);
So how did this defective gene persist at all? 所以,这个瑕疵的基因 怎么能够留存下来？
defective:adj.有缺陷的;不完美的;n.有缺陷的人;不完全变化词; persist:v.保持;持续存在;维持;顽强地坚持;
And why is it found at such a high frequency within this particular population? 且为什么在这个特定的族群中 发生的比率特别高？
The perspective of evolutionary medicine offers valuable insight , because it examines how and why humans' evolutionary past has left our bodies vulnerable to diseases and other problems today. 演化医学的观点能提供 很有价值的洞见, 因为它在探究 「如何」及「为什么」 人类过去的演化造成我们的身体 很难抵抗现今的疾病和其他问题。
perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的; valuable:adj.有价值的;贵重的;可估价的;n.贵重物品; insight:n.洞察力;洞悉; vulnerable:adj.易受攻击的,易受…的攻击;易受伤害的;有弱点的; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
In doing so, it demonstrates that natural selection doesn't always make our bodies better. 透过这样的探究,可以发现 天择不一定会 让我们的身体变得更好。
demonstrates:v.证明;证实;论证;说明;演示;(demonstrate的第三人称单数)
It can't necessarily . 不见得。
necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地;
But as I hope to illustrate with my own story, understanding the implications of your evolutionary past can help enrich your personal health. 但,我希望能用 我自己的故事来说明: 了解你过去的演化有什么意涵, 便能协助充实你的个人健康。
illustrate:v.解释;加插图于;给(书等)做图表;表明…真实; implications:n.蕴涵式;暗指,暗示;含蓄,含意;卷入(implication的复数); enrich:v.充实;使丰富;使富有;使富裕; personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词;
When I started investigating Tay-Sachs using an evolutionary perspective, 当我开始从演化的观点 研究泰萨氏症时,
investigating:v.调查;研究;审查;(investigate的现在分词)
I came across an intriguing hypothesis . 我偶然发现一个有趣的假设。
intriguing:adj.有趣的;迷人的;v.引起…的兴趣;策划阴谋;私通;(intrigue的现在分词) hypothesis:n.假设;
The unusually high rate of the Tay-Sachs mutation in Ashkenazi Jews today may relate to advantages the mutation gave this population in the past. 现今的阿什肯纳兹犹太人具有 泰萨氏症突变的比率高到不寻常, 可能和过去这项突变带给这个族群的优势有关。
advantages:n.有利条件; v.有利于;
Now I'm sure some of you are thinking, "I'm sorry, did you just suggest that this disease-causing mutation had beneficial effects?" 我相信在座有人在想:「抱歉, 你刚刚的意思是 这种会造成疾病的突变 也有有益的效应？」
disease-causing:致病的; beneficial:adj.有益的,有利的;可享利益的;
Yeah, I did. 是的,没错。
Certainly not for individuals who inherited two copies of the mutation and had Tay-Sachs. 当然我指的不是 遗传到两个突变基因 且患有泰萨氏症的那些人。
inherited:v.继承(金钱、财产等);接替(责任等);继任;(inherit的过去式和过去分词)
But under certain circumstances , people like me, who had only one faulty gene copy, may have been more likely to survive, reproduce and pass on their genetic material, including that mutated gene. 但在某些情况下,像我这样的人, 只有一个基因有缺陷的人, 可能在过去比较容易生存、繁殖, 并将遗传物质传下去, 包括那个突变的基因。
circumstances:n.情况;环境;情形;(circumstance的复数) faulty:adj.有错误的;有缺点的; reproduce:v.繁殖;复制;再现;生育;
This idea that there can be circumstances in which heterozygotes are better off might sound familiar to some of you. 在某些情况下异型合子会比较好, 在座有人可能很熟悉这个想法。
familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友;
Evolutionary biologists call this phenomenon heterozygote advantage. 演化生物学家把这个现象称为 「异型合子优势」。
biologists:n.生物学家(biologist的复数); phenomenon:n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物);
