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KristaDonaldson_2013W-_改变人一生的80美元假膝_
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| Nine years ago, I worked for the U.S. government in Iraq, helping rebuild the electricity infrastructure . |
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electricity:n.电力;电流;强烈的紧张情绪; infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造;
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| And I was there, and I worked in that job because I believe that technology can improve people's lives. |
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technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; improve:v.改进;改善;
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| One afternoon, I had tea with a storekeeper at the Al Rasheed Hotel in Baghdad , and he said to me, "You Americans, you can put a man on the moon, but when I get home tonight, |
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storekeeper:n.店主;仓库管理员;零售店店主; Baghdad:n.巴格达(伊拉克首都);
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| I won't be able to turn on my lights." |
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| At the time, the U.S. government had spent more than two billion dollars on electricity reconstruction . |
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reconstruction:n.再建,重建;改造;复兴;
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| How do you ensure technology reaches users? |
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ensure:vt.保证,确保;使安全;
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| How do you put it in their hands so that it is useful? |
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| So those are the questions that my colleagues and I at D-Rev ask ourselves. |
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colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数);
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| And D-Rev is short for Design Revolution . |
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Revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环;
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| And I took over the organization four years ago and really focused it on developing products that actually reach users, and not just any users, but customers who live on less than four dollars a day. |
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organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体;
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| One of the key areas we've been working on r="B lack"> recently is medical r="B lack"> devices , and while it may not be r="B lack"> obvious that medical devices r="B lack"> have something in common with Iraq's electricity grid then, there are some r="B lack"> commonalities . |
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recently:adv.最近;新近; devices:n.[机][计]设备;[机]装置;[电子]器件(device的复数); obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的; have something in common with:与…有共同之处;
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| Despite the advanced technology, it's not reaching the people who need it most. |
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Despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式)
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| So I'm going to tell you about one of the projects we've been working on, the ReMotion Knee, and it's a prosthetic knee for above-knee amputees . |
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prosthetic:adj.假体的;非朊基的; amputees:n.截肢(患)者;肢体切除者(amputee的复数);
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| And this project started when the Jaipur Foot Organization, the largest fitter of prosthetic limbs in the world, came to the Bay Area and they said, "We need a better knee." |
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limbs:n.[解剖]四肢(limb的复数);
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| Chances are, if you're living on less than four dollars a day, and you're an amputee, you've lost your limb in a vehicle accident. |
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vehicle:n.[车辆]车辆;工具;交通工具;运载工具;传播媒介;媒介物;
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| Most people think it's land mines, but it's a vehicle accident. |
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| You're walking by the side of the road and you're hit by a truck, or you're trying to to jump on a moving train, you're late for work, and your pant leg gets caught. |
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pant:vi.喘息;渴望;气喘吁吁地说出某事;vt.气喘;n.气喘;喘息;喷气声;
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| And the reality is that if you don't have much money, like this young named Kamal right here, the option you really have is a bamboo staff to get around . |
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option:n.选择;可选择的东西; get around:到处走走;逃避;说服;传开来(等于getround);有办法应付;有办法应付局面;
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| And how big a problem is this? |
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| There's over three million amputees every year who need a new or replacement knee. |
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replacement:n.替换;更换;替代品;接替者;
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| And what are their options ? |
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options:n.选择; v.得到或获准进行选择; (option的三单形式)
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| This is a high-end . This is what we'd call a "smart knee." |
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high-end:adj.高端的;高档的;
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| It's got a microprocessor inside. |
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microprocessor:n.[计]微处理器;
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| It can pretty much do anything, but it's 20,000 dollars, and to give you a sense of who wears this, veterans , American veterans coming back from Afghanistan or Iraq would be fit with something like this. |
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veterans:n.老兵;退伍军人(veteran的复数形式); Afghanistan:n.阿富汗(国家名称,位于亚洲);
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| This is a low-end titanium knee. |
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low-end:adj.低档的;廉价的;生产低档产品的; titanium:n.[化学]钛(金属元素);
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| It's a polycentric knee, and all that that means is the mechanism , is a four-bar mechanism , that mimics a natural human knee. |
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polycentric:adj.多中心的; mechanism:n.机制;原理,途径;进程;机械装置;技巧; four-bar:四连杆组; mimics:v.模仿; n.会模仿的人(或动物); (mimic的第三人称单数和复数)
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| But at 1,400 dollars, it's still too expensive for people like Kamal. |
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| And lastly, here you see a low-end knee. |
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| This is a knee that's been designed specifically for poor people. |
