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KwabenaBoahen_2007G-_像人脑那样工作的电脑_
I got my first computer when I was a teenager growing up in Accra, and it was a really cool device . 我成长在阿克拉（加纳首都）,在我还是个少年的时候,我有了第一台电脑。 它真的是个很酷的玩意。
device:n.装置;策略;图案;
You could play games with it, you could program it in BASIC. 你可以用它来玩游戏,你可以用BASIC语言在上面编程。
And I was fascinated. 我被它迷住了。
So I went into the library to figure out how did this thing work. 于是我跑去图书馆想要弄明白这东西究竟是怎么工作的。
I read about how the CPU is constantly shuffling data back and forth between the memory, the RAM and the ALU, the arithmetic and logic unit. 我了解到CPU（中央处理器）是如何不断地让数据来回穿梭于 存储器--RAM (随机存取存储器)和 ALU -- 算术逻辑运算器。
constantly:adv.不断地;时常地; shuffling:v.拖着脚走;坐立不安;洗牌;(shuffle的现在分词) back and forth:前后移动的,来回的,反复的; RAM:v.相撞;挤进;n.公羊; arithmetic:n.算术,算法; logic:n.逻辑;逻辑学;逻辑性;adj.逻辑的;
And I thought to myself, this CPU really has to work like crazy just to keep all this data moving through the system. 我心想,CPU只有这样玩命地工作 才能让所有的数据在电脑系统中不停地运转呀。
like crazy:拼命地;发疯似的;
But nobody was really worried about this. 但并没有人真正担心过这些。
When computers were first introduced, they were said to be a million times faster than neurons. 当电脑首次问世时, 曾号称比人脑神经细胞快上一百万倍,
People were really excited, they thought they would soon outstrip the capacity of the brain. 人们相当激动,他们以为电脑将很快就能超越 人脑。
outstrip:vt.超过;胜过;比…跑得快; capacity:n.能力;容量;资格,地位;生产力;
This is a quote , actually, from Alan Turing : "In 30 years, it will be as easy to ask a computer a question, as to ask a person." Alan Turing 是这样说的: “不出30年,向电脑提问就会变得和向人提问一样的 简单。”
quote:v.引用;报价;举例说明;开价;为(企业的股份)上市;n.引用; Turing:n.图灵机(一种可不受储存容量限制的假想计算机);
This was in 1946. And now in 2007, it's still not true. 这句话是在1946年说的。现在都2007年了,还是没能兑现。
The question is, why aren't we really seeing this kind of power in computers that we see in the brain? 问题就在于,为什么我们不能真正地 让电脑具备人脑的功能呢？
What people didn't realize, and I'm just beginning to realize right now, is that we pay a huge price for the speed, that we claim is a big advantage of these computers. 过去大家都没意识到,而我也刚刚开始意识到的是 我们为了提升电脑的速度而付出了巨大的代价 这是因为速度被认为是电脑的一大优势。
claim:v.要求;声称;需要;认领;n.要求;声称;索赔;断言;值得; advantage:n.有利条件:优势:优点:
Let's take a look at some numbers. 让我们看一些数字。
take a look at:看一看;检查;
This is Blue Gene , the fastest computer in the world. 这是Blue Gene,世上最快的电脑。
Gene:n.基因;遗传基因;遗传因子;
It's got 120,000 processors; they can basically process 10 quadrillion bits of information per second. 它拥有120,000个处理器;基本上它们每秒可以处理 一万兆位元的信息。
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; quadrillion:n.百万之四次方;千的五次方;adj.千之五次方的;
That's 10 to the 16th. And they consume one and a half megawatts of power. 相当于10的16次方。并且它们还要消耗掉1.5兆瓦特的电力。
consume:v.消耗;吃;毁灭;烧毁; megawatts:n.百万瓦特(megawatt的复数);
So that would be really great, if you could add that to the production capacity in Tanzania. 如果你能把这些能量用到 坦桑尼亚的生产力上的话,那就简直棒极了。
It would really boost the economy . 它肯定能振兴经济。
boost:n.提高;增长;帮助;激励;v.使增长;使兴旺;偷窃; economy:n.经济;节约;理财;
Just to go back to the States, if you translate the amount of power or electricity this computer uses to the amount of households in the States, you get 1,200 households in the US, that's how much power this computer uses. 再回来看看美国, 如果你把这个电脑消耗的电能换算成 美国家庭的用电量, 那你会发现这相当于1200户美国家庭的用电量。 如此多的能量都被这个电脑消耗了。