And it explains, for example, why carriers of sickle cell anemia are more common among some African and Asian populations or those with ancestry from these tropical regions . 比如,它可以解释 为什么镰刀型红血球贫血症 比较常出现在一些 非洲和亚洲人的族群中, 或者祖先来自这些 热带地区的族群中。
sickle:n.镰刀; anemia:n.贫血;贫血症; tropical:adj.热带的;热情的;酷热的; regions:n.地区;地域;行政区;左近;(region的复数)
In these geographic regions, malaria poses significant risks to health. 在这些地理区域,
geographic:adj.地理的;地理学的; malaria:n.[内科]疟疾;瘴气; poses:姿势; significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物;
The parasite that causes malaria, though, can only complete its life cycle in normal, round red blood cells. 不过,造成疟疾的寄生虫 只能在正常、圆形的红血球 细胞中完成它的生命循环。
parasite:n.寄生虫;食客; life cycle:n.生命周期;寿命(产品等从开发到使用完毕的一段时间);
By changing the shape of a person's red blood cells, the sickle cell mutation confers protection against malaria. 镰刀型红血球细胞突变 能够改变人类红血球细胞的形状, 进而保护人类,抵抗疟疾。
confers:授予;商议;
People with the mutation aren't less likely to get bitten by the mosquitoes that transmit the disease, but they are less likely to get sick or die as a result . 有这种突变基因的人并不是 比较不会被传播疟疾的蚊子叮咬, 但他们比较不会因为 被叮咬而生病或死亡。
mosquitoes:n.蚊子(mosquito的复数); transmit:v.传送;发射;播送;传播;传染; as a result:结果;
Being a carrier for sickle cell anemia is therefore the best possible genetic option in a malarial environment. 因此,有镰刀型红血球贫血症 反而是在疟疾环境中 最好的遗传选项。
option:n.选择;可选择的东西; malarial:adj.患疟疾的;毒气的;
Carriers are less susceptible to malaria, because they make some sickled red blood cells, but they make enough normal red blood cells that they aren't negatively affected by sickle cell anemia. 这种人比较不会得到疟疾, 因为他们会制造 一些镰刀型红血球细胞, 但他们也会制造 足够的正常红血球细胞, 所以他们不会受到镰刀型 红血球贫血症的负面影响。
susceptible:adj.易受影响的;易感动的;容许…的;n.易得病的人; sickled:n.小镰刀;装在斗鸡脚上的镰刀形距铁;(狮子座中的)镰形星群; negatively:adv.消极地;否定地;
Now in my case, the defective gene I carry won't protect me against malaria. 在我的例子中,我身上的基因缺陷 并不会保护我抵抗疟疾。
But the unusual prevalence of the Tay-Sachs mutation in Ashkenazi populations may be another example of heterozygote advantage. 但在阿什肯纳兹族群中 泰萨氏症突变的比率 高到不寻常的现象 可能是另一个异型合子优势的例子。
prevalence:n.流行;普遍;广泛;
In this case, increasing resistance to tuberculosis . 在这个例子中, 增强的是对结核病的抵抗力。
resistance:n.电阻;抵抗;阻力;抗力; tuberculosis:n.肺结核;结核病;
The first hint of a possible relationship between Tay-Sachs and tuberculosis came in the 1970s, when researchers published data showing that among the Eastern European-born grandparents 点出泰萨氏症和结核病之间 可能有关联的第一个暗示 出现在 1970 年代, 当时研究者公布的资料显示 美国的阿什肯纳兹孩童 若在出生时就有泰萨氏症,
hint:n.提示;暗示;迹象;窍门;v.暗示;透露;示意;
of a sample of American Ashkenazi children born with Tay-Sachs, tuberculosis was an exceedingly rare cause of death. 他们在东欧出生的祖父母 因为结核病而死的比率低得惊人。
exceedingly:adv.非常;极其;极度地;极端;
In fact, only one out of these 306 grandparents had died of TB, despite the fact that in the early 20th century, 事实上,三百零六名祖父母中, 只有一名因结核病而死, 但在二十世纪初期
despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱;
TB caused up to 20 percent of deaths in large Eastern European cities. 在东欧的大型城市中 结核病的致死率高达两成。
Now on the one hand , these results weren't surprising. 一方面,这些结果很让人惊讶。
on the one hand:一方面;
