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KristenWenz_2019S-_为什么持有出生证明是一种人权？_-
So, when I was 14, my family was in the process of adopting my little brothers from Ethiopia . 我十四岁时, 我的家人正在跑流程,要将 我的弟弟们从衣索比亚领养回来。
in the process of:在…的过程中; adopting:v.收养;领养;采用;表决采纳;(adopt的现在分词) Ethiopia:n.埃塞俄比亚;
And one day my mom asked, "What day should we put for their birthday?" 有一天,我母亲问: 「写他们的生日时要写哪一天？」
'"Uh, the day they were born, obviously?" 「呃,不就是他们 出生的那一天吗？」
Ridiculous question. 可笑的问题。
Ridiculous:adj.可笑的;荒谬的;
And then my mom said, "Well, Kristen, neither of your little brothers have a birth certificate , so how do you suggest we find out when that was?" 接着,我母亲说: 「克莉丝汀,你的两个弟弟 都没有出生证明书, 你觉得我们要如何 查出他们出生的日子？」
birth certificate:n.出生证明(书);
Mind blown. 好震惊。
Now, 20 years later, I'm still working on it, except instead of trying to solve the mystery of my brothers' missing birth certificates , 二十年后,我仍然在为此努力, 只是,现在不是试着解决 我弟弟没有出生证明的谜,
certificates:n.[管理]证书(certificate的复数); v.用证书证明(certificate的单数第三人称);
I try to solve this problem globally. 而是解决全球的这个问题。
So what do birth certificates have to do with international development? 所以,出生证明 和国际发展有什么关系？
have to do with:与…有关;
To answer that, we have to look back at the original development agenda , the human rights agenda. 为了回答这个问题,我们得要 回头看看原始的开发重点, 人权的重点项目。
original:n.原件;原作;原物;原型;adj.原始的;最初的;独创的;新颖的; agenda:n.议事日程;
So in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, for the first time, set a shared vision of basic human rights and dignities that apply to all people in all nations: 1948 年,世界人权宣言 史上第一次 设定了基本人权 和尊严的共同远景, 适用于所有国家的所有人民:
Universal:adj.普遍的;全体的;全世界的;共同的; Declaration:n.宣言;宣告;宣布;公告; vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见; dignities:n.尊严;高贵; apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求;
Article 6, the right to be recognized as a person before the law. 第六条:
recognized:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;(recognize的过去分词和过去式)
Or, a legal identity . 或者,合法身分。
legal:adj.法律的;合法的;法定的; identity:n.身份;同一性,一致;特性;恒等式;
For children, this is a birth certificate. 对孩子来说,这就是出生证明。
And despite this being a universal human right , one billion people today have no record they exist, making it one of the greatest human rights violations of our time, yet nobody seems to know about it. 尽管这是一项世界人权, 现今有十亿人没有 存在于世界上的记录, 这是我们这个时代 最严重的人权违反之一, 似乎却没有人知道这件事。
despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; human right:n.人权; violations:n.违反,妨碍;违规或不雅行为(violation的复数形式);
In the face of world poverty and hunger, making sure everyone in the world has a legal identity doesn't really seem important, but in reality it is. 面临世界贫困和饥荒之际, 确保世界上人人都有合法身分 似乎不那么重要, 但,其实很重要。
In the face of:面对; poverty:n.贫困;困难;缺少;低劣;
See, early in my career , 在我的职涯初期,
career:n.职业;事业;生涯;经历;
I was working with a social worker in a slum community in Mumbai, and we were following up on a case with this little girl who had contracted polio as a baby and was paralyzed from the waist down. 我在孟买的贫民窟 和一位社工合作, 我们在追踪一个小女孩的案例, 她在婴儿时期染上小儿麻痹, 腰部以下都瘫痪。
social worker:n.社会工作者; slum:vi.(为猎奇或救济等)去贫民窟;n.贫民窟;陋巷;脏乱的地方; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; contracted:adj.契约的; v.使收缩; polio:n.小儿麻痹症(等于poliomyelitis);脊髓灰质炎; paralyzed:adj.瘫痪的;麻痹的;v.使麻痹;使无力;使失去勇气(paralyze的过去分词); waist:n.腰;腰部;(衣服的)腰部;有…腰身的;
When we arrived at the home, we found her on the floor. 我们到她家时, 我们发现她在地板上。
Her legs were badly scarred and infected , she was malnourished , she had never gone to school and she had spent most of her life confined to this small, dark room. 她的双腿有严重的伤疤 且受到感染, 她营养不良, 她从来没有上过学, 她人生中大部分的时间都被 关在这间又小又暗的房间中。