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specifically:adv.特别地;明确地;
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| And while you have affordability , you've lost on functionality . |
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affordability:n.支付能力;负担能力;可购性; functionality:n.功能;[数]泛函性,函数性;
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| The mechanism here is a single axis , and a single axis is like a door hinge . |
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axis:n.轴;轴线;轴心国; hinge:n.铰链,折叶; v.用铰链连接; (门等)装有蝶铰;
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| So you can think about how unstable that would be. |
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unstable:adj.不稳定的;变化莫测的;(行为、情绪)反复无常的
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| And this is the type of mechanism that the Jaipur Foot Organization was using when they were looking for a better knee, and I just wanted to give you a sense of what a leg system looks like, because I'm showing you all these knees and I imagine it's hard to think how it all fits together. |
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| So at the top you have a socket , and this fits over someone's residual limb, and everyone's residual limb is a little bit different. |
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socket:n.插座;窝,穴;牙槽;vt.给…配插座; residual:n.剩余;残渣;adj.剩余的;残留的;
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| And then you have the knee, and here I've got a single axis on the knee so you can see how it rotates , and then a pylon , and then a foot. |
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rotates:旋转;轮流; pylon:n.桥塔;指示塔;高压线铁塔;
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| And we've been able to develop a knee, a polycentric knee, so that type of knee that acts like a human knee, mimics human gait , for 80 dollars retail . |
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gait:n.步法,步态;v.训练步法; retail:vt.零售;转述;vi.零售;n.零售;adv.以零售方式;adj.零售的;
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| (Applause) |
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| But the key is, you can have this great invention, you can have this great design, but how do you get it to the people who most need it? |
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| How do you ensure it gets to them and it improves their lives? |
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improves:v.改进;改善;(improve的第三人称单数)
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| So at D-Rev, we've done some other projects, and we looked at three things that we really believe gets technologies to customers, to users, to people who need it. |
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technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数);
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| And the first thing is that the product needs to be world class. |
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| It needs to perform on par or better than the best products on the market . |
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perform:v.表演;执行;履行;演出;工作,运转(好/不好); par:n.标准;票面价值;平均数量;adj.标准的;票面的; on the market:上市;出售的;
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| Regardless of your income level, you want the most beautiful, the best product that there is. |
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Regardless:adj.不管的; v.不顾后果地;
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| I'm going to show you a video now of a man named Ash. You can see him walking. |
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| He's wearing the same knee system here with a single axis knee. |
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| And he's doing a 10-meter walk test. |
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| And you'll notice that he's struggling with stability as he's walking. |
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stability:n.稳定性;坚定,恒心;
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| And something that's not obvious, that you can't see, is that it's psychologically draining to walk and to be preventing yourself from falling. |
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psychologically:adv.心理上地;心理学地; draining:v.排空;(使)流光;放干;喝光;喝干;(drain的现在分词)
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| Now this is a video of Kamal. |
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| You remember Kamal earlier, holding the bamboo staff. |
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| He's wearing one of the earlier versions of our knee, and he's doing that same 10-meter walk test. |
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| And you can see his stability is much better. |
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| So world class isn't just about technical performance . |
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technical:adj.工艺的,科技的;技术上的;专门的; performance:n.性能;表现;业绩;表演;
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| It's also about human performance. |
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| And most medical devices, we've learned, as we've dug in, are really designed for Westerners , for wealthier economies . |
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Westerners:n.西方人(westerner的复数); economies:n.经济;经济结构;节约;(economy的复数)
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| But the reality is our users, our customers, they do different things. They sit cross-legged more. |
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cross-legged:adj.翘着腿的;盘着腿的;
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| We see that they squat . They kneel in prayer. |
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squat:v.蹲,蹲下;蹲坐;蹲伏;使蹲坐;n.蹲坐,蜷伏;adj.蹲着的;矮胖的; kneel:v.跪;跪着;跪下;
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| And we designed our knee to have the greatest range of motion of almost any other knee on the market. |
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motion:n.动作;移动;手势;请求;意向;议案;v.运动;打手势;
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| So the second thing we learned, and this leads into my second point, which is that we believe that products need to be designed to be user-centric. |
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| And at D-Rev, we go one step further and we say you need to be user-obsessed. |
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| So it's not just the end user that you're thinking about, but everyone who interacts with the product, so, for example, the prosthetist who fits the knee, but also the context in which the knee is being fit. |
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interacts:vi.互动;相互作用(interact的三单形式);交互; prosthetist:n.修复学家; context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉;
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| What is the local market like? |
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| How do all these components get to the clinic ? |