People had already recognized that while Jews and non-Jews in Europe had been equally likely to contract TB during this time, the death rate among non-Jews was twice as high. 大家公认 在欧洲,虽然犹太人和非犹太人 在这段时期得到 结核病的机率差不多, 但非犹太人的死亡率却是两倍高。
recognized:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;(recognize的过去分词和过去式) contract:v.收缩;感染;订约;n.合同;婚约; death rate:n.死亡率;
But the hypothesis that these Ashkenazi grandparents had been less likely to die of TB specifically because at least some of them were Tay-Sachs carriers was novel and compelling . 但,假设这些阿什肯纳兹祖父母 比较不可能死于结核病, 就是因为他们当中至少 有些人带有泰萨氏症的基因, 这个假设很新颖且引人注目。
specifically:adv.特别地;明确地; novel:adj.新奇的;异常的;n.小说; compelling:adj.引人入胜的; v.强迫; (compel的现在分词)
The data hinted that the persistence of the Tay-Sachs mutation among Ashkenazi Jews might be explained by the benefits of being a carrier in an environment where tuberculosis was prevalent . 资料暗示, 阿什肯纳兹犹太人中 泰萨氏症突变一直存在, 这个现象的原因可能是 在流行结核病的环境中 带有这种基因是有益处的。
hinted:v.暗示;透露;示意;(hint的过去分词和过去式) persistence:n.持续;固执;存留;坚持不懈;毅力; prevalent:adj.流行的;普遍的,广传的;
You'll notice, though, that this explanation only fills in part of the puzzle . 但可以注意到, 这种解释只解开了拼图的一部分。
puzzle:n.谜;疑问;智力游戏;不解之谜;v.迷惑;使困惑;
Even if the Tay-Sachs mutation persisted because carriers were more likely to survive, reproduce and pass on their genetic material, why did this resistance mechanism proliferate among the Ashkenazi population in particular ? 即使泰萨氏症突变一直存在 是因为带有这种基因 比较有机会生存、 繁殖,再把遗传物质传下去, 那为什么这种机制 在阿什肯纳兹人口中特别明显？
persisted:v.持续(persist的过去分词);坚持不懈; mechanism:n.机制;原理,途径;进程;机械装置;技巧; proliferate:vi.增殖;扩散;激增;vt.使激增; in particular:尤其,特别;
One possibility is that the genes and health of Eastern European Jews were affected not simply by geography but also by historical and cultural factors . 一个可能性是,东欧犹太人的基因 和健康不仅受到地理的影响, 还会受到历史和文化因素的影响。
genes:n.基因;(gene的复数) historical:adj.历史的;史学的;基于史实的; cultural:adj.与文化有关的;文化的;与艺术、文学、音乐等有关的; factors:n.因素(factor的复数); v.做代理商;
At various points in history this population was forced to live in crowded urban ghettos with poor sanitation . 在历史上许多时点, 这个族群都被迫要住在拥挤 且卫生很差的都市犹太区。
urban:adj.城市的;都市的;城镇的;都市音乐的; ghettos:n.犹太社区(ghetto复数); sanitation:n.[医]环境卫生;卫生设备;下水道设施;
Ideal conditions for the tuberculosis bacterium to thrive . 这些条件相当适合结核菌生长茁壮。
bacterium:n.[微]细菌;杆菌属; thrive:v.繁荣;茁壮成长;蓬勃发展;兴旺发达;
In these environments, where TB posed an especially high threat, those individuals who were not carriers of any genetic protection would have been more likely to die. 在这些环境中, 结核病是特别大的威胁, 没有任何基因保护, 不带有突变基因的人, 更有可能会死亡。
posed:v.造成;引起;产生;提问;质询;摆好姿势;(pose的过去分词和过去式) especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分;
This winnowing effect together with a strong cultural predilection for marrying and reproducing only within the Ashkenazi community , would have amplified the relative frequency of carriers, boosting TB resistance but increasing the incidence of Tay-Sachs as an unfortunate side effect . 这种筛选效应 再加上阿什肯纳兹人强烈偏好 只和同族群结婚生子, 就有可能放大带有 突变基因者的相对数目, 促进对抗结核病的能力, 但不幸的副作用就是 泰萨氏症的发生率会增加。