translate:v.翻译;被翻译;被译成;(使)转变; electricity:n.电力;电流;强烈的紧张情绪; households:n.家庭;拆迁户;家户(household的复数);
Now, let's compare this with the brain. 现在,我们把这个电脑跟人脑做个比较,
compare:v.比较;对比;n.比较;
This is a picture of, actually Rory Sayres' girlfriend's brain. 这是Rory Sayres 女友的大脑图片,
Rory is a graduate student at Stanford. Rory 是斯坦佛大学的研究生,
He studies the brain using MRI, and he claims that this is the most beautiful brain that he has ever scanned. 他用MRI（核磁共振成像）研究大脑,他宣称 这是他扫描过的最美丽的人脑。
claims:v.宣称; n.声明; (claim的第三人称单数和复数)
(Laughter) （笑声）
So that's true love, right there. 这就是真爱吧。
Now, how much computation does the brain do? 那么人脑究竟能计算多少呢？
computation:n.估计,计算;
I estimate 10 to the 16 bits per second which is actually about very similar to what Blue Gene does. 我估计是每秒10到16位元 这其实很接近Blue Gene (世界上最快的电脑）的运算能力了。
estimate:v.估计;估算;估价;n.估价;(对大小、数量、成本等的)估计;估计的成本;
So that's the question. The question is, how much -- they are doing a similar amount of processing, similar amount of data -- the question is how much energy or electricity does the brain use? 那么问题就在这儿。那就是—— 他们的计算量相似,处理的数据量相似—— 可是人脑耗用了多少电能呢？
And it's actually as much as your laptop computer: it's just 10 watts. 实际上就相当于你的笔记本电脑的用电量: 只有10瓦。
laptop:n.便携式电脑;笔记本电脑;
So what we are doing right now with computers, with the energy consumed by 1,200 houses, the brain is doing with the energy consumed by your laptop. 我们目前使用电脑做的事情 消耗着相当于1200户家庭的总用电量, 而人脑做下来却只需要相当于笔记本电脑的用电量。
consumed:adj.沉迷…的; v.消耗,耗费; (consume的过去分词和过去式)
So the question is, how is the brain able to achieve this kind of efficiency ? 那么问题是,大脑是怎么达到如此高效的？
efficiency:n.效率;效能;功效;
And let me just summarize . So the bottom line : the brain processes information using 100,000 times less energy than we do right now with this computer technology that we have. 让我总结一下,这个结论是: 人脑用十万倍分之一的能量就处理了 我们目前的用电脑所处理的信息量。
summarize:v.总结;概述;概括;归纳; the bottom line:底线;本质内容;最底线; processes:n.过程; v.处理(process的第三人称单数形式); technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
How is the brain able to do this? 人脑是怎么做到这点的呢？
Let's just take a look about how the brain works, and then I'll compare that with how computers work. 我们先看看人脑是如何工作的, 然后我同电脑是怎么工作的相比较。
So this clip is from the PBS series , "The Secret Life of the Brain." 这个视频片段,剪辑自PBS（公共电视网）的系列片:“神秘的大脑”。
clip:v.剪辑;修剪;削减;固定;n.夹;夹子;速度;钳; series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书;
It shows you these cells that process information. 它向你展示了这些处理信息的细胞。
They are called neurons. 这些细胞叫做神经元。
They send little pulses of electricity down their processes to each other, and where they contact each other, those little pulses of electricity can jump from one neuron to the other. 神经元之间在传送信息的过程中会发出微小的电脉冲, 神经元互相接触时,这些微小的电脉冲 能够从一个神经元跳到另一个神经元。
pulses:n.[电子]脉冲(pulse的复数); v.使跳动; contact:n.接触,联系;v.使接触,联系; neuron:n.[解剖]神经元,神经单位;
That process is called a synapse . 这个过程被称为神经突触。
synapse:n.突触;
You've got this huge network of cells interacting with each other, about 100 million of them, sending about 10 quadrillion of these pulses around every second. 人脑所拥有的由神经元相互交织而成的网络相当庞大, 其中有大概一亿个神经元, 每秒发送约十万亿个这样的脉冲。
interacting:v.交流;沟通;合作;相互影响;(interact的现在分词)
And that's basically what's going on in your brain right now as you're watching this. 你正观看这个片子的时候,你的大脑基本上就这样运转着。
How does that compare with the way computers work? 怎么拿这个跟电脑的工作方式比较呢？