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components:n.部件;组件;成份(component复数); clinic:n.诊所;临床实习;(医院的)门诊部;门诊时间;
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| Do they all get there on time? The supply chain . |
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supply chain:n.供应链;
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| Everything that goes into ensuring that this product gets to the end user, and it goes in as part of the system, and it's used. |
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ensuring:v.保证;确保;担保(ensure的现在分词);
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| So I wanted to show you some of the iterations we did between the first version, the Jaipur Knee, so this is it right here. |
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iterations:n.迭代次数;反复(iteration的复数);
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| (Clicking) |
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| Notice anything about it? |
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| It clicks. |
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| We'd seen that users had actually modified it. |
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modified:adj.改进的,修改的;改良的;v.修改;缓和;(modify的过去分词);
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| So do you see that black strip right there? |
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strip:n.带; v.夺; adj.脱衣舞的;
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| That's a homemade noise dampener . |
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dampener:n.令人扫兴的人;[航][电子][机]阻尼器(等于damper);
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| We also saw that our users had modified it in other ways. |
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| You can see there that that particular amputee, he had wrapped bandages around the knee. |
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wrapped:adj.极高兴的;十分满意的;v.用…包裹;用…缠绕;(wrap的过去分词和过去式)
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| He'd made a cosmesis. |
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| And if you look at the knee, it's got those pointy edges, right? |
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pointy:adj.尖的;非常尖的;
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| So if you're wearing it under pants or a skirt or a sari , it's really obvious that you're wearing a prosthetic limb, and in societies where there's social stigma around being disabled, people are particularly acute about this. |
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sari:n.(印)纱丽(等于saree);卷布; stigma:n.[植]柱头;耻辱;污名;烙印;特征; particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; acute:adj.严重的,[医]急性的;敏锐的;激烈的;尖声的;
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| So I'm going to show you some of the modifications we did. |
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modifications:n.修改;改进;改变;(modification的复数)
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| We did a lot of iterations, not just around this, but some other things. |
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| But here we have the version three, the ReMotion Knee, but if you look in here, you can see the noise dampener. It's quieter. |
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| The other thing we did is that we smoothed the profile . |
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profile:n.轮廓;简介;形象;外形;v.扼要介绍;概述;写简介;
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| We made it thinner. |
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| And something that's not obvious is that we designed it for mass production. |
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mass:n.块,团; adj.群众的,民众的; v.聚集起来,聚集;
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| And this goes into my last point. |
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| We really, truly believe that if a product is going to reach users at the scale that it's needed, it needs to be market-driven , and market-driven means that products are sold. |
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scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; market-driven:adj.市场驱动的;以市场为导向的,面向市场的;
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| They're not donated . They're not heavily subsidized . |
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donated:v.捐赠,赠送;献(血);捐献(器官);(donate的过去分词和过去式) subsidized:adj.补贴的,补助的;v.资助或补助(subsidize的过去时和过去分词);
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| Our product needs to be designed to offer value to the end user. |
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| It also has to be designed to be very affordable . |
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affordable:adj.负担得起的;
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| But a product that is valued by a customer is used by a customer, and use is what creates impact . |
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impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响;
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| And we believe that as designers, it holds us accountable to our customers. |
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accountable:adj.有责任的;有解释义务的;可解释的;
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| And with centralized manufacturing , you can control the quality control , and you can hit that $80 price point with profit margins built in. |
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centralized:adj.集中的;中央集权的;v.集中(centralize的过去分词); manufacturing:n.制造业;工业;v.制造;生产(manufacture的现在分词); quality control:n.质量控制; profit:n.利润;利益;v.获利;有益; margins:n.边缘; v.给…镶边; (margin的复数)
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| And now, those profit margins are critical , because if you want to scale, if you want to reach all the people in the world who possibly need a knee, it needs to be economically sustainable . |
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critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的; economically:adv.经济地;在经济上;节俭地; sustainable:adj.可以忍受的;足可支撑的;养得起的;可持续的;
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| So I want to give you a sense of where we are at. |
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| We have fit over 5,000 amputees, and one of the big indicators we're looking at, of course, is, does it improve lives? |
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indicators:n.指示信号;标志;指针;方向灯;(indicator的复数)
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| Well, the standard is, is someone still wearing their knee six months later? |
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standard:n.标准;水准;旗;度量衡标准;adj.标准的;合规格的;公认为优秀的;
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| The industry average is about 65 percent. |
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| Ours is 79 percent, and we're hoping to get that higher. |
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| Right now, our knees are