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KristalinaGeorgieva_2020-_如何重建全球经济_-
Chris Anderson: I get now to introduce one of the most powerful women in the world. 克里斯·安德森（Chris Anderson）: 现在,我要向大家介绍 世界上最有权势的女性之一。
I mean, if we are to escape from the mess that we're in right now, she is going to play a major part in helping us do that. 如果我们想要摆脱 当前这一糟糕的局面, 她在其中扮演着 不可或缺的角色。
She's the head of the International Monetary Fund , a delight to welcome here Kristalina Georgieva. 她是国际货币基金组织的首席执行官, 让我们欢迎 克里斯塔利娜·格奥尔基耶娃 （Kristalina Georgieva）。
Kristalina, welcome. 欢迎来到这里, 克里斯塔利娜。
Kristalina Georgieva: Great to be with you, Chris. 克里斯塔利娜（Kristalina Georgieva）: 非常荣幸见到你, 克里斯。
mess:n.混乱;餐厅;杂乱;肮脏;v.使不整洁;弄脏;弄乱;随地便溺; Monetary:adj.货币的;财政的; Fund:n.基金;资金;存款;v.投资;资助; delight:n.高兴;vi.高兴;vt.使高兴;
Thank you for having me. 谢谢你的邀请。
CA: So you just took on this role late last year, and within four months, boom , COVID arrives. 克里斯:你是在去年 下半年才上任的, 然而仅仅四个月后, 新冠疫情就爆发了。
That is one heck of an introduction to a new job. 对一份新工作来说, 这真是一个艰难的开端。
How are you doing? 现在情况怎么样呢？
KG: Well, I find strength in action. 克里斯塔利娜: 我在行动中找到了力量。
And at the Fund, we have been, from day one on this crisis , leaning forward with everything we have to provide lifelines to countries, and that means to people and businesses. 基金组织 从这场疫情开始的第一天起, 就一直致力于 用我们的一切资源 援助各国, 这也意味着 支持各国的人民和企业。[00:59]
boom:n.繁荣;吊杆;v.激增;繁荣昌盛;轰鸣;轰响;adj.(美)猛涨起来的; heck:n.(英口)同"hell",表示略微烦恼或吃惊; crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的; leaning:n.倾向;偏向;爱好;v.前俯(或后仰);倾斜;倚靠;(lean的现在分词) lifelines:n.生命线(lifeline的复数形式);救生索(栏);
Already, we have received over 90 requests and we have offered, to 56 countries, critical financial packages. 我们收到了超过 90 个国家的求助, 我们已经为 56 个国家 提供了关键的经济支持。
CA: You've described this pandemic as a crisis like no other. 克里斯: 你说这场疫情 是一场前所未有的危机。
In what way a crisis like no other? 你为什么这样认为？
KG: Truly like no other. 克里斯塔利娜: 这确实是前所未有的。
First, never before we will inflict on the economy consciously so much pain to fight a virus and save lives. 首先,我们从未像这样 有意识地牺牲经济增长 来对抗疫情, 拯救人们的生命。[01:39]
critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的; financial:adj.金融的;财政的,财务的; described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式) pandemic:adj.(疾病等)全国流行的;普遍的;n.流行性疾病; inflict:vt.造成;使遭受(损伤,痛苦等);给予(打击等); economy:n.经济;节约;理财; consciously:adv.自觉地;有意识地;
We are asking businesses not to produce and consumers not to go out and consume. 我们要求企业停产, 要求消费者停止 外出和消费。
At the Fund, we labeled this "the Great Lockdown ." 在货币组织,我们称 这个局面为“经济大封锁”。
Second, never before there would be such a rapid change of fortunes practically for everybody around the world. 其次, 对于世界上 每一个人来说, 以前从未有过 这样迅猛的财富变化。
consumers:n.消费者;顾客;用户;(consumer的复数) labeled:adj.有标签的; v.示踪; (label的过去分词和过去式) Lockdown:n.一级防范禁闭(期); fortunes:n.命运,机遇(fortune复数形式); v.给…以大宗财富(fortune的第三人称单数形式); practically:adv.实际地;几乎;事实上;
In January, I was in Davos, talking about " anemic growth," growth of three percent. 今年 1 月,我在达沃斯 (Davos) 谈到了“经济增长疲软”, 也就是增长（低于）百分之三。
In April, during our spring meetings, it was already minus three percent. 4 月春季会议的时候, 经济以负百分之三的速度增长。
In January, we predicted 160 countries to have positive income per capita growth. 在 1 月, 我们预计 160 个国家会 实现人均收入的正向涨幅。
anemic:adj.患贫血症的,贫血的; minus:prep.减,减去;n.负号,减号;不足;负数;adj.减的;负的; predicted:v.预言;预告;预报;(predict的过去分词和过去式) positive:adj.积极的;[数]正的,[医][化学]阳性的;确定的;n.正数;[摄]正片; per capita:adj.每人的;人均的;
Now it is 170 countries with negative income per capita growth. 而现在 170 个国家的 人均收入呈现了负增长。
Now this, we call "the Great Reversal ." 我们称其为”大逆转”。
Very painful . 这是很惨痛的。
And three, uncertainty . 第三点, 不确定性。
We always live with uncertainty, Chris, but this time, it is the uncertainty of a novel coronavirus that policymakers have to integrate . 我们的生活中总是 充满了不确定,克里斯。 但这次, 正是新冠肺炎的不确定性, 让决策者们必须 团结在一起。[02:59]
negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝; Reversal:n.逆转;[摄]反转;[法]撤销; painful:adj.痛苦的;疼痛的;令人不快的; uncertainty:n.不确定,不可靠; novel:adj.新奇的;异常的;n.小说; coronavirus:n.冠状病毒;日冕形病毒; policymakers:n.决策人;(policymaker的复数) integrate:v.成为一体;(使)加入;adj.完全的;
We at the Fund combine epidemiological projections with our traditional macroeconomic modeling to see through that uncertainty. 货币组织将流行病学的预测 和传统的宏观经济模型相结合, 来剖析那种不确定性。
I must add to this, 必须补充的一点是,
I very much hope that when we go on the other side in the recovery , we can use a new term and call it "the Great Transformation ." 我非常希望经济复苏的时候, 我们能用一个 新的词汇:“大转型”。
Make the world a better place. 让世界变得更好。
epidemiological:adj.流行病学的; projections:n.预测;设想;投影;投影图;(projection的复数) traditional:传统的,惯例的, macroeconomic:adj.宏观经济的,总体经济的;n.整体经济; see through:adj.透明的;穿透的; on the other side:另一面;在另一边; recovery:n.恢复,复原;痊愈;重获; Transformation:n.转变;(用于南非)民主改革;
CA: Well, I'll be excited to come on to that in a bit. 克里斯: 我非常期待那个局面。
But in this moment of responding to the crisis, the main tool that seems to have been executed , at least by the rich countries, has been this massive economic stimulus , to the tune of trillions of dollars. 但就现在而言, 针对这场危机, 最主要的措施 好像已经实行了, 至少许多富裕国家 已经实行了数万亿美元的 大规模经济刺激。
Is that a wise response? 这是理智的措施吗？
KG: It is a necessity. 克里斯塔利娜: 这是必要的。
And you don't hear the Fund often telling countries, "Please, spend. 你很少听到货币组织 对国家们说, “请随便花钱,
Spend as much as you can." 能花多少是多少。”[04:14]
responding:v.响应;作出反应;反应灵敏;(respond的现在分词) executed:v.(尤指依法)处决,处死;实行;执行;实施;(execute的过去分词和过去式) massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的; stimulus:n.刺激;激励;刺激物; trillions:n.[数]万亿;adj.万亿的;num.[数]万亿;
And that is what we do now. 但这是我们现在 正在做的。
We do add to that, "And keep the receipts . 我们确实强调, “记得保留收据。
Don't lose accountability to the citizens, to the tax payers ." 不要失信于公民和纳税人。”
The reason financial injection is necessary, these fiscal measures of almost nine trillion dollars are necessary, is because when the economy is standing still, unless there is help, unless there is monetary policy stimulus, firms are going to go massively bankrupt , people would be unemployed , the economy would be scarred. 财政刺激的重要性, 这近 9 万亿美元的 财政刺激措施十分必要的原因是, 当经济停滞不前时, 除非有援助措施 和货币政策的刺激, 否则企业就会经历大规模的破产, 人们会失业, 经济会变得伤痕累累。