In the computer you have all the data going through the central processing unit , and any piece of data basically has to go through that bottleneck . 电脑把所有数据 都通过中央处理器来处理, 任何数据都必须通过那个瓶颈。
central processing unit:n.中央处理器;中央处理机; bottleneck:n.瓶颈;障碍物;
Whereas in the brain, what you have is these neurons and the data just really flows through a network of connections among the neurons, there's no bottleneck here. 然而在大脑中,你所拥有的是这些神经元, 数据是顺着连接神经元的网络流动 这里不存在瓶颈,
Whereas:conj.然而;鉴于;反之;
It's really a network in the literal sense of the word. 这是一个名副其实的网络,
literal:adj.文字的;逐字的;无夸张的;
The net is doing the work in the brain. 就是这个网络担负着大脑的运转。
If you just look at these two pictures, these kind of words pop into your mind. 看看这两张图片, 你的脑海中会跳出这样的词,
This is serial and it's rigid : it's like cars on a freeway -- everything has to happen in lockstep . 这一幅连续又呆板:就像在高速路上的汽车—— 一切必须按部就班;
serial:adj.顺序排列的; n.电视连续剧; rigid:adj.严格的;僵硬的,死板的;坚硬的;精确的; freeway:n.高速公路; lockstep:n.因循守旧;密集连锁的步伐;步伐一致;
Whereas this is parallel and it's fluid . 而这幅图平行而且有流动感,
parallel:adj.平行的; v.与…相似; n.极其相似的人(或情况、事件等); fluid:adj.流动的;流畅的;不固定的;n.流体;液体;
Information processing is very dynamic and adaptive . 其信息处理既非常活跃又很具适应性。
dynamic:n.动力; adj.充满活力的; adaptive:adj.适应的,适合的;
So I'm not the first to figure this out. This is a quote from Brian Eno: "The problem with computers is that there is not enough Africa in them." 我并不是第一个有这样想法的人。Brian Eno如是说: “电脑的问题就在于它还不能大到足以装下整个非洲。”
(Laughter) （笑声）
Brian actually said this in 1995. Brian 说这话时是1995年
And nobody was listening then, but now people are beginning to listen because there's a pressing, technological problem that we face. 当时没有任何人听进去, 但现在人们开始当真了 因为我们正面临着一个急迫的技术问题
technological:adj.技术[工程](上)的;因工艺技术高度发展而引起的;
And I'll just take you through that a little bit in the next few slides. 在下面几张幻灯片中我会带你们简略地了解一下这个问题:
This is -- it's actually really this remarkable convergence between the devices that we use to compute in computers, and the devices that our brains use to compute. 这个——实际上它是个真正非凡的聚合体 算是介于用电脑来计算的装置 和用人脑来计算的装置之间。
remarkable:adj.卓越的;非凡的;值得注意的; convergence:n.[数]收敛;会聚,集合; devices:n.[机][计]设备;[机]装置;[电子]器件(device的复数); compute:vt.计算;估算;用计算机计算;vi.计算;估算;推断;n.计算;估计;推断;
The devices that computers use are what's called a transistor . 电脑用的装置我们称之为晶体管。
transistor:n.晶体管(收音机);
This electrode here, called the gate, controls the flow of current from the source to the drain , these two electrodes . 这儿是电极,称为闸极,控制着从源极流向汲极的电流 就是这两个电极。
source:n.来源;水源;原始资料; drain:v.排水;流干;喝光,耗尽;n.排水;下水道,排水管;消耗; electrodes:n.[电]电极(electrode的复数);电焊条;
And that current, electrical current, is carried by electrons , just like in your house and so on. 而那电流,电流是由电子传送的, 就如同你房子里的电流一样,诸如此类。
electrical:adj.有关电的;电气科学的; electrons:n.[物]电子(electron的复数形式);
And what you have here is, when you actually turn on the gate, you get an increase in the amount of current, and you get a steady flow of current. 这里你要明白的是,当你打开闸极时, 电流量会增加,并且是股稳定电流。
steady:adj.稳定的; v.使稳定; v.稳定地; n.关系固定的情侣;
And when you turn off the gate, there's no current flowing through the device. 当你关掉闸极时,就没有任何电流流过这个装置了。
Your computer uses this presence of current to represent a one, and the absence of current to represent a zero. 我们用“一”来代表你的电脑有电流, 而用“零”来代表电脑无电流。