winnowing:n.扬场;[粮食]风选;v.[粮食]风选;簸去糠皮(winnow的ing形式); predilection:n.偏爱,嗜好; reproducing:v.复制;繁殖(reproduce的ing形式);重述; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; amplified:v.放大;详述(amplify的过去分词);adj.放大的;扩充的; relative:adj.相对的;有关系的;成比例的;n.亲戚;相关物;[语]关系词;亲缘植物; boosting:n.助推,局部通风;升压加力;v.推进(boost的现在分词形式); incidence:n.发生率;影响;[光]入射;影响范围; side effect:n.副作用;附带后果;
Studies from the 1980s support this idea. 1980 年代的研究支持这个想法。
The segment of the American Jewish population that had the highest frequency of Tay-Sachs carriers traced their descent to those European countries where the incidence of TB was highest. 美国犹太人人口中 这个族群带有泰萨氏症 基因的人数最多, 他们追溯自己的世系到 结核病发病率最高的欧洲国家。
segment:n.段;部分;片;弓形;v.分割;划分; traced:v.发现;追踪;追究;描绘;记述;(trace的过去分词和过去式)
The benefits of being a Tay-Sachs carrier were highest in those places where the risk of death due to TB was greatest. 在这些地方,因为结核病 而死的风险最高, 因此带有泰萨氏症 基因的益处也最大。
And while it was unclear in the 1970s or '80s how exactly the Tay-Sachs mutation offered protection against TB, recent work has identified how the mutation increases cellular defenses against the bacterium. 虽然我们不清楚 在 1970 或 1980 年代时 泰萨氏症突变基因到底 如何提供对抗结核病的保护, 近期有研究发现 突变如何增加细胞 对抗细菌的防御能力。
unclear:adj.不清楚的;不易了解的; identified:v.确认;认出;找到;发现;说明身份;(identify的过去式和过去分词) cellular:adj.细胞的;多孔的;由细胞组成的;n.移动电话;单元;
So heterozygote advantage can help explain why problematic versions of genes persist at high frequencies in certain populations. 所以,异型合子可以解释 为什么在某些族群中 有问题的基因会大量延续下去。
problematic:adj.问题的;有疑问的;不确定的; frequencies:n.频率;发生率;重复率;频繁;(frequency的复数)
But this is only one of the contributions evolutionary medicine can make in helping us understand human health. 但,在协助我们了解人类健康上, 演化医学的贡献不只如此。
contributions:n.捐款;捐资;定期缴款;贡献;促成作用;(contribution的复数)
As I mentioned earlier, this field challenges the notion that our bodies should have gotten better over time. 如先前所言, 这个领域在挑战我们认为 人类身体会随时间变更好的观念。
notion:n.观念;信念;理解;
An idea that often stems from a misconception of how evolution works. 这个想法通常源自
stems:n.花草的茎或梗; v.阻止; (stem的第三人称单数和复数) misconception:n.误解;错觉;错误想法;
In a nutshell , there are three basic reasons why human bodies, including yours and mine, remain vulnerable to diseases and other health problems today. 概括来说, 有三个理由可以说明 为什么人类的身体, 包括你我的身体, 现今仍然很难抵抗疾病和其他问题。
In a nutshell:极简单地;简言之;简而言之;总而言之;
Natural selection acts slowly, there are limitations to the changes it can make and it optimizes for reproductive success, not health. 天择的速度很慢, 天择能做的改变有限, 且天择的目标是繁殖成功率 而非健康。
limitations:n.局限性;(限制)因素;边界(limitation的复数形式); optimizes:优化; reproductive:adj.生殖的;再生的;复制的;
The way the pace of natural selection affects human health is probably most obvious in people's relationship with infectious pathogens . 若想知道天择影响 人类健康的步调有多缓慢, 最明显的地方 就是人类和传染病病原体的关系。
obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的; infectious:adj.传染的;传染性的;易传染的; pathogens:n.[基医]病原体;病原菌;[基医]致病菌;
We're in a constant arms race with bacteria and viruses. 我们和细菌及病毒 经常在做军备竞赛。
arms race:n.军备竞赛; bacteria:n.[微]细菌;
Our immune system is continuously evolving to limit their ability to infect, and they are continuously developing ways to outmaneuver our defenses. 我们的免疫系统持续演化, 限制细菌及病毒的感染力, 它们则持续发展新策略 来击败我们的防御。