receipts:n.收据;收到;收到的款项,收入;(receipt的复数) accountability:n.有义务;有责任;可说明性; payers:n.付款人;支付者; injection:n.注射;大量资金的投入;(液体的)注入; fiscal:adj.会计的,财政的;国库的; massively:adv.大量地;沉重地;庄严地; bankrupt:adj.破产;倒闭;完全缺乏(有价值的东西);n.(经法院判决的)破产者;v.使破产; unemployed:adj.失业的;下岗的;n.(集合词)失业者;
When we go to the other side, this scarring is going to make the recovery much more difficult. 当我们开始经历 复苏的时候, 这种伤痕会让经济复苏 变得更加困难。
So that is a wise thing to do, and it helps the fact that central banks in major economies have been acting in a synchronized manner and that fiscal stimulus came really, really fast. 所以,这确实是 理智的措施, 它可以让中央银行 在经济体中 发挥同步性的作用, 让财政刺激更快生效。
This is how we see people being able to go through this very, very tough time. 我们认为人们可以通过这样的方式 渡过这段非常艰难的时期。
CA: But how far can it go? 克里斯:但这种措施 可以持续到什么程度呢？
Because it's been described, in a sense , as "printing money" -- governments are issuing more and more bonds that have to paid back at some point. 因为现在的情况 被描述成是“印刷钞票”—— 政府在不停地 发行更多的债券, 而政府需要在之后 还清这些债券。
economies:n.经济;经济结构;节约;(economy的复数) synchronized:adj.同步的;同步化的;v.使协调(synchronize的过去分词);同时发生;校准; in a sense:在某种意义上; issuing:n.发行物;争论点;期刊号;v.发行(issue的ing形式);分配;流出;
There's this term, in economics, of the Minsky moment, where things can go very well for a while , as everyone believes that, you know, that the train can keep running, the cycle can keep turning, you know, that governments have all this money. 经济学有个说法—— “明斯基时刻（the Minsky moment）” 说的是事情都进行得 很顺利的一段时期, 就像每个人都相信的那样, 这辆火车可以 继续在轨道上行驶, 经济周期会继续循环, 钱都在政府手里。
At some point, though, doesn't that break down? 但在某一刻,这一切 不会突然崩溃吗？
Do you worry that we may be nearing a Minsky moment, where, like Michael in Mary Poppins grabs his tuppence and starts a run on the bank. 你担心我们正在迎接 一段明斯基时刻吗？ 就像电影《欢乐满人间》 （Mary Poppins）里的迈克尔, 拿了两便士去挤兑银行一样。
for a while:adv.片刻;暂时;一会儿;一时; nearing:v.(时间或空间上)接近,靠近,临近;(near的现在分词) grabs:n.链钩(grab的复数);v.抓取;捕获(grab的第三人称单数); tuppence:n.两便士;微不足道的东西;
Is there stress in the international financial system now that concerns you, that makes you feel that we may be running out of headroom ? 现在的国际金融体系 有没有任何压力 让你忧心, 让你觉得我们可能 已经捉襟见肘了？
KG: Of course, this cannot go on forever. 克里斯塔利娜: 当然了, 这种情形不可能持续下去。
I, for one, have trust in our scientists, 首先,我相信科学家们,
I think we will see breakthroughs , and we will see also people in businesses getting accustomed to social distancing, to micromeasures that protect from spreading the disease . 我认为我们会看到突破, 我们也会看到商业人士 开始习惯社交距离, 这种防止疾病传播的措施。
concerns:n.关注; v.使关心(concern的三单形式); headroom:n.净空;净空高度;头上空间; breakthroughs:突破; accustomed to:习惯于; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病;
We have seen very massive injection in health systems, so hospitals can actually treat people that are coming for help. 我们看到大规模的援助 进入医疗系统, 医院得以治疗 来寻求帮助的病人。
Obviously, if it is to go for a very long time, we would be worried. 显然,如果这种情况 持续非常长的时间, 我们会开始担忧,
For now, what we are projecting is that there would be a gradual reopening -- we see it already happening in a number of countries. 目前, 我们预测 经济会逐步重新开放—— 我们现在已经在 几个国家看到了。
treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣; gradual:adj.逐渐的;平缓的;n.弥撒升阶圣歌集; reopening:v.重新开业;重新处理;恢复;(reopen的现在分词)
And we project for next year, 2021, a partial recovery. 并且我们预测, 到 2021 年, 我们会在一定程度上 实现经济复苏。
Not a full recovery, unfortunately , but coming to a better place. 遗憾的是,彻底复苏很难, 但会恢复到一个比较好的程度。
Now, what helps us is something that I don't particularly love, but I see it as a positive feature -- very low interest rates, in some cases, negative -- 现在帮助我们的, 是我不太喜欢的方式, 但我能看到 它积极的一面—— 非常低的利率, 甚至有些情况下, 负利率——
partial:adj.部分的;不完整的;片面的;有偏见的; unfortunately:adv.不幸地; particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地;
that allows this injection of fiscal measures and liquidity to be sustained over a number of years. 可以允许这种 财政注入措施和流动性 持续好几年。
And for now, we do not see on the horizon any return to increase in interest rates. 当下我们不觉得 将来会有利率的提高。
So low for longer, and that is, in that environment, a helpful feature. 长期的低利率 在这种环境下 是非常有帮助的。
CA: I mean, the financial crisis of 2008 came perilously close to breaking the entire financial system -- arguably , it did that. 克里斯:2008 年的金融危机 险些让整个金融系统崩溃, 也有人认为金融系统已经崩溃了。
liquidity:n.流动性;流动资产;[金融]偿债能力; sustained:adj.持续的; v.维持; (sustain的过去分词和过去式) horizon:n.地平线;(欲望、知识或兴趣的)范围; perilously:adv.危机四伏地;充满危险地; arguably:v.可论证地;
By most people's calculation, this is a far worse impact to the economy overall . 很多人预测, 这次疫情对经济的负面影响 还要更严重。
that has helped us so far be resilient this time? 学到任何帮助适应 当下情形的东西吗?
KG: What the world learned is that the financial system has to be tested and then strengthened to withstand shocks. 克里斯塔利娜: 我们知道了 金融体系需要被检验、 被强化,以经受更大的冲击。
impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响; overall:v.全部; n.外套; adj.全面的; resilient:adj.弹回的,有弹力的; withstand:vt.抵挡;禁得起;反抗;vi.反抗;
And that is helping us tremendously today. 这一点现在 给了我们很大帮助。
The banking system is resilient, and even in the nonbanking financial institutions , there is more attention paid to how far can you go without running into trouble. 银行系统是有弹性的, 甚至在非银行的 金融机构中, 大家更关注 它能顺利地运行多久。
I would say, if you look around the world, the most important lesson then was "build resilience to shocks." 我想说, 如果你环顾世界, 我们学到的最重要一课就是 建立应对危机的弹性机制。
tremendously:adv.非常地;可怕地;惊人地; institutions:n.机构;慈善机构;风俗习惯,制度;(institution的复数) resilience:n.恢复力;弹力;顺应力;
Those who have done it cope now better. 那些已经这么做的国家, 现在应付得更好一些。
And those who have not done it are in a much tougher spot. 而那些没有这么做的国家 则陷入了更加艰难的境地。
And actually, for the Fund, what we are praying is that we will come out of this crisis with this lesson about resilience being spread beyond the banking system, so we actually have this crisis-management mindset 实际上, 对货币组织来说, 我们都祈祷 我们在走出这次危机的同时认识到, 弹性机制应该应用于 银行体系外的更多领域, 我们要调整心态, 适应这个危机重重的世界,
cope:v.处理;n.大圆衣; mindset:n.心态;倾向;习惯;精神状态;
for a world that is inevitably going to be more shock-prone, because of climate and also because of the sheer density of economic and social life on our planet. 这是不可避免的, 因为气候, 也因为地球上经济 和社会生活的密度。
CA: In your role, you're paying special attention to the situation in developing countries. 克里斯:从你的角度看, 你特别关注 发展中国家的状况,