presence:n.存在;出席;参加;风度;仪态; represent:v.代表;表现;描绘;回忆;再赠送; absence:n.没有;缺乏;缺席;不注意;
Now, what's happening is that as transistors are getting smaller and smaller and smaller, they no longer behave like this. 现在的情况是当晶体管变得越来越小越来越小的话, 它们就不会再像这样运转了,
transistors:n.[电子]晶体管;晶体三极管(transistor的复数); behave:v.表现;(机器等)运转;举止端正;(事物)起某种作用;
In fact, they are starting to behave like the device that neurons use to compute, which is called an ion channel. 事实上,它们会开始像神经元用来计算的装置那样来运作, 这种装置被称作离子通道
And this is a little protein molecule . 这是个小小的蛋白质分子。
protein:n.蛋白质; molecule:n.[化学]分子;微小颗粒,微粒;
I mean, neurons have thousands of these. 我的意思是,神经元有成千上万个这样的分子。
And it sits in the membrane of the cell and it's got a pore in it. 而它就分布在细胞膜中并且自身还带了个小孔,
membrane:n.膜;薄膜;羊皮纸; pore:vi.细想;凝视;熟读;n.气孔;小孔;vt.使注视;
And these are individual potassium ions , that are flowing through that pore. 而这些是单独的钾离子, 在小孔中穿来过去。
individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; potassium:n.[化学]钾; ions:n.[化学]离子(ion复数);
Now, this pore can open and close. 现在,这个孔是能开能闭的,
But, when it's open, because these ions have to line up and flow through one at a time , you get a kind of sporadic , not steady -- it's a sporadic flow of current. 但是,当它打开时,由于这些离子必须排成一行 一个一个地穿过小孔,因此产生零星的,而非稳定的—— 一股断断续续的电流。
one at a time:每次一个;一次一个; sporadic:adj.零星的;分散的;不定时发生的;
And even when you close the pore -- which neurons can do, they can open and close these pores to generate electrical activity -- even when it's closed, because these ions are so small, they can actually sneak through, a few can sneak through at a time. 甚至当小孔闭合的时候——神经元做得到这点的, 它们可以通过开关这些小孔来产生电活动—— 甚至当孔闭合时,由于这些离子如此之小, 它们实际上可以偷偷地穿过,其中一些还可以同时偷偷地穿过。
pores:n.[陶瓷]气孔;毛穴(pore的复数);v.注视;熟读;沉思(pore的第三人称单数); generate:v.产生;引起; sneak:v.溜; n.鬼鬼祟祟的人; adj.暗中进行的;
So what you have is that when the pore is open, you get some current sometimes. 所以你得出的结论就是当小孔张开时, 有时候会产生一些电流
These are your ones, but you've got a few zeros thrown in. 这些就是“一”,但你也会额外得到些“零”;
And when it's closed, you have a zero, but you have a few ones thrown in, OK. 而当小孔闭合时,你则得到个“零”, 但你也能得到些额外的“一”,是的。
Now, this is starting to happen in transistors. 现在,这一原理正开始运用于晶体管,
And the reason why that's happening is that, right now in 2007, the technology that we are using, a transistor is big enough that several electrons can flow through the channel simultaneously , side by side . 而发生的原因就在于,在2007年, 我们目前使用的技术,晶体管的大小足以使 好几个电子能同时穿过通道,而且是并排地。
simultaneously:adv.同时地; side by side:adj.并肩的;并行的;
In fact, there's about 12 electrons can all be flowing this way. 事实上,大概有12个电子都可以这样穿过去。
And that means that a transistor corresponds to about 12 ion channels in parallel. 这意味着一个晶体管就相当于 12个并列的离子通道。
corresponds:v.相一致;符合;类似于;相当于;通信;(correspond的第三人称单数)
Now, in a few years time, by 2015, we will shrink transistors so much. 在几年时间内,到2015,我们会把晶体管体积缩得非常小,
shrink:v.收缩;减少;退缩;畏缩;n.精神病学家;心理学家;
This is what Intel does to keep adding more cores onto the chip, or your memory sticks that you have now can carry one gigabyte of stuff on them-- before it was 256. 这正是英特尔所致力于的事业:不断地往芯片上 或是你的记忆棒上添加更多的核,这样就使它们能有1G的内存 ——而以前才256MB。
Intel:n.美国英特尔公司(财富500强公司之一,以生产CPU芯片著称); cores:n.[晶体]核心; v.挖去(水果的)果心(core的第三人称单数); gigabyte:n.十亿字节;十亿位组; stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