infected:adj.带菌的; v.传染; (infect的过去分词和过去式) malnourished:adj.营养不良的;营养失调的; confined:adj.狭窄的; v.限制(confine的过去式和过去分词);
When we left, I asked the social worker what the case plan was, and she said, "Well first, we have to get her a birth certificate." 我们离开时,我问社工 这个案例的计画是什么, 她说:「我们先幫她 弄一张出生证明。」
I was a little taken aback . 我有点吃惊。
taken aback:惊讶;
I said, "Well, don't you think we need to get her some social assistance and a safe place to live and into a school?" 我说:「你不认为我们应该 幫她寻求某种社会协助, 找个安全的住处,协助她上学？」
She goes, "Exactly, which is why we need to get her a birth certificate." 她说:「没错,这就是为什么 我们要幫她弄一张出生证明。」
See, without a legal identity, you are not recognized as a person by the government. 要知道,没有合法身分, 你不会被政府视为一个人。
And a person who doesn't officially exist can't access government services, and the government can only provide services for the number of people they know about. 没有正式被认可存在的人, 政府只能提供服务 给他们知道的人。
provide services for:提供业务办理;
Hence , people are overlooked , for example, by routine immunization services. 因此,举例来说,有人就会 被例行的免疫服务给忽略。
Hence:adv.因此;今后; overlooked:n.被忽视;v.忽视(overlook的过去式和过去分词形式);忽略;俯瞰; immunization:n.免疫;
People without a legal identity are both uncounted and unprotected . 没有合法身分的人不但没有 被算进去,也不会受到保护。
uncounted:adj.无数的;没有数过的; unprotected:adj.无保护的;未设防的;v.无保护;(unprotect的过去式和过去分词);
They're among the poorest members of society from the most marginalized communities . 他们属于社会中最贫穷的成员, 来自最被边缘化的社区。
marginalized:使边缘化;忽略;排斥(marginalize的过去式和过去分词); communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数)
They're victims of trafficking. 他们是人口贩运的受害者。
Human traffickers know that it's nearly impossible to find someone if there was never a record they existed in the first place . 人口贩子知道,如果一个人 本来就没有存在的记录, 要找到这个人就几乎是不可能的事。
traffickers:n.贩毒者(trafficker的复数); in the first place:首先;起初;
They're victims of exploitation , such as child marriage and child labor. 他们是剥削的受害者, 比如童婚及童工。
exploitation:n.开发,开采;利用;广告推销;
Without a birth certificate, how do you prove a child is still a child? 没有出生证明,你要如何证明 一个孩子仍然是一个孩子？
They're among the stateless; birth certificates provide proof of who your parents are and where you were born, the two main factors for acquiring nationality. 他们是无国籍的人; 出生证明可以证明 你的父母是谁、在哪里出生, 这两项资讯是取得 国籍的主要因子。 这两项资讯是取得 国籍的主要因子。
proof:n.证据;证实;adj.能抵御;可防护; factors:n.因素(factor的复数); v.做代理商; acquiring:n.捕获,探测;习得;瞄准;v.获得;(acquire的现在分词);
Of the one billion people in the world without a legal identity, the vast majority are children who were never registered at birth. 全世界没有合法身分的十亿人中, 绝大部分都是孩童, 他们在出生时就没有登记。
majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人: registered:adj.登记过的;记名的;挂号的;v.登记;注册;(register的过去式和过去分词)
In the least developed nations, the births of over 60 percent of children have never been recorded. 在开发程度最低的国家中, 超过六成的孩童 在出生时都没有做记录。
In the least:一点;丝毫;
A study across 17 countries in sub-Saharan Africa found that 80 percent of children did not have a birth certificate. 一项针对撒哈拉以南非洲 十七个国家所做的研究 发现有八成的孩童没有出生证明。
sub-Saharan:撒哈拉以南地区;
Out of the countries that have not yet achieved universal birth registration coverage , in 26 countries, a birth certificate is required to access health care , including vaccines . 在还没有达成全民 都有出生登记的国家当中, 有二十六个国家要求要有 出生证明才能取得健康照护, 包括施打疫苗也要。
registration:n.登记;注册;挂号; coverage:n.覆盖,覆盖范围; health care:n.卫生保健; vaccines:n.[药][计]疫苗;