And it does seem that they're facing a really terrible situation right now. 而这些国家似乎也确实 面对着非常糟糕的局面。
inevitably:adv.不可避免地;必然地; sheer:adj.纯; v.十足地; n.透明薄纱; v.[航海](使)偏航; (使)转向; density:n.密度;
Many of them have significant debt denominated in dollars. 他们当中很多都背负着 巨额的美元债务。
In the current crisis, their currencies are depreciating against the dollar, making it nigh impossible for them to execute the kind of injection, stimulus injections , that the rich countries are doing and seems to be the only way out. 在这场危机中, 他们的货币兑美元 正在贬值, 让他们几乎不可能实行这种 刺激性的财政扶持, 而相对发达的国家正在这么做, 这似乎是摆脱困境的唯一办法。
significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物; debt:n.债务;借款;罪过; denominated:vt.为…命名;把…称作…;adj.有特定名称的; currencies:n.货币;货币流通(currency的复数); depreciating:v.贬低;使减值;使跌价;减价;(depreciate的现在分词) nigh:prep.近于;adj.在附近的;直接的;adv.几乎;在附近地; injections:n.注射(injection的复数);注射剂;注射室;
So that seems like a really dangerous cycle. 这看来像是一个 非常危险的循环。
Is there any way to break that cycle? 有什么办法可以 打破这种局面吗？
KG: Well, let me first separate countries that have built strong fundamentals . 克里斯塔利娜: 让我先来谈谈 已经建立了成熟的经济系统的国家。
And now in this crisis, as we are receiving incoming data, not very many, but there are still some positive surprises, and they come from countries that have built stronger buffers , stronger fundamentals, have been more disciplined during good times. 现在在这场危机中, 我们收到的数据表明—— 数据不是特别多, 但也有一些积极的信号—— 来自那些已经建立了 强劲的经济缓冲 和扎实的经济基础, 在正常时期也 有着良好规划的国家。
fundamentals:n.基本面;基本原理(fundamental的复数); incoming:n.进来;收入;adj.新当选的;新任的; buffers:n.DOS命令; disciplined:adj.遵守纪律的; v.训练; (discipline的过去式和过去分词)
But indeed, we do see quite a number of emerging markets, developing countries, faced with multiple pressures. 但是,我们也确实看到, 有相当一部分的新兴市场, 发展中国家 面临了多方面的压力。
They had the hit from the coronavirus, many of them with weak health systems. 他们受到了 来自新冠的冲击, 他们中的许多国家 医疗保健体系非常薄弱。
Then, they have the high level of indebtedness , from before the crisis, which creates a much more difficult environment for them. 他们还有因为以往的危机 而导致的高额债务, 这也为他们的艰难处境雪上加霜。
emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词) multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; indebtedness:n.债务;受恩惠;
Then, many of them are commodity exporters . 他们中的许多是商品出口国。
Commodity prices, oil price, they went down very dramatically , that hits them again. 商品和石油价格 下滑得非常厉害。 同样对他们造成了冲击。
Many rely on remittances . 许多国家依赖于汇款,
Remittances shrunk some 20 to 30 percent. 而有些汇款已经缩减了 百分之二十到三十。
commodity:n.商品,货物;日用品; exporters:n.[贸易]出口商;出口公司(exporter的复数形式); dramatically:adv.戏剧地;引人注目地;adv.显著地,剧烈地; rely:vi.依靠;信赖; remittances:n.[金融]汇款;侨汇(remittance的复数); shrunk:v.收缩(shrink的过去分词);
And then you have a number of countries that are highly dependent on tourism. 还有一些国家 高度依赖旅游业。
Tourism is the hardest hit sector , or one of the hardest hit. 旅游业是受到冲击 最严重的领域之一。
So, very tough for these countries, but this is why institutions like mine have been wisely created. 所以,疫情对那些国家 来说非常艰难, 但这也是像我们这样的机构 创立的原因。
highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地; dependent on:依赖于;依靠; sector:n.部门;扇形,扇区;象限仪;函数尺;vt.把…分成扇形;
The IMF, the World Bank , the regional development banks, we work very closely together in this crisis. 国际货币基金组织、 世界银行、地域性发展银行 在这场危机中紧密合作。
The IMF, fortunately, that was one of the lessons from the 2008-2009 crisis -- make sure that in the center of the financial safety net is an IMF with financial strength. 幸运的是, 国际货币基金组织 从 2008-2009 年的危机中学到的是, 要保证金融安全网的中心 是有雄厚的财政实力的 国际货币基金组织。
World Bank:n.世界银行(向处于困境需要资助的成员国贷款的国际机构); regional:adj.地区的;局部的;整个地区的; safety net:n.安全保障;为防止人摔落而设置的安全网;
We have four times more money to lend today than we had then. 我们现在可借用的资金规模 超过了之前的四倍——
And of course, we are deploying these funds exactly for the countries that need us the most. 而且我们肯定 会把这些资金分配给 那些急需援助的国家。
And we did one more thing. 我们还做了一件事。
With David Malpass, the president of the World Bank, we called for a debt moratorium for the poorest countries to their official bilateral creditors . 和世界银行行长 大卫·马尔帕斯（David Malpass）一起, 呼吁最贫穷国家 延期向其官方双边债权国 偿还债务。
deploying:v.部署,调度(军队或武器);有效地利用;调动;(deploy的现在分词) funds:n.[会计]资金,现金(fund的复数);基金;v.资助(fund的三单形式);提供资金; moratorium:n.暂停,中止;[金融]延期偿付; official:adj.官方的;正式的;公务的;n.官员;公务员;高级职员; bilateral:adj.双边的;有两边的; creditors:n.债权人;债主;贷方;(creditor的复数)
And people tend to say, "Oh, we don't work together, it's not good enough." 人们总是说, “我们没有团结在一起, 这还远远不够。”
But here is an area where we made this call in late March, and in mid-April, the G20 agreed on this moratorium. 但我们在三月末 和四月中的时候, G20 国家同意了 这项延期还债的举措。
Amazing, we had the Paris Club, China, the Gulf countries , all agreeing that we should not suffocate the poorest countries by asking them to pay their debts when their economies are standing still. 令人惊喜的是, 巴黎俱乐部、中国 和海湾阿拉伯国家, 全部同意我们不应该 对最贫困的国家逼得太紧, 当他们的经济还处于停滞的时候 要求他们还清债务。
CA: Is it possible that some developing countries are overdoing the lockdown policy? 克里斯:有没有可能 一些发展中国家 把封锁政策做过头了呢？
I mean, if large numbers of your citizens are already struggling to stay alive, isn't it almost like a death sentence to order them not to leave their homes? 如果大部分国民在 挣扎着维持生计, 让他们呆在家中 是不是就等于坐以待毙？
Gulf countries:海湾国家; suffocate:v.受阻,受扼制;窒息; debts:n.负债类,债务(debt的复数形式); overdoing:v.做得过分;做得过火;夸张;过多使用;滥用;(overdo的现在分词) death sentence:n.死刑;
KG: Well, Chris, one of the most heartbreaking conversations I would have is with leaders of countries where they have to stare in the face a choice of people dying from the virus or dying from hunger. 克里斯塔利娜:我进行过的 最令人心碎的谈话之一, 是与面临生死抉择的 国家领导人—— 是让国民死于病毒, 还是死于饥饿。
And it is a very dramatic situation for them. 这对他们来说是 非常艰难的选择。
Where you have a very large part of your economy being informal , where people live hand-to-mouth every day, the lockdowns we have in advanced economies are not quite applicable , but even there, 在这段时期,大部分经济 不能正常运行, 人们每天过着 仅能糊口的生活, 那些在发达经济体中施行的封锁 不是非常适用。 但是就算这样,
heartbreaking:adj.令人心碎的;使人悲痛的; stare in the face:就在眼前;显而易见; informal:adj.非正式的;不拘礼节的;通俗的;日常使用的; hand-to-mouth:adj.无隔宿之粮的;勉强维持的; lockdowns:n.一级防范禁闭(期); advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式) applicable:adj.可适用的;可应用的;合适的;
countries are doing really well in social distancing to the extent it is possible. 很多国家在尽可能 保持社交距离上 还是做得非常好。