Transistors are getting smaller to allow this to happen, and technology has really benefitted from that. 晶体管变得越来越小才使这一切得以实现 而技术更是得益于此
benefitted:适合于...(benefit的过去式和过去分词);对...有利;有益于...;
But what's happening now is that in 2015, the transistor is going to become so small, that it corresponds to only one electron at a time can flow through that channel, and that corresponds to a single ion channel. 但现在的情况是到2015年,晶体管将变得如此之小, 以至于它一次只能让一个电子 通过通道, 相当于一个单离子通道,
And you start having the same kind of traffic jams that you have in the ion channel, the current will turn on and off at random , even when it's supposed to be on. 因此就会开始出现像在单离子通道里发生的那种交通堵塞, 电流会随机地时断时续, 甚至在它理应通电的时候
random:adj.[数]随机的;任意的;胡乱的;n.随意;adv.胡乱地; supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式)
And that means your computer is going to get its ones and zeros mixed up, and that's going to crash your machine. 而那也就意味着你的电脑将会把 它的“一”和“零”们搞混淆,那么你这台机器就完蛋了。
So, we are at the stage where we don't really know how to compute with these kinds of devices. 所以,我们现在还处于 尚不真正清楚如何使用这类装置来运算的阶段
And the only kind of thing, the only thing we know right now, that can compute with these kinds of devices, are the brain. 而我们目前知道的唯一一件事,唯一 能用这类装置来进行运算的是我们人类的大脑
OK, so a computer picks a specific item of data from memory, it sends it into the processor or the ALU, and then it puts the result back into memory. 好吧,所以说电脑是从内存中中挑取特定的一项数据 把它传送给处理器或是ALU, 然后再将运算结果送还给内存。
specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药; item:n.条款,项目;一则;一件商品(或物品);adj.又,同上; processor:n.[计]处理器;处理程序;加工者;
That's the red path that's highlighted . 就是这着重标出的红色路线。
highlighted:adj.突出的;v.使显著;照亮(highlight的过去分词);
The way brains work, you have got all these neurons. 人脑工作的方式,用上了你能有的所有神经元。
And the way they represent information is they break up that data into little pieces that are represented by pulses and different neurons. 它们呈现信息的方式是 把数据粉碎成很小的碎片 并用脉冲和不同的神经元来表达。
represented:v.代表; (represent的过去式和过去分词)
So you have all these pieces of data distributed throughout the network. 而所有的数据碎片 都分散在这网络中。
distributed:adj.分布的;分散的;v.分发;分配;使分布(distribute的过去分词和过去式) throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及;
And then the way that you process that data to get a result is that you translate this pattern of activity into a new pattern of activity, just by it flowing through the network. 而你处理数据得到结果的方式则是 将这一种活动模式转化成一种新的活动模式, 仅仅就是让它在网络中流过而已。
So you set up these connections, such that the input pattern just flows and generates the output pattern. 这样你就建立起这些连接, 仅仅让输入模式流动 就能产生输出模式
input:n.投入; v.把(数据等)输入计算机; generates:[计]生成;发生; output:n.(人、机器、机构的)产量;输出;输出功率;输出量;v.输出;
What you see here is that there's these redundant connections. 现在你看到的是一堆多余的连接
redundant:adj.多余的,过剩的;被解雇的,失业的;冗长的,累赘的;
So if this piece of data or this piece of the data gets clobbered , it doesn't show up over here, these two pieces can activate the missing part with these redundant connections. 所以如果这块信息碎片,或这块信息碎片被损毁的话 它就不会在这儿显示出来了,这两份信息可以 通过这些多余的连接来激活缺失的部分信息
clobbered:v.狠击;猛打;惩罚;彻底战胜(或击败);(clobber的过去分词和过去式) activate:vt.刺激;使活动;使活泼;使产生放射性;vi.激活;有活力;
So even when you go to these crappy devices where sometimes you want a one and you get a zero, there's redundancy in the network that can actually recover the missing information. 所以即使你用的是这么些蹩脚的装置 有时会在你想要个一的时候给你个零 网络中的重复性 实际上却能恢复那些缺失的信息。