immune system:n.免疫系统; continuously:adv.连续不断地; evolving:v.(使)逐渐形成,逐渐演变;进化形成;(evolve的现在分词) outmaneuver:vt.以计谋胜过;运用策略击败;
And our species is at a distinct disadvantage due to our long lives and slow reproduction . 因为我们的寿命很长且繁殖缓慢, 人类这个物种明显占劣势。
species:n.[生物]物种;种类; a distinct disadvantage:处于明显不利的情况; reproduction:n.繁殖,生殖;复制;复制品;
In the time it takes us to evolve one mechanism of resistance, a pathogenic species will go through millions of generations, giving it ample time to evolve, so it can continue using our bodies as a host. 我们演化出一种对抗机制 所需要花的时间, 病原体物种就已经 经过了数百万个世代, 有很充裕的时间演化, 所以能够持续 用我们的身体当作宿主。
evolve:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成; pathogenic:adj.致病的;病原的;发病的(等于pathogenetic); ample:adj.丰富的;足够的;宽敞的;
Now what does it mean that there are limitations to the changes natural selection can make? 天择能做的改变有限是什么意思？
Again, my examples of heterozygote advantage offer a useful illustration . 同样可以用我的异型合子例子 来做说明。
illustration:n.插图;图解;示例;图示;
In terms of resisting TB and malaria, the physiological effects of the Tay-Sachs and sickle cell anemia mutations are good. 在抵抗结核病和疟疾方面, 泰萨氏症和镰刀型红血球贫血症突变的生理效应是很好的。
resisting:adj.稳定的;坚固的;v.抵抗;忍住(resist的现在分词); physiological:adj.生理学的,生理的;
Taken to their extremes , though, they cause significant problems. 不过,在最极端的状况, 它们会造成重大的问题。
extremes:n.极端不同的感情;极端;极度;极限;(extreme的复数)
This delicate balance highlights the constraints inherent in the human body, and the fact that the evolutionary process must work with the materials already available. 这种脆弱的平衡 强调出人类身体的天生限制, 以及演化过程一定得使用
delicate:adj.精致的,微妙的,脆弱的,熟练的,柔和的; highlights:n.拔萃,集锦; v.使突出(highlight的三单形式); constraints:n.[数]约束;限制;约束条件(constraint的复数形式); inherent:adj.固有的;内在的;与生俱来的,遗传的;
In many instances , a change that improves survival or reproduction in one sense may have cascading effects that carry their own risk. 在许多例子中,改善生存 或繁殖能力的改变, 在某种意义上, 可能会有一连串的效应,带有它们自己的风险。
instances:n.相依物体,例子; v.举例说明(instance的第三人称单数形式); improves:v.改进;改善;(improve的第三人称单数) survival:n.幸存,残存;幸存者,残存物; cascading:v.倾泻;流注;大量落下;(cascade的现在分词)
Evolution isn't an engineer that starts from scratch to create optimal solutions to individual problems. 演化并不像是工程师从零开始, 针对个别问题去创造解决方案。
from scratch:白手起家;从头做起; optimal:adj.最佳的;最理想的;
Evolution is all about compromise . 演化完全是妥协。
compromise:n.妥协;折中;互让;和解;v.妥协;违背(原则);达不到(标准);使陷入危险;
It's also important to remember, when considering our bodies' vulnerabilities , that from an evolutionary perspective, health isn't the most important currency . 还有一点也很重要, 在考量到我们身体的弱点时, 从演化的角度, 健康并不是最重要的货币。
vulnerabilities:n.缺陷(vulnerability的复数形式);脆弱点; currency:n.货币;通货;
Reproduction is. 繁殖才是。
Success is measured not by how healthy an individual is, or by how long she lives, but by how many copies of her genes she passes to the next generation. 判断成功与否, 看的不是一个人有多健康, 或者寿命多长, 而是这个人的基因 能复制多少份到下一代。
measured:adj.缓慢谨慎的; v.测量; (measure的过去分词和过去式)
This explains why a mutation like the one that causes Huntington's disease, another degenerative neurological disorder, hasn't been eliminated by natural selection. 这就说明了为什么突变, 比如造成另一种神经退化障碍 亨丁顿舞蹈症的突变, 并没有被天择给淘汰。