Many of the countries in Africa were very early to step up preventive measures. 许多非洲国家 非常早就开始了防范措施。
Why? 为什么呢？
They learned from the Ebola , they learned from prior crises that hygiene , taking any measure you can really helps. 他们从埃博拉和 以前的危机中学到, 卫生防疫, 采取任何手段去保证公共卫生, 真的可以起到很大的作用。
extent:n.程度;范围;长度; preventive:n.预防药;预防法;adj.预防的,防止的; Ebola:n.埃博拉病毒; prior:adj.先前的; n.(小隐修院)院长; v.居先; crises:n.危机,紧要关头;危险期(crisis的复数形式); hygiene:n.卫生;卫生学;保健法;
So again, I cannot stress enough how important is solidarity with these countries. 重申一次,我认为再怎么强调 团结对这些国家来说有多重要,
How important it is for my institution to be there for them in a timely manner. 我们这些机构及时提供的帮助 有多重要都不过分。
And we do it. 并且我们做到了。
CA: Whitney. 克里斯:惠特妮。
Whitney Pennington Rogers: Hi there, thank you, this is a wonderful conversation, and we're starting to see some questions coming from the community . 惠特尼·罗杰斯: 你好,谢谢。 我们已经收到了一些观众的问题。[15:06]
solidarity:n.团结,团结一致; timely:adj.及时的;适时的;adv.及时地;早; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
The first one we have is from Bill Elkus, and it's a follow-up to something you were mentioning earlier, related to the stimulus, Kristalina. 第一个问题来自 比尔·埃尔库斯, 这个问题跟你之前提到的话题相关, 是关于刺激性举措的。
What are the prospects for inflation from such a large stimulus? 实行大力度的刺激性财政措施之后, 通货膨胀的前景怎样？
KG: At this point, we are not worried about inflation in advanced economies and in the majority of emerging market economies. 克里斯塔利娜: 在这个时候, 我们并不担心发达经济体 和大部分的新兴市场经济中的 通货膨胀问题。
follow-up:adj.后续的;增补的;n.随访;跟进;后续行动; prospects:n.可能性; v.探矿; (prospect的第三人称单数和复数) inflation:n.膨胀;通货膨胀;夸张;自命不凡; majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人:
We do worry about inflation in countries that have weak fundamentals, no access to foreign exchange easily, where the only way to address the crisis is our help or their central banks printing more money. 但对于那些基础薄弱、 没有方便的外汇渠道的国家, 我们确实对 潜在的通货膨胀比较担心。 对于他们来说, 唯一脱险的办法 就是向我们寻求帮助, 或者让他们的中央银行 发行更多货币。
And sometimes it's a combination of those two. 有时候是两者的结合。
Why I don't worry about inflation in advanced economies? 为什么我不担心 发达经济体的通货膨胀问题呢？
Because countries that have their hard currency are putting liquidity in place, but at the same time , they're not seeing a big expansion of demand and prices being pushed up. 因为那些有稳定的 “硬通货”的国家 流动性做到位了, 但同时, 他们并没有看到 非常明显的需求扩大 和价格推升。
foreign exchange:n.外汇;外汇市场;国际汇兑;外币兑换处; combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合; hard currency:n.[商]硬通货; at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时; expansion:n.扩张;膨胀;扩展;扩大;
So for these countries, at least for the observable future, we don't see a way of going, like after the Second World War, in inflation jumping up. 所以对那些国家来说, 至少在可预见的未来, 我们不会看到 二战之后那样的 通货急剧膨胀的走向。
The consumers are not consuming so aggressively , demand is not that strong, and these are societies where there is a lot of maturity in how they exercise their policy options . 消费者没有积极地消费, 需求并不强烈, 这只是对于那些 非常成熟、 知道怎么实施自己的 政策的国家来说的。
observable:adj.显著的;觉察得到的;看得见的;n.[物]可观察量;感觉到的事物; consuming:adj.消费的;强烈的;v.消耗(consume的ing形式); aggressively:adv.侵略地;攻击地;有闯劲地; maturity:n.成熟;到期;完备; options:n.选择; v.得到或获准进行选择; (option的三单形式)
But if you are a poor country, that out of desperation, with no access to markets, no access to hard currency, ought to somehow put money supply enough, then inflation is going to be there. 如果非常贫困的国家 几乎到了绝望的时候, 又无法进入市场, 无法得到硬通货, 只能设法提高货币供给, 通货膨胀也会随之出现。
A very extreme case is Zimbabwe , and I do worry there may be other countries. 一个非常极端的例子 就是津巴布韦。 我确实担心会有 其他国家紧随其后。
So this is why we are so determined to engage with these countries early. 这也是为什么我们下定决心 尽早参与帮助这些国家。
somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地; money supply:n.货币供应量; extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物; Zimbabwe:n.津巴布韦(国家名,位于非洲); determined:adj.决定了的:v.决定;(determine的过去分词和过去式) engage:v.吸引,占用;使参加;雇佣;使订婚;预定;
And also look at some of the high-debt countries. 至于负债很高的国家,
Would it be necessary, on a country-by-country basis, to restructure debts to prevent that moving in a desperate direction? 有没有必要 一个一个国家 去重塑债务结构, 防止走向绝望的境地呢？
WPR: Thank you. 惠特尼·罗杰斯: 谢谢你。
And we have one more question that I wanted to share from our community. 我们还有一个 来自观众的问题,
This is from Keith Yamashita , and it's about how we all can be involved in some of this change. 山下基思, 问的是我们如何可以 积极参与到其中的一些变化中——
restructure:vt.调整;重建;更改结构; desperate:adj.不顾一切的;令人绝望的;极度渴望的; Yamashita:n.山下手翻,山下式,屈体前手翻腾越; involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词)
'"You are tasked with macro-economic and funding efforts. “您的任务是推动宏观经济 和资金层面上的措施,
What should we do as citizens to help renewal and recovery?" 作为普通公民,我们要怎么帮助 推动这场革新和经济复苏呢？”
KG: Well, it is incredibly important for all of us citizens -- and aside of being the head of the IMF, I am also a global citizen -- that we are to bring that notion of solidarity in a moment of crisis. 克里斯塔利娜: 这对所有公民都非常重要—— 作为 IMF 的首席执行官, 我也是一位世界公民—— 在当下这场危机中, 我们秉持同舟共济的观念。
funding:n.基金;资金;提供资金;v.为…提供资金;拨款给;(fund的现在分词) renewal:n.更新,恢复;复兴;补充;革新;续借;重申; incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; notion:n.观念;信念;理解; in a moment:立刻;
I loved the way this segment was musically backed, and it was "Lean on Me." 我很喜欢用一首歌 来阐述这个概念, 这首歌是《依靠我吧》 (“Lean on me”)。
It is very important that we do create that sense -- "we are in this together, we will get through it together." 做到歌词说的那样 真的很重要—— “让我们同舟共济,共渡难关。”
And please, speak up on that. 所以请做出你的努力吧。
I was, for many years, crisis commissioner , and one thing I learned is that the majority of people are positive, good people. 在从事危机专员工作的那些年, 我学到的其中一件事就是, 大部分人都是 乐观、善良的。
segment:n.段;部分;片;弓形;v.分割;划分; musically:adv.音乐上地;声音好听地; commissioner:n.理事;委员;行政长官;总裁;
You can lean on them. 你可以依靠他们。
And there is a minority that is hateful and fearful and also very loud. 也有小部分人 是言行可憎、令人厌恶的, 并且总是发出各种噪声。
So, good people, speak up. 所以善良的人们, 发出你的声音。
Spread that sense of "we are in this together, we'll get through it together." 让我们一起传播那句话——
WPR: Thank you. I'll come back later with other questions. 惠特尼·罗杰斯:谢谢您。 我稍后再问其他的问题。
minority:n.少数民族;少数派;未成年;adj.少数的;属于少数派的; hateful:adj.可憎的;可恨的;可恶的; fearful:adj.可怕的;担心的;严重的;