crappy:adj.蹩脚的;糟糕的;没价值的; redundancy:n.[计][数]冗余(等于redundance);裁员;人浮于事;
It makes the brain inherently robust . 它令大脑自然而然地强大。
inherently:adv.内在地;固有地;天性地; robust:adj.强健的;健康的;粗野的;粗鲁的;
What you have here is a system where you store data locally . 你这里所拥有的是一个只能存储本地数据的系统
locally:adv.在本地;局部地;在地方上;
And it's brittle , because at each of these steps has to be flawless , otherwise you lose that data. Whereas in the brain, you have a system that stores data in a distributed way, and it's robust. 而且很脆弱,因为它的每一个步骤都必须是准确无误的 否则你就会丢失数据。然而大脑系统 以分散的方式存储数据,且强大无比。
brittle:adj.易碎的,脆弱的;易生气的; flawless:adj.完美的;无瑕疵的;无裂缝的;
What I want to basically talk about is my dream, which is to build a computer that works like the brain. 我想讨论的基本问题是我的梦想, 那就是建造一个像大脑那样工作的电脑。
This is something that we've been working on for the last couple of years. 过去数年来我们一直在为此而努力。
And I'm going to show you a system that we designed to model the retina , which is a piece of brain that lines the inside of your eyeball . 而现在我将向你们展示一个我们设计的 模拟视网膜的系统 这一模拟系统就是覆盖在你眼球内部的一层大脑
retina:n.[解剖]视网膜; eyeball:n.眼球;眼珠;v.瞪着;逼视;盯住
We didn't do this by actually writing code, like you do in a computer. 实际上我们做的这一模拟系统并不像做电脑系统那样编程,
In fact, the processing that happens in that little piece of brain is very similar to the kind of processing that computers do when they stream video over the Internet. 事实上,这一小片大脑的 运作过程非常类似于 电脑从因特网上获取视频流的 过程。
They want to compress the information -- they just want to send the changes what's new in the image and so on -- and that is how your eyeball is able to squeeze all that information down to your optic nerve , to send to the rest of the brain. 人们想要压缩信息—— 人们只想发送新发生改变的图像,诸如此类—— 而那就是你的眼球如何 能把所有捕捉到的信息传送到你的视神经 再传送给大脑的其余部分
compress:vi.受压缩小;vt.压缩,压紧;精简; squeeze:v.挤;紧握;勒索;压榨;n.压榨;紧握;拥挤;佣金; optic:adj.光学的;视觉的;眼睛的;n.眼睛;镜片; nerve:n.神经;勇气;神经质;神经紧张;v.鼓足勇气;振作精神;
Instead of doing this in software, or doing those kinds of algorithms, we went and talked to neurobiologists who have actually reverse engineered that piece of brain that's called the retina. 取代了用软件或者做各种各样的算法来做这一系统 我们去问了神经生物学家 他们用反工程法解析了被称作视网膜的那片大脑。
neurobiologists:神经生物学家; reverse:n.反面; v.颠倒; adj.相反的;
And they figured out all the different cells, and they figured out the network, and we just took that network and we used it as the blueprint for the design of a silicon chip . 而且他们分析出所有不同的细胞 还分析出其网络,我们只是拿着那个网络 用它作为设计硅片的蓝图。
blueprint:vt.计划;制成蓝图;n.蓝图,设计图;计划; silicon chip:n.硅片;
So now the neurons are represented by little nodes or circuits on the chip, and the connections among the neurons are actually modeled by transistors 现在硅片上的小结点或电路代表神经元, 神经元之间的连接实际上由晶体管模拟
nodes:n.茎节;(根或枝上的)瘤,节,结;节点;(node的复数) circuits:n.环行路线;电路;线路;巡回赛;v.巡回;周游;(circuit的第三人称单数和复数)
And these transistors are behaving essentially just like ion channels behave in the brain. 这些晶体管的运作模式基本上 就如同大脑中的离子通道的运作模式。
behaving:v.表现:表现得体:有礼貌:(behave的现在分词) essentially:adv.本质上;本来;
It will give you the same kind of robust architecture that I described . 这是同我描述过的一样的强大结构。
architecture:n.建筑学;建筑风格;建筑式样;架构; described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式)
Here is actually what our artificial eye looks like. 这就是我们的人造眼睛的样子。
artificial:adj.人造的;仿造的;虚伪的;非原产地的;武断的;