In 37 countries, it's required to access social assistance intended to bring people out of poverty. 有三十七个国家要求 要有出生证明才能取得 幫助人民脱离贫困的社会协助。
intended:adj.预定的;计划的;v.打算;计划;想要;(intend的过去分词和过去式)
And in 59 countries, a birth certificate is required for a child to be enrolled or complete school. 有五十九个国家要求孩子要有 出生证明才能上学或完成学業。
enrolled:v.(使)加入;注册;登记;(enroll的过去分词和过去式)
A birth certificate is also often required for other forms of legal identity, like a national ID or a passport. 通常,办理其他形式的合法身分 也会需要出生证明, 比如国民身分证或护照。
And some form of legal identity in almost every country is required to vote, get a SIM card or open a bank account . 几乎每个国家都要求要有 某种形式的合法身分 才能投票、取得 SIM 卡, 或在银行开户。
SIM card:n.用户识别模块; bank account:n.银行账户;
In fact, of the 1.7 billion people in the world who are unbanked , 20 percent is due to not having a legal identity document. 事实上,全世界 有十七亿人没有银行帐户, 其中两成的原因是因为 没有合法身分文件。
unbanked:[金融]无银行账户;
Now, you don't have to be an expert to see that this, times a billion, is a big problem. 不用是专家也看得出来,这个问题乘以十亿倍有多严重。
So it's not surprising that evidence shows that improved birth registration coverage goes hand in hand with improved development outcomes , from poverty alleviation to better health, nutrition , education, economic improvement and safe and orderly migration . 所以,并不意外,有证据显示, 改善出生登记的普及率 与改善发展结果是息息相关的, 从扶贫, 到更佳的健康、营养、教育、 经济改善, 以及安全、有秩序的移民。
evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; improved:adj.改良的:v.改进:改善(improve的过去分词和过去式) hand in hand:adj.并进的;手拉手的;亲密的; outcomes:n.结果;成果;后果;出路;(outcome的复数) alleviation:n.缓和;镇痛物; nutrition:n.营养,营养学;营养品; economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; improvement:n.改进,改善; orderly:adj.有秩序的;整齐的;值班的;n.勤务兵;传令兵;护理员;adv.顺序地;依次地; migration:n.迁移;迁徙;转移;移居;
In 2015, world leaders came together and promised that they would uphold human rights of all people and leave no one behind in efforts to end poverty, hunger and reduce inequalities . 2015 年, 保证他们会支持所有人的人权, 不抛弃任何人, 致力于终结贫困、 饥荒, 以及减少不平等。
uphold:v.支撑;鼓励;赞成;举起; inequalities:n.[数]不等式;不均等,不平衡;不平坦(inequality的复数形式);
But how are they going to uphold human rights and how do they know if anyone is being left behind if they do not know who they are or where they are in the first place? 但,他们要如何支持人权, 他们要如何知道有谁被抛弃, 如果他们打从一开始就根本 不知道这些人是谁、在哪里？
So what can countries do about this? 因此,国家能怎么做？
Now, there's no one-size-fits-all model, because every country context is unique . 没有一个世界通用的模型, 因为每个国家的情况 都是独一无二的。
one-size-fits-all:一刀切;一体适用;万全之策; context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉; unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物;
There are five proven interventions that can be applied to any system. 有五项已经证明过的干预方式 可以应用在任何制度上。
interventions:n.[法]干预,干涉;处置(intervention的复数); applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式)
Number one, reduce the distance. 第一,减少距离。
Two, remove the cost. 第二,移除成本。
Three, simplify the process. 第三,简化流程。
simplify:vt.简化;使单纯;使简易;
Four, remove discrimination . 第四,移除歧视。
discrimination:n.歧视;区别,辨别;识别力;
Five, increase demand. 第五,增加需求。
Gender discrimination remains a hidden problem, because statistically , there's no difference between registration rates of boys and girls. 性别歧视仍然是个台面下的问题, 因为,男孩和女孩的登记比率 。 在统计上并没有差异
Gender:n.性别; statistically:adv.统计地;统计学上;
But the discrimination isn't against the child -- it's against the mother. 但,歧视并不是针对孩童—— 是针对母亲。
Angola was one of 35 countries that required a father's name or to be present in order for the child's birth to be registered. 有三十五个国家 在登记孩子出生时会要求 要填写父亲的名字或要父亲在场, 安哥拉是其中之一。