degenerative:adj.退化的;变质的;退步的; neurological:adj.神经病学的,神经学上的; eliminated:v.排除;清除;消除;(比赛中)淘汰;消灭;(eliminate的过去式和过去分词)
The mutation's detrimental effects usually don't appear until after the typical age of reproduction, when affected individuals have already passed on their genes. 这类突变的有害效应 通常要到一般的生育年龄 之后才会出现, 此时被影响的人也已经 把基因传给下一代了。
detrimental:adj.不利的;有害的;n.有害的人(或物);不受欢迎的求婚者;
As a whole , the biomedical community focuses on proximate explanations and uses them to shape treatment approaches . 总的来说, 生物医学领域的焦点是在 「近因解释」, 并用它们来发展治疗方法。
As a whole:总的来说; biomedical:adj.生物医学的; treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论; approaches:v.靠近,接近; n.方式,方法,态度;
Proximate explanations for health conditions consider the immediate factors: 对于健康状况的近因解释 会考量立即性的因素:
What's going on inside someone's body right now that caused a particular problem. 现在这个人的体内有什么现象 会造成某个特定问题。
Nearsightedness , for example, is usually the result of changes to the shape of the eye and can be easily corrected with glasses. 以近视为例, 通常是眼睛形状改变的结果, 很容易就用眼镜来校正。
Nearsightedness:n.近视眼;目光短浅;
But as with the genetic conditions I've discussed, a proximate explanation only provides part of the bigger picture. 但换成是我刚才讨论的基因状况, 近因解释就只能提供全貌的一部分。
Adopting an evolutionary perspective to consider the broader question of why do we have this problem to begin with -- what evolutionary medicine calls the ultimate perspective -- can give us insight into nonimmediate factors that affect our health. 采用演化的视角, 更广泛来思考我们一开始 为什么会有这个问题—— 演化医学所谓的「终极观点」—— 让我们能去洞察 影响健康的非立即性因素。
Adopting:v.收养;领养;采用;表决采纳;(adopt的现在分词) ultimate:adj.最终的;极限的;根本的;n.终极;根本;基本原则;
This is crucial , because it can suggest ways by which you can mitigate your own risk or that of friends and family. 这很重要, 因为从中可以找出一些方法 来将幫你自己或朋友家人 将风险降到最低。
crucial:adj.重要的;决定性的;定局的;决断的; mitigate:vt.使缓和,使减轻;vi.减轻,缓和下来;
In the case of nearsightedness, some research suggests that one reason it's becoming more common in some populations is that many people today, including most of us in this room, spend far more time reading, writing and engaging with various types of screen than we do outside, interacting with the world on a bigger scale . 在近视的例子中, 有些研究指出, 在某些族群中近视 更普遍的其中一个理由 就是现今有很多人, 包括在座的大部分人, 花在阅读、书写, 和接触各种萤幕的时间, 远多于我们花在外面, 和更大的世界互动的时间。
engaging:adj.有趣的; v.吸引住(注意力、兴趣); (engage的现在分词) interacting:v.交流;沟通;合作;相互影响;(interact的现在分词) scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢;
In evolutionary terms, this is a recent change. 在演化方面,这算是近期的改变。
For most of human evolutionary history, people used their vision across a broader landscape , spending more time in activities like hunting and gathering. 人类演化史上大部分的时间, 人们都把视力用在更广大的地景上, 花更多时间从事 如打猎和采集等活动。
vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见; landscape:n.景观;乡村风景画;(文件的)横向打印格式;v.对…做景观美化;美化…的环境;
The increase in recent years in what's termed "near work," 近年来,所谓的「近距离工作」增加,
focusing intensely on objects directly in front of us for long periods of time, strains our eyes differently and affects the physical shape of the eye. 聚焦在我们面前的物品上, 且持续很长的时间, 用不同的方式让眼睛疲惫, 影响眼睛的实体形状。