The retina chip that we designed sits behind this lens here. 我们设计的视网膜硅片安置在这里的镜片后。
lens:n.透镜,镜头;晶状体;隐形眼镜;汽车的灯玻璃;v.给…摄影;
And the chip -- I'm going to show you a video that the silicon retina put out of its output when it was looking at Kareem Zaghloul, who's the student who designed this chip. 而这硅片——我将给你们看一段视频 是这个硅片视网膜的输出 当它看着Kareem Zaghloul 的时候, Kareem是设计这块硅片的学生。
Let me explain what you're going to see, OK. 让我解释一下你将看见什么,好吗？
Because it's putting out different kinds of information, it's not as straightforward as a camera. 由于输出各种不同信息 它不像相机那么简单。
straightforward:adj.简单的;坦率的;明确的;径直的;adv.直截了当地;坦率地;
The retina chip extracts four different kinds of information. 视网膜硅片摄取四种不同的信息。
extracts:n.提取物,[化学]萃取物(extract复数形式); v.[图情]摘录(extract的第三人称单数形式);
It extracts regions with dark contrasts , which will show up on the video as red. 它摄取黑色对比区域, 在视频上表现为红色。
regions:n.地区;地域;行政区;左近;(region的复数) contrasts:n.[经]反差,对比(contrast的复数); v.使…对比;
And it extracts regions with white or light contrast, which will show up on the video as green. 它也摄取白色或亮色对比区域, 在视频上显示为绿色。
This is Kareem's dark eyes and that's the white background that you see here. 这是Kareem的黑眼睛 而这儿是你所看见的白色背景。
And then it also extracts movement. 然后硅片也摄取物体的运动。
When Kareem moves his head to the right, you will see this blue activity there, it represents regions where the contrast is increasing in the image, that's where it's going from dark to light. 当Kareem把头转向右边, 你能看见那儿的蓝色活动区域, 它代表图像中对比加强的区域, 这一区域由暗变明。
represents:v.代表;维护…的利益;相当于;(represent的第三人称单数)
And you also see this yellow activity, which represents regions where contrast is decreasing , it's going from light to dark. 而且你也看见这块黄色活动区域, 它代表对比逐渐减弱区域, 这一区域由亮变暗。
decreasing:v.(使大小、数量等)减少,减小,降低;(decrease的现在分词)
And these four types of information -- your optic nerve has about a million fibers in it, and 900,000 of those fibers send these four types of information. 而这四种信息类型—— 你的视神经约有一百万根神经纤维, 这些神经纤维中的90万根 传送这四种信息。
fibers:n.纤维(fiber的复数);
So we are really duplicating the kind of signals that you have on the optic nerve. 所以我们真正地复制了视神经上的那类信号。
duplicating:n.复制;重复;v.复制;重复(duplicate的ing形式);
What you notice here is that these snapshots taken from the output of the retina chip are very sparse . 你这里所注意到的是这些 从视网膜硅片的输出信息所摄取的快照是非常分散的。
snapshots:n.[摄]快照(snapshot的复数);v.拍快照(snapshot的三单形式); sparse:adj.稀疏的;稀少的;
It doesn't light up green everywhere in the background, only on the edges, and so on. 在背景中并非到处都是亮色调的绿色, 仅仅在边缘如此,等等。
And this is the same thing you see when people compress video to send: they want to make it very sparse, because that file is smaller. And this is what the retina is doing, 而这同你所看见的一样 当人们压缩视频后发送:他们想把它做得很分散, 因为文件更小了。而这就是视网膜所做的一切
and it's doing it just with the circuitry , and how this network of neurons that are interacting in there, which we've captured on the chip. 仅仅用电路就做到了,而且这个神经网络是如何 在那儿相互作用的,我们都在硅片上捕捉到了。
circuitry:n.电路;电路系统;电路学;一环路; captured:adj.捕获的;被俘的;v.捕获;占领;引起;(capture的过去式和过去分词)
But the point that I want to make, I'll show you up here. 但是我要说的是,看这里。
So this image here is going to look like these ones, but here I'll show you that we can reconstruct the image, so, you know, you can almost recognize Kareem in that top part there. 这样的图像将看上去像那些图像, 但在这儿我将向你们演示我们能重组图像, 所以,你知道,你们几乎可以在那幅顶部图像分辨出Kareem.