So in situations where the father is unknown, unwilling or unable to claim paternity , the mothers are legally prevented from registering the births of their own children. 所以,在一些情况下,生父未知, 或是生父不愿意 或者不能承认自己是父亲, 根据法律,母亲就无法 为他们自己的孩子登记出生。
unwilling:adj.不愿意的;不情愿的;勉强的; claim:v.要求;声称;需要;认领;n.要求;声称;索赔;断言;值得; paternity:n.父权;父系;父系后裔; registering:v.登记;注册;发表意见,提出主张;显示(读数);记录;(register的现在分词)
So to address this, Angola put a policy in place allowing mothers to register their children as a single parent . 为了处理这个问题, 安哥拉推出一项政策, 允许母亲以单亲家长的 身分为孩子做登记。
policy:n.政策,方针;保险单; single parent:n.单亲;
In Tanzania, in 2012, only 13 percent of children had a birth certificate. 在坦尚尼亚,2012 年 只有 13% 的孩童有出生证明。
So the government came up with a new system. 于是政府提出了一种新制度。
They put registration centers in existing infrastructure , such as community wards and in health facilities . 他们把登记中心开设在 既有的基础机构中, 比如社区病房 和健康相关场所。
infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造; wards:n.[医]病房(ward的复数); v.守卫; facilities:n.设施;设备;特别装置;特色;场所;(facility的复数)
So they brought the services closer to the people who needed them. 他们把服务带到距离 有需求的人民更近的地方。
They removed the fee. 他们取消了收费。
They simplified the process and automated it, so the birth certificate could be issued on the spot . 他们把流程简化及自动化, 让人民可以现场领取出生证明。
simplified:v.简化; (simplify的过去式) automated:adj.自动化的;v.(使)自动化;(automate的过去式和过去分词) issued:v.宣布;公布;发出;将…诉诸法律;(issue的过去分词和过去式) on the spot:adj.现场的;
To increase demand, they rolled out a public awareness campaign, letting people know that there's a new process and why it was important to register the births of their children. 为了增加需求, 他们推出了公众意识活动, 让人民知道有新的流程 以及为什么为孩子 做出生登记如此重要。
awareness:n.意识,认识;明白,知道;
In just a few years in the districts where the new system was put in place, 83 percent of children now have birth certificates, and they're in the process of rolling this out nationwide. 短短几年间,在实施 新制度的地区中, 83% 的孩童都有了出生证明, 现在他们正在 把这项制度推向全国。
So what can you do? 所以,各位能做什么？
See, I believe we are all united by our humanity . 我相信我们的人性 让大家团结成为一体。
united:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科;
We live on the same earth. We breathe the same air. 我们都住在地球上。 我们呼吸着相同的空气。
And while none of us chose to be born or the situation we were born into, we do get to choose how we live. 虽然我们都无法选择自己 生在何处、什么样的情况中, 但我们能选择怎样生活。
Change occurs when a moment of awareness or a moment of compassion inspires a person to act. 改变发生在觉醒的时刻 或同情的时刻, 那会鼓舞人采取行动。
occurs:v.重现(occur的第三人称单数); compassion:n.同情;怜悯; inspires:激励;赋予灵感(inspire的第三人称单数);
And through our collective action, we become the most powerful agents of change. 透过我们集体的行动, 我们就会变成最强大的改变媒介。
collective:adj.集体的;共同的;集合的;集体主义的;n.集团;集合体;集合名词; agents:n.代理人,经纪人;原动力;(agent的复数)
And when the cost of inaction is innocent children are left unprotected, unvaccinated , unable to go to school, growing up to be adults who are unable to find decent work or vote, 如果不采取行动的代价是 无辜儿童被抛弃、不受保护、 无法接种疫苗、无法去上学、 长大成人之后无法 找到好的工作或投票、
inaction:n.不活动;迟钝; innocent:adj.无辜的;无罪的;无知的;n.天真的人;笨蛋; unvaccinated:adj.未注苗的;未接种的; decent:adj.正派的;得体的;相当好的;
trapped in a cycle of poverty, exclusion and invisibility , it comes down to us to take this issue out of the darkness and into the light. 被困在贫穷的循环当中、 那就要靠我们 来把这个议题从黑暗中翻出来, 摊到阳光底下。
trapped:adj.受困的;受限制的;v.使落入险境;使陷入困境;(trap的过去分词和过去式) exclusion:n.排除;排斥;驱逐;被排除在外的事物; invisibility:n.看不见;看不见的东西;难看见;
Because it's not every day you get the opportunity to change the world, but today, you do. 因为,你并非每天 都有机会改变世界, 但今天你有机会。
Thanks. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）