intensely:adv.强烈地;紧张地;热情地; directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就; strains:n.[微]菌株(strain复数); v.[力]拉紧; physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查;
When we put all these pieces together, this ultimate explanation for nearsightedness -- that environmental and behavioral change impact the way we use our eyes -- helps us better understand the proximate cause. 当我们把所有这些拼图拼起来, 这个近视的终极解释—— 即:环境和行为的改变影响了 我们使用眼睛的方式—— 能协助我们更了解近因。
behavioral:adj.行为的; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响;
And an inescapable conclusion emerges -- my mother was right, 而必然的结论就浮现了—— 我母亲是对的——
inescapable:adj.不可避免的;逃脱不了的; conclusion:n.结论;结局;推论; emerges:vi.浮现;摆脱;暴露;
I probably should have spent a little less time with my nose in a book. 我应该少花点时间埋头读书。
This is just one of many possible examples. 这只是许多可能例子中的一个。
So the next time you or a loved one are faced with a health challenge, whether it's obesity or diabetes , an autoimmune disorder, or a knee or back injury , 下次,当你或你亲爱的人 面临健康上的难题时, 不论是肥胖或糖尿病、 自体免疫疾病, 或膝盖或背部受伤,
obesity:n.肥大,肥胖; diabetes:n.糖尿病;多尿症; autoimmune:adj.自身免疫的;自体免疫的; injury:n.伤害,损害;受伤处;
I encourage you to think about what an ultimate perspective can contribute . 我都鼓励你去想想 最终观点能提供什么见解。
contribute:v.贡献,出力;投稿;捐献;
Understanding that your health is affected not just by what's going on in your body right now, but also by your genetic inheritance , culture and history, can help you make more informed decisions about predispositions , risks and treatments . 若你能知道你的健康 不仅会受到你的身体现状所影响, 也会受到基因遗传、 文化、历史的影响, 也许你就能根据更多资讯来做出 和体质、风险,及治疗相关的决策。
inheritance:n.继承;遗传;遗产; informed:adj.见多识广的; v.通知; (inform的过去分词和过去式) predispositions:n.倾向;素质;易染病体质; treatments:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;(treatment的复数)
As for me, 至于我,
I won't claim that an evolutionary medicine perspective has always directly influenced my decisions, such as my choice of spouse . 我不会宣称演化医学观点 向来都会直接影响我的决策, 比如我对配偶的选择。
claim:v.要求;声称;需要;认领;n.要求;声称;索赔;断言;值得; influenced:v.影响;对…起作用;支配;左右;(influence的过去分词和过去式) spouse:n.配偶;vt.和…结婚;
It turned out, though, that not following the traditional practice of marrying within the Jewish community ultimately worked in my favor genetically , reducing the odds of me having a baby with Tay-Sachs. 不过,结果发现, 不遵循传统做法 嫁给犹太族群的人, 最终反而在基因方面对我有好处, 减少我生出泰萨氏症宝宝的机率。
traditional:传统的,惯例的, ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究; genetically:adv.从遗传学角度;从基因方面; odds:n.几率;胜算;不平等;差别;
It's a great example of why not every set of Ashkenazi parents should hope that their daughter marries "a nice Jewish boy." 这是个很好的例子, 说明为什么阿什肯纳兹父母 不应该希望他们的女儿 嫁给「一个犹太好男孩」。
(Laughter) （笑声）（观众欢呼）
(Audience) Woo-hoo! 不过,更重要的是,
More importantly, though, the experience of learning about my own genes taught me to think differently about health in the long run , and I hope sharing my story inspires you to do the same. 不过,更重要的是, 了解我自己基因的这段经历 教导我如何用不同的方式 看待长期的健康, 希望藉由分享我的故事, 也能鼓舞大家这么做。
in the long run:长远;终究; inspires:激励;赋予灵感(inspire的第三人称单数);
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）