CA: Kristalina, I'd love to expand on that and just ask you a bit more about leadership, actually. 克里斯:克里斯塔利娜, 我想对此进行扩展, 问一些关于领导力的问题。
You know, when people think of the nations that have performed best, they often refer to -- when I say best, best in response to the current pandemic -- they often refer to Germany, New Zealand , 当人们想到 表现最好的国家, 他们通常想到的是—— 我指的是疫情 控制得最好的国家—— 他们会想到 德国、新西兰、
expand:v.扩张;使膨胀;详述;发展;张开,展开; performed:v.表演;执行;履行;演出;工作,运转(好/不好)(perform的过去分词和过去式) refer:v.参考;涉及;提到;查阅; in response to:响应;回答;对…有反应; Zealand:西兰岛(丹麦最大的岛)
South Korea, Taiwan, Denmark and Norway. 韩国、中国台湾、 丹麦和挪威。
When they think of those that have performed worst, they often think of Spain, Italy, the UK, Belgium, 说到表现得 最差的国家时, 他们通常想到西班牙, 意大利、英国、比利时、
Sweden, Iran, Brazil , Russia and the United States. 瑞典、伊朗、 巴西、俄罗斯, 还有美国。
All of that second group are run by men, all but one of the first group are run by women. 表现差的国家全部 在男性的领导下, 表现好的国家除了一个外, 全部由女性领导。
Is that a coincidence ? 这是巧合吗？
KG: Well, now, speaking a bit subjectively as a woman, 克里斯塔利娜: 现在的话, 从女性的角度, 主观地说,
Brazil:n.巴西(拉丁美洲国家); United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) coincidence:n.巧合,巧事;同时存在;并存;相同; subjectively:adv.主观地;臆想地;内省地;
I do believe that women are great to lead in a crisis. 我确实相信女性 在危机中出色的领导力。
They are more likely to show empathy , to care about the most vulnerable people and to be able to speak about that. 她们更有可能 表现出同理心, 关心弱势群体, 并且能开诚布公地谈论这些事。
They are decisive . 她们很果断。
I can say that for myself, we take energy from action. 至少对于我来说, 我们从行动中获取能量。
And we don't tend to, kind of, mourn and complain too much. 而且我们不倾向于去 过多地表达悲痛 或者抱怨。
So there is perhaps something to be said about the value of gender equality for the future. 所以在未来 可能会存在一些 关于性别平等的价值的说法。[21:14]
empathy:n.神入;移情作用;执着; vulnerable:adj.易受攻击的,易受…的攻击;易受伤害的;有弱点的; decisive:adj.决定性的;果断的,坚定的; mourn:v.哀悼;忧伤;服丧; complain:v.投诉;发牢骚;诉说; gender:n.性别;
Bring more women for this world of more crisis ahead of us. 要让更多女性参与到这个 充满危机的世界中。
CA: It's obviously hard to make generalizations about gender of any kind, but I mean, is there also, almost, something about the embracing of nuance , that women might be better at that than men? 克里斯: 概括任何一种性别的特质 明显是很难的, 但是我还是很好奇, 有没有可能 女性在发现细节上 比男性做得更好？
Men are often, it's like, "let's win, let's conquer ," 男性通常喜欢说 “让我们取胜,征服！”
and in a situation like this, where it's all probabilities , it's like, there are so many complex dials to turn on this dangerous pandemic machine that we're trying to wrestle . 像现在的情形, 有无数的可能性, 就好像去拨动这个 我们正在努力抗争、 危险的疫情机器上 复杂的拨号盘。
generalizations:n.概括;一般化(generalization的复数); embracing:n.拥抱;v.拥抱,包含;(embrace的现在分词) nuance:n.细微差别; conquer:v.占领;攻克;征服;击败,战胜;对付,克服,控制;很受欢迎 probabilities:可能性;[统计]概率(probability的复数); complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; wrestle:n.摔跤;搏斗;斗争;v.摔跤;斗争;斟酌;
I mean, are women better at handling nuance? 女性会更擅长处理 细微的东西吗？
KG: Let me say something, Chris. 克里斯塔利娜: 我想说,克里斯,
We need everybody, and we need this mixture of experience, knowledge and predisposition . 我们需要每个人, 我们需要这种经验、 知识和素质的结合。
Men and women coming together. 男人性和女性是站在一起的。
I find it that it is great to have different perspectives when we make decisions. 我发现在做决定时 听到不同的观点 是很有帮助的。
Then, the chances of making a good decision are higher. 这样做出好的决定的概率会高很多。
mixture:n.混合;结合体;混合物;集合体; predisposition:n.倾向;素质;易染病体质; perspectives:n.[数]透视,远景,看法;构面;观点展示(perspective的复数形式);
So we need each other, but we also need to recognize is that yes, there are certain things, 所以我们需要彼此, 但是我们也要承认, 有一些特定的事情,
I have seen it time and again , women are more willing to find a pathway to compromise , they're more willing to be corrected if they're wrong. 我看到过很多次, 女性更愿意去妥协, 如果她们错了的话, 也更愿意被纠正。
Say, "Oh, OK, that's a good point, let me integrate it in the way I think about it." 她们会说,“是的, 那是个很棒的想法, 让我根据我的思路 再整合一下。“
recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到; time and again:adv.屡次;常常; pathway:n.路,道;途径,路径; compromise:n.妥协;折中;互让;和解;v.妥协;违背(原则);达不到(标准);使陷入危险; in the way:妨碍;挡道;
And when you are in uncertainty, that is a huge advantage in decision-making . 当你不确定时, 这在决策制定方面 就是一个巨大优势。
CA: So perhaps talk a bit more about your own leadership in this moment. 克里斯: 让我们谈论下 你在当下环境中的领导力吧。
I mentioned you've only recently come to this job. 你最近才接手这份工作。
Before that, you were European Commissioner, you dealt with humanitarian crises in more than one part of the world. 之前你是欧盟委员会委员, 负责处理全世界多个地区的 人道主义危机。
advantage:n.有利条件:优势:优点: decision-making:n.决策; recently:adv.最近;新近; humanitarian:adj.人道主义的;博爱的;基督凡人论的;n.人道主义者;基督凡人论者;
And in your own country, Bulgaria, you witnessed the wholesale transformation of the country, both politically and economically . 并且在你的祖国 保加利亚, 你见证了这个国家 在政治和经济上的 逐渐转型。
What lessons can you bring from your past experience to this moment? 你从之前的经历中 学到的哪些经验 比较适用于当下的情况？
KG: Well, there are many things I learned. 克里斯塔利娜: 我学到了很多东西。
I was very fortunate to have these multiple experiences for the job I have now. 我很幸运有那么多样的经历 可以运用到现在的工作中。
witnessed:v.当场看到,目击;见证;作证;(witness的过去式和过去分词) wholesale:n.批发; v.大量地,大批地; v.批发; adj.批发的; politically:adv.政治上; economically:adv.经济地;在经济上;节俭地;
But let me highlight three. 但我想强调三点。
First, how critically important it is to prepare for a crisis. 首先,为一场危机做好准备 是多么重要。
Kind of, think of the unthinkable , and then act with some foresight when a shock hits you. 大胆想象一些不可预见的事情, 然后在危机来临的时候, 可以有所预见地行动。
highlight:vt.突出;强调;使显著;加亮;n.最精彩的部分;最重要的事情;加亮区; critically:adv.精密地;危急地;批评性地;用钻研眼光地; unthinkable:adj.不能想象的;过分的; foresight:n.先见,远见;预见;深谋远虑;
You have a title for this series called "Build Back Better." 这种应对危机的做法叫 “更好地重建”。
I actually would like to modify it, if I may, and I would talk about "Build Better Before." 如果可以的话, 我想换个说话, 叫作“未雨绸缪”。
Preparedness , prevention , pay off big time. 准备、防范可以让我们 得到巨大的回报。
The second -- and not necessarily in priority , it is as important -- is collective action, working together. 第二点是—— 不一定是最重要的, 但也很重要—— 就是共同行动, 一起努力。
series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书; modify:vt.修改,修饰;更改;vi.修改; Preparedness:n.有准备;已准备;做好准备(尤指作战准备); prevention:n.预防;阻止;妨碍; necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地; priority:n.优先;优先权;[数]优先次序;优先考虑的事; collective:adj.集体的;共同的;集合的;集体主义的;n.集团;集合体;集合名词;