reconstruct:vt.重建;改造;修复;重现; recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;
Here you go. 瞧,就是这个。
Yes, so that's the idea. 是的,这就是我的想法。
When you stand still, you just see the light and dark contrasts. 当你站着不动时,你只看见明暗对比。
But when it's moving back and forth, the retina picks up these changes. 但是当你前后移动时, 视网膜就摄取到这些变化。
And that's why, you know, when you're sitting here and something happens in your background, you merely move your eyes to it. 那就是为什么,当你坐在这儿, 在你的背后发生变化时,你也能知道, 你只要需要看一眼。
merely:adv.仅仅,只不过;只是;
There are these cells that detect change and you move your attention to it. 这些细胞探测到变化 你就把注意力转向它。
detect:vt.察觉;发现;探测;
So those are very important for catching somebody who's trying to sneak up on you. 这对你发现 想对你偷偷摸摸的家伙非常重要。
Let me just end by saying that this is what happens when you put Africa in a piano, OK. 让我这么说吧,作为这次演讲的结束,这就是 当你把非洲放入一架钢琴会发生的一切,好吧。
This is a steel drum here that has been modified , and that's what happens when you put Africa in a piano. 这是一架已被改装的钢鼓, 而那是你把非洲放入钢琴所发生的事情。
steel drum:n.钢鼓(用金属油桶制成的西印度乐器,用两根鼓棒敲击各处发出各种音调); modified:adj.改进的,修改的;改良的;v.修改;缓和;(modify的过去分词);
And what I would like us to do, is put Africa in the computer, and come up with a new kind of computer that will generate thought, imagination , be creative and things like that. 而我想让大家所做的是把非洲放入一台电脑, 变出一种新电脑 这种电脑将产生思想,具有想象力,充满创造力,以及诸如此类的能力。
come up with:提出;想出;赶上; imagination:n.想象;想象力;创造力;想象的事物; creative:adj.创造性的;
Thank you. 谢谢诸位。
(Applause) （掌声）
Chris Anderson: Question for you, Kwabena. Chris Anderson:Kwabena, 有一个问题问你,
Do you put together in your mind the work you're doing, the future of Africa, this conference -- what connections can we make, if any, between them? 你是否想过,在你正从事的工作 非洲的未来,和这次大会—— 在它们之间我们可以获得什么联系,如果有的话？
put together:..放在一起;组合;装配; conference:n.会议;研讨会;商讨会;体育协会(或联合会)
Kwabena Boahen: Yes, like I said at the beginning . Kwabena Boahen:是的,正如我一开始所说的,
at the beginning:首先;从一开始;起初;从头开始;
I got my first computer when I was a teenager growing up, in Accra. 我在阿克拉长大,在青少年时期有了第一台电脑。
And I had this gut reaction that this was the wrong way to do it. 我的本能反应是这种做法是错误的。
gut:n.勇气;肠道;内脏;v.损毁内部;取出…的内脏;adj.非理性的;本能的 reaction:n.反应,感应;反动,复古;反作用;
It was very brute force, it was very inelegant . 这是一种非常不理性的力量,非常不雅。
brute:adj.残忍的;无理性的;n.畜生;残暴的人; inelegant:adj.不雅的;粗野的;不优美的;
I don't think that I would've had that reaction, if I'd grown up reading all this science fiction , hearing about RD2D2, whatever it was called, and just -- you know, buying into this hype about computers. 我不认为我会有如此的反应, 如果我从小读着所有这些科幻小说, 听着有关星球大战中的机器人RD2D2,不管你怎么称呼它,只是--你知道的, 认同对电脑的这种炒作。
science fiction:科幻小说; hype:n.大肆宣传;皮下注射;vt.大肆宣传;使…兴奋;
I was coming at it from a different perspective , where I was bringing that different perspective to bear on the problem. 我是从一个不同的视角接触电脑的, 我正是带这这个不同的视角 来承受这个问题。
perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的;
And I think a lot of people in Africa have this different perspective, and I think that's going to impact technology. 而且我认为非洲许许多多人有这种不同的观点, 而且我认为这将影响到技术。
impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响;
And that's going to impact how it's going to evolve . 影响到技术的发展的方向。
evolve:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;
And I think you're going to be able to see, use that infusion , to come up with new things, because you're coming from a different perspective. 而且我认为你们将能目睹,利用那种新灌输的思想, 来创造新事物, 因为你们来自于一个不同的背景。
infusion:n.灌输;浸泡;注入物;激励;
I think we can contribute , we can dream like everybody else. 我觉得我们可以像其他任何人一样贡献自己的力量,构筑自己的梦想。
contribute:v.贡献,出力;投稿;捐献;
Chris Anderson: Thanks Kwabena, that was really interesting. Chris Anderson:谢谢,Kwabena,这真的很有意思。
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）