Seeking help, offering help. 寻求帮助、给予帮助,
Makes a huge difference in an emergency . 在危机中可以 发挥巨大的作用。
And the third is something I learned time and again. 第三点,也是我一直在 不断学习到的。
We don't know our internal strength until we are hit. 我们并不知道 我们内在的力量, 直到我们受到了冲击。
Seeking:v.寻找;寻求;谋求;争取;(向人)请求(seek的现在分词) emergency:n.紧急情况;突发事件;非常时刻;adj.紧急的;备用的; internal:n.内脏;本质;adj.内部的;里面的;体内的;(机构)内部的;
We are so resilient, we are so able to withstand shocks, especially when we come together, that this always gives me this sense of optimism that, as hard as it is, we can overcome it. 我们很顽强, 我们完全有能力经受住冲击, 特别是当我们 团结在一起的时候, 这一点总能 让我变得乐观, 不管有多困难, 我们都能克服。
From the days when my country collapsed , the economy collapsed , 无论是在保加利亚的经济 崩溃的那一天,
I would get up at four o'clock in the morning, queue to buy milk for my daughter, to the days when I would see Syrian refugees in terrible situations helping each other, to today, when I'm the head of the IMF, that internal strength, our power of resilience, the more we are together, the more it is amplified . 我需要在凌晨 4 点起床, 排队为我女儿买牛奶, 还是当我看到叙利亚难民们 在艰难的处境中 互相帮助彼此的那一天, 直到今天,我身为 IMF 的首席执行官, 当我们越团结, 那种内在的力量, 那种不屈不挠的精神 就会越强大。
especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; optimism:n.乐观;乐观主义; overcome:vt.克服;胜过;vi.克服;得胜; collapsed:v.倒塌,坍塌;倒下,昏倒;坐下;(collapse的过去分词和过去式) queue:n.行列;(存储的数据)队列;v.(人、车等)排队等候;(使)排队;列队等待; Syrian:adj.叙利亚的;叙利亚人的;叙利亚语的;n.叙利亚人;叙利亚语; refugees:n.避难者;逃亡者;难民;(refugee的复数) amplified:v.放大;详述(amplify的过去分词);adj.放大的;扩充的;
CA: Actually, could you talk a bit more about the role of the IMF, especially as we look forward to trying to recover from this? 克里斯: 你可以谈论一下 IMF 的角色吗, 特别是在我们期待 经济复苏的情况下？
What specifically can your organization do to take us forward? IMF 会如何引领我们走出困境？
KG: So there are three things that are quite unique for the IMF, and they're really so important in a time of crisis. 克里斯塔利娜: 有三件事 基本上只能由 IMF 来做, 这些事情在危机时刻 真的非常重要。
look forward to:盼望,期待; specifically:adv.特别地;明确地; organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体; unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物;
The first one is to give a good diagnostic of what is happening and what is the way forward. 第一项是对时事 做出明确的判断 并且找到解决的办法。
Let me just say, in this crisis, in the very first weeks, we put together , we call it policy action tracker , for 193 countries. 这样说吧, 在这次危机中, 在第一周的时候, 我们组合信息,对 193 个 国家进行政策行动追踪。
What actions are countries taking, how they can learn from each other, so we can be more effective together. 这些国家采取了什么行动, 他们能怎样彼此借鉴和学习, 让我们更加有效率。
diagnostic:adj.诊断的;特征的;n.诊断法;诊断结论; put together:..放在一起;组合;装配; tracker:n.拉纤者,纤夫;追踪系统,[自]跟踪装置;追踪者; effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象;
We are adding to it, now, actions for responsible reopening of the economies exactly with that purpose. 我们现在也在监测 那些重新开放的 经济体系的行动, 也是为了达到同样的目的。
What we are known best for, we are the financial first responder . 我们最广为人知的角色 是金融体系的第一响应者。
We are coming in this incredible shock with very significant financial firepower . 我们用可观的经济援助 应对这场前所未有的危机。
And what people don't know is that the Fund has multiple instruments . 人们不知道的是, 基金组织有多种的策略。
responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的; responder:n.响应器;回答者; incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的; firepower:n.火力; instruments:n.器械;仪器;器具;手段(instrument的复数)
Emergency financing is the one we doubled for this crisis. 紧急融资是我们 加倍使用的其中一种,
And it is no conditionalities . 并且是无条件的。
We are asking one thing, Chris. 我们只有一个要求,克里斯。
Pay your doctors and your nurses, your hospitals, protect your most vulnerable people and parts of the economy. 为医生、护士们、 医院提供资金, 保护那些最弱势的群体 和部分经济体。
That's it, this is the condition. 这就是我们的唯一条件。
conditionalities:n.制约性;受限制性;
And the third thing we do at the Fund is to help countries have the capacity for good policies . 基金组织在做的第三件事, 是帮助各国拥有 实施优质政策的空间。
After the financial crisis, we helped many countries to have good debt management , good fiscal management , transparency and accountability to improve the performance of public finance . 在金融危机之后, 我们帮助了很多国家 提升债务管理能力、 良好的财政管理、 透明度和公信力, 来提高公共财政表现。
capacity:n.能力;容量;资格,地位;生产力; policies:n.政策;方针;原则;为人之道;保险单(policy的复数) management:n.管理;管理人员;管理部门;操纵;经营手段; transparency:n.透明,透明度;幻灯片;有图案的玻璃; improve:v.改进;改善; performance:n.性能;表现;业绩;表演; finance:n.财政,财政学;金融;v.负担经费,供给…经费;
So the Fund is not a very big organization by any standard , we are some 3,000 people. 以任何标准来衡量, 基金组织规模都不算大, 我们大概有三千多人。
Highly professional , incredibly committed . 他们都非常专业, 也非常尽职尽责。
When you use the expression "all hands on deck ," that's us. 说到“全体待命”的时候, 指的就是我们了,
And it is a digital deck, it is a digital deck these days. 而且这是一种数字化的“待命”, 现在什么都是数字化的。
standard:n.标准;水准;旗;度量衡标准;adj.标准的;合规格的;公认为优秀的; professional:adj.专业的;职业的;职业性的;n.专业人员;职业运动员; committed:adj.坚信的; v.做出错事; (commit的过去分词和过去式) expression:n.表现,表示,表达; deck:n.甲板;舱面;层面;一副(为52张);v.装饰;打扮;布置;用力击倒; digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键;
CA: I mean, this is a global crisis. 克里斯: 这是一场全球性的危机。
A lot of people are worried that unlike perhaps even in 2008, where it really did seem there was a lot of global cooperation , there's actually, in some worrying ways, less this time? 很多人会担心这次不会像 2008 年那场危机那样, 有那么多的国际合作, 实际上从某些方面来看, 国际协作甚至还被削弱了？
Are you worried about how crucial is that to getting us through this? 你有没有担心过 这对渡过这场危机有多关键？
KG: I mean, my preoccupation is, in our mandate , in my area of responsibility, bring the membership together. 克里斯塔利娜: 我的前一份职业就是 有责任、有义务地 把成员们团结在一起。
cooperation:n.合作;配合; crucial:adj.重要的;决定性的;定局的;决断的; preoccupation:n.全神贯注,入神;当务之急;关注的事物;抢先占据;成见; mandate:n.授权;命令,指令;委托管理;受命进行的工作;vt.授权;托管; membership:n.成员资格;(统称)会员;会员人数;
We have almost the whole world, 189 countries are our members, and so far, I am very impressed by how responsive the membership has been. 我们几乎有全世界的成员, 我们有 189 个国家, 直到现在,我都一直 对成员国的配合感到非常钦佩。
I put in front of them in the spring a package, very strong package of measures to expand the role of the IMF in the crisis. 我在春季的时候 向他们提交了一份方案, 那是非常有力的措施, 为了扩大 IMF 在这场危机中的作用。
Everything that we ask for -- we ask for doubling emergency financing, we got it. 我们要求的所有事情—— 要求加倍紧急融资, 都被满足了。
impressed:adj.印象深刻; v.使钦佩; (impress的过去分词和过去式) responsive:adj.响应的;应答的;回答的;
Very interesting. 非常有意思。
We ask for tripling concession of financing. 我们要求三倍的融资优惠。
Exactly because, you know, like the virus hits people with a weak system the hardest, the crisis hits weak economies the hardest. 因为,你知道的, 病毒对处于 脆弱系统中的人们冲击最大, 这场危机对那些 经济薄弱的国家打击最重。
So we wanted to triple concession of financing. 所以我们想要 三倍的融资优惠。
tripling:v.成为三倍;使增至三倍;(triple的现在分词) concession:n.让步;特许(权);承认;退位; triple:adj.三部分的; n.三倍的数[量]; v.成为三倍;
Within one month, we got it. 一个月以内,我们的 要求也被满足了。
We asked for grants for debt relief , we got it. 我们要求延迟偿还债务, 也被满足了。
So what I'm trying to say here is that we need to focus on ways in which we bring the world together. 所以我一直想说, 我们要把精力集中在 让世界团结在一起的方式,
And then act on that. 并且采取行动。
Rather than complaining that maybe not everything is the way it should be, do your duty to the global community. 而不是抱怨 事情本不该这样, 要对全球人类的安全 尽到自己的责任。
grants:n.补助金; v.[专利]授予; relief:n.救济;减轻,解除;安慰;浮雕; complaining:adj.抱怨的;v.抱怨;控诉;(complain的现在分词)
CA: Well, indeed. 克里斯: 确实是的。
And the IMF is dependent on the financing from its members, its key members. IMF 依靠它的成员国 提供的资金来运营, 它的那些主要成员们。
KG: Yes. 克里斯塔利娜:是的。
CA: I mean, you spoke of the trillion dollars that you are looking to make available to nations that need it. 克里斯:你说的那些大量资金, 那些你尝试提供给 需要的国家的资金,
As I read it, that comes from -- you've got these units called Special Drawing Rights. 我了解到它们来自于 你们的“特别提款权”。
You basically draw a currency from members. 你们基本上是从 成员国那里提取货币。
And hasn't there been pushback , though, from the US, to block that effort of raising all that money? 有没有任何来自美国的压力, 阻止你们募集那些资金？
KG: So the one trillion dollars is from our quotas and also from our ability to move money from well-to-do members from the advanced economies and lend it at very low or zero interest to the developing emerging markets. 克里斯塔利娜: 有一万亿美元来自我们的配额, 同时我们也把资金 从运行良好、成熟的经济体 以非常低或者接近零的利率 借给那些发展中的新兴市场。
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; pushback:n.飞机推迟起飞; quotas:n.配额(quota的复数);[经管]定额,[经]限额;v.分配(quota的第三人称单数); well-to-do:经济宽裕;富裕的;小康的;
And we had this one trillion and what was very interesting, not everybody noticed that -- the US, in their two trillion dollars stimulus package, included the support for the IMF. 我们还有一万亿—— 有趣的是,不是每个人 都注意到了—— 在美国自己的 2 万亿美元刺激政策中, 也包括了给 IMF 的援助。
The Special Drawing Rights is something that we, indeed, don't have yet consensus among the membership to do. 对于特别提款权, 我们确实 还没有与成员国们达成共识。
It was done during the 2009 crisis, issuing liquidity, and it goes to everybody. 这在 2009 年的危机中实施过, 刺激流动性, 而且每个人都可以从中受益。
And there are many voices, including mine -- 有非常多的言论, 包括我的——
I spoke to the G20 about that -- that are saying, well, that may be a good thing to do now. 我跟 G20 国家关于这个 进行过谈话—— 我说这应该是一件 值得做的事情。
consensus:n.一致;舆论;合意;
It is not being supported for reasons. 因为各种原因, 这个政策没有得到支持。
It is not just capriciously . 这不是突发奇想的。
The problem with Special Drawing Rights is that when we issue them, they go to all members, and the advanced economies get 62 percent of the new allocation , and there are some that are saying, "Can we think of something that is more directed, or exclusively directed to those who need it?" 特别提款权的问题是, 当我们发行的时候, 资金流向了所有成员, 发达国家会得到 62% 的分配。 还有一些人说, “我们能想出一个更直接, 或者只针对需要帮助的国家的办法吗？”
capriciously:adv.变换莫测地; issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行; allocation:n.分配,配置;安置; exclusively:adv.唯一地;专有地;排外地;
But, Chris, everything is on the table for us. 但是,克里斯, 所以细节都需要达成共识。
As the crisis unfolds , we need to do more, we bring the membership to do more. 当危机来临时, 我们需要做得更多, 让我们的成员国做得更多。
CA: Whitney. 克里斯:惠特妮。
WPR: We actually have a question from the community that builds on what you're discussing right now. 惠特尼·罗杰斯: 我们有个来自观众的问题, 是基于我们正在 谈论的话题的。
Yavnika Khanna asks, "Which countries will prove to be resilient in the Great Transformation: those with popular leaders or those with sound financial systems?" 亚夫尼卡·卡纳问, “这场大转型中,哪个国家 会有较强的适应能力: 是那些有受欢迎的领袖的, 还是有良好金融体系的国家？”
unfolds:vt.打开;呈现;vi.展开;显露;
KG: You know, they both matter. 克里斯塔利娜: 这两项都很重要.
Countries with strong fundamentals are clearly going through this crisis with less trauma than those that had weak fundamentals to begin with. 拥有坚实经济基础的国家 一定可以渡过这场危机, 并且受到的创伤会比 基础疲软的国家少。
And of course, leadership matters. 当然,领导力也很重要。
How you mobilize a country for action matters. 怎么调动国家层面的行动 同样非常关键。
In my view, what we would see on the other side, the winners would be those who think today of this crisis also as an opportunity. 在我看来, 从另一个方面来说, 赢家是那些 把今日的危机 同时当成机会的人。
trauma:n.[外科]创伤(由心理创伤造成精神上的异常);外伤; mobilize:v.动员;动员;调动;组织;鼓动;调用;
Clearly, digital transformation is a huge opportunity. 很明显,数字化转型 是一个巨大的机会。
Moving to e-learning , e-government, e-payments, e-commerce , linking small and medium-sized enterprises through digital to consumers, big winner. 能够迅速转向数字化学习, 数字化政府、 电子支付、电子商业、 用电子化连接 中小型企业 和消费者的经济体, 就是巨大的赢家。
Secondly, I very much hope that we would come on the other side with a low carbon footprint and a more climate-resilient economy. 其次,我非常希望 我们可以转向 低碳排放的 气候适应型经济。
Those who move in this direction, they would reduce the risk for themselves and the world. 朝着这个方向发展的国家 会降低对他们自己 和这个世界的风险。
e-learning:n.电子学习;在线学习; e-commerce:n.电子商务; medium-sized:adj.中型的,中等大小的;普通型的; carbon:n.[化学]碳;碳棒;复写纸;adj.碳的;碳处理的; footprint:n.足迹;脚印;
From this other crisis, that we are not talking so much about these days, but it hasn't gone anywhere. 这是另外一场 我们最近没怎么 谈论的（气候）危机, 但它还远未解决。
And you know, if you don't like pandemic, you are not going to like the climate crisis at all. 如果你不喜欢疫情, 你也绝对不会喜欢气候危机。
And also, countries that are thinking of how to make the economy in the future a fairer economy. 还有,那些在想着 怎么让经济在以后 变得更加公正的国家 也不会喜欢气候危机。
In other words, we have been seeing inequality building up before this crisis. 换句话说, 这场危机之前,我们 已经看到了不平等的加剧。
My colleagues who have researched pandemics have a very bitter lesson for us. 我的一些研究流行病的同事们 要给我们送上非常沉痛的一课。
After pandemics, after H1N1, after SARS, after Zika, inequality goes up. 在疫情之后, 比如 H1N1 流感、 非典和寨卡病毒之后, 不平等都明显加剧了。
Well, are we going to let inequality to go up, up, after this crisis? 所以,我们会让 不平等在这场危机后 不停加剧吗?
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); pandemics:大流行;流行病; bitter:adj.苦的; n.苦味; v.激烈地; v.使变苦;
And if we do, we are damaging the fabric of our societies, and my sense is that hundreds of millions of people in this crisis would much prefer to have a simpler, fairer, more equitable world to live in, and definitely , a more sustainable world. 如果我们这么做了, 我们就在破坏我们社会的结构, 我感觉这场危机中的数亿人 更想在一个简单、公平、 公正的世界里生活, 并且那也肯定是 一个可持续发展的世界。
CA: Mm. 克里斯: 有道理。
KG: Those would be the winners. 克里斯塔利娜: 那些经济体会成为真正的赢家。
WPR: Definitely. 惠特尼: 肯定的。
And just one more question from our community, before turning it back to Chris for some final questions here. 还有一个来自观众的问题, 在克里斯问最后的一些问题之前。[35:33]
fabric:n.织物;布料;(社会,机构等的)结构; prefer:v.更喜欢;宁愿;提出;提升; equitable:adj.公平的,公正的;平衡法的; definitely:adv.清楚地,当然;明确地,肯定地; sustainable:adj.可以忍受的;足可支撑的;养得起的;可持续的;
You know, this one is from Sarah Rugheimer. 这个问题来自莎拉·鲁格海默。
And the question is, "What do you see as the main potential positive shifts / changes in this world from this pandemic, say, two to 10 years from now?" 问的是, “你怎么看待这场疫情在世界范围内 带来的主要潜在积极转型, 比如在未来的两年到十年内？”
KG: Well, I touched upon it a little bit. 克里斯塔利娜: 我之前谈及了一点。
First, I hope to see fiscal policy to help us recover to be geared towards green recovery and more equitable recovery. 首先,我希望看到 能够帮助实现 并适应更加环保 和更平等的经济复苏的 财政政策。
potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; shifts:n.转移; v.转移; (shift的第三人称单数) geared:adj.齿轮传动的,变速螺旋桨; v.用齿轮连接;
And that is something that is in the hands of policymakers. 这是政策制定者 能够掌握的事情,
It can be done. 是可以做到的。
Secondly, I very much hope to see us integrating what we have learned from the crisis, in terms of virtual work. 第二,在远程工作方面, 我非常希望看到,能够整合 我们从危机里汲取的经验。
My organization, the IMF, well, we can shrink our carbon footprint dramatically just by sustaining the practices we are developing now, and we will. 在 IMF, 我们可以大量缩减 我们的碳排放量, 仅仅通过维持我们 正在制定的实践方案, 我们将继续这样做。
in the hands of:由…掌握;在…掌握中; integrating:v.(使)合并,成为一体;(使)加入,融入群体;(integrate的现在分词) virtual:adj.[计]虚拟的;实质上的,事实上的(但未在名义上或正式获承认); shrink:v.收缩;减少;退缩;畏缩;n.精神病学家;心理学家; sustaining:adj.持续的;支持的;v.维持(sustain的现在分词);支持;承受;
I certainly hope to see, in the future, much more attention to two things that we saw in this crisis are essential . 我当然也希望看到将来 更多人关注这次疫情中 我们发现的两件重要的事。
Universal access to health in some form, strong health systems, as well as strong social safety nets, built as automatic stabilizers in a time of shock. 普及健康医疗—— 强有力的医疗系统, 和牢固的社会安全网, 在紧急时刻能够 像自动稳定器一样发挥所用。
essential:n.要点;要素;实质;必需品;adj.完全必要的;必不可少的;极其重要的;本质的; Universal:adj.普遍的;全体的;全世界的;共同的; as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且; automatic:adj.自动的;无意识的;必然的;n.自动步枪;自动换挡汽车; stabilizers:n.碳化物安定剂;安定剂;平衡器(stabilizer的复数形式);
And by the way , it is cheaper if we do it in this way. 而且这样做更实惠,
The bill for everyone is going to be smaller. 每个人的开销会更少。
And also, I very much hope that this notion of investing in people, recognizing that now that we see this horrible tragedy , the loss of lives, that investing in people is the very best investment we can make. 我希望普及把资金投资 在人民身上的概念—— 既然我们已经目睹了 这场可怕的悲剧, 以及那么多失去的生命—— 投资在人民身上 就是最好的投资。
by the way:顺便说一下; investing:v.投资;投入(时间、精力等);(invest的现在分词) recognizing:v.认识;认出;承认;接受,赞成(recognize的现在分词) horrible:可怕的,极讨厌的, tragedy:n.悲惨的事;不幸;灾难;悲剧作品; investment:n.投资;投入;封锁;
CA: Mm. 克里斯:说得好。
WPR: That's great. 惠特妮:太棒了。
CA: So, see you again in a minute, Whitney. 克里斯:那么一会见儿,惠特妮。
Kristalina, it's so -- 克里斯塔利娜, 这非常——
It's so inspiring , actually, hearing the energy and stuff , the energy that you're bringing to this. 听到这些正能量的话, 你带来的这些正能量 非常的鼓舞人心。
I don't think many people coming into this would have expected to hear, from the head of the IMF, this emphasis on, you know, "Let's solve the climate crisis, let's tackle inequality and injustice ." 我不觉得很多参与这场对话的人 会期待从 IMF 的 首席执行官口中听到 这样的呼吁—— “让我们解决气候危机, 解决不平等和不公正。”
inspiring:adj.鼓舞人心的;灌输的;v.鼓舞;激发;使感悟;(inspire的现在分词) stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本: emphasis:n.强调;重视;重要性;(对某个词或短语的)强调; tackle:v.处理; n.用具; injustice:n.不公正;不讲道义;
Do you really believe that this moment, this crisis could help lead us into a great transformation? 你真的觉得这个时候, 这场危机可以带动我们 进行更好的转型吗？
People will feel it's your job to sound positive, you have to do that. 人们会觉得你的工作 就是听起来很乐观, 因为你必须这样做。
Do you really see the path forward that we can get through this, and what sort of timescale are we talking about here, Kristalina? 你真的觉得我们能 渡过这场危机吗, 大概需要多长时间呢, 克里斯塔利娜？
KG: Well, you know, one thing I learned from the transition I lived through, the transition from central planning to markets, is it is tough, it is long, it is painful and it is a road that takes turns. 克里斯塔利娜:我从亲身经历过的 转型中学了到一件事, 从中央计划经济 到市场经济的转型, 是困难、漫长、棘手的, 并且这不是 一条平坦的道路。
timescale:时间量程;时标; transition:n.过渡;转变;变革;变迁;v.经历转变过程;过渡;
So I don't have an expectation of miracle from here to there. 所以我不觉得我们会 奇迹般从这里到那里。
But I genuinely believe that we are now in a point of our history when people demand from their leaders safety and security and a society that is not torn apart by conflicts . 但我确实相信我们现在 正处于历史的一个节点, 人民向他们的领袖要求 安全和稳定, 要求一个不会被冲突撕裂的社会。
expectation:n.预料;预期;期待;希望;指望; miracle:n.奇迹,奇迹般的人或物;惊人的事例; genuinely:adv.真诚地;诚实地; conflicts:n.冲突; v.抵触;
And that is actually not unusual to see. 这实际上并不罕见。
So, I would turn the table a little bit on you, Chris. 所以我想问你,克里斯。
After a war, we see the world coming together and building a better world. 在一场战争之后, 我们看到整个世界 团结在一起, 建立起了一个更好的世界。
Why not after a pandemic? 为什么在一场疫情后 我们做不到呢？
And yes, we can make mistakes and not take the right road to travel. 是的, 我们会犯错, 会走上错误的道路。
But we certainly have an obligation to try to get on that road. 但我们绝对有义务 尝试走上正确的道路。
CA: So if you could just inject -- 克里斯: 如果你能提倡——
KG: And everybody matters for that. 克里斯塔利娜: 并且这与每个人都息息相关。
CA: So if you could inject one idea into the mind of everybody, or into to the world leaders who listen to you, what would that idea be at this moment? 克里斯:如果你能向 所有人,或者听你讲话的 全世界领导人们 推崇一个观念, 那个观念是什么？
obligation:n.义务;责任;职责;(已承诺的或法律等规定的)义务;
KG: Optimism. 克里斯塔利娜:乐观。
Build a better world. 建造一个更好的世界
Possible, desirable , we must do it. 是可能的、值得期待的, 我们必须这样做。
CA: That sounds like optimism as the stance , not just a naive belief that it will happen, but a determination to make it so. 克里斯: 这听起来 真的非常乐观, 不仅仅是肤浅地 相信它会发生, 而是一种 让它发生的决心。
That's what you're calling for. 那正是你正在提倡的观念,
desirable:adj.令人满意的;值得要的;n.合意的人或事物; stance:n.立场;姿态;位置;准备击球姿势; naive:adj.天真的,幼稚的; determination:n.测定;确定;决心;计算;
To use that as the motivation to pull us all forward together. 让它成为所有人 团结向前的动力。
KG: Chris, do I have one minute, or I'm done, I need to go? 克里斯塔利娜:我们还有 时间吗？还是马上要结束了？
CA: If you want to say one last thing in one minute, alright, go. 克里斯:如果你最后 还想说点什么,请说吧。
KG: I want to say one thing. 克里斯塔利娜: 我想再说一件事。
motivation:n.动机;积极性;推动;
To recommend to the audience to watch the movie "Bridge of Spies." 我建议听众去看一部电影, 《间谍之桥》(“Bridge of Spies”)。
There is a part in the movie in which the two main actors, the lawyer and the Russian spy, talk to each other. 电影中有一个片段, 两个主演—— 律师和俄国间谍 ——在交谈。
The lawyer says, "Things are very bad, it looks like you may hang." 律师说,“事情非常糟糕, 看样子你可能命不久矣了。”
recommend:v.推荐;介绍;劝告;建议;使受欢迎;
The spy is very calm. 间谍非常冷静。
Lawyer says, "Aren't you worried?" 律师说,“你不担心吗？”
The spy answers, "Would it help?" 间谍回答,“担心有用吗？”
So my message is, it is tough, but worries won't help. 所以我想说的是,现在的确是 一个非常艰难的时刻, 单纯的焦虑不会有任何帮助,
Positive action will. 但积极的行动会。
Positive, stay positive, so that's my message. 乐观,保持积极, 这就是我想说的。
CA: Well, I have to say thank you. 克里斯:真的非常感谢。
It's incredibly inspiring, actually, to see your energy and your determined optimism, let's call it that. 你的正能量 和坚定乐观的心态 非常鼓舞人心。
I think we wish you the very best as you use your position to help get us out of this mess. 我们想要祝你好运, 通过你的工作帮助 我们走出这场困境。
Thank you so much, Kristalina, for spending time here at TED. 很感谢你加入 TED 的这场对话, 克里斯塔利娜。
Thank you. 谢谢。
WPR: Thank you, Kristalina. 惠特妮:谢谢你, 克里斯塔利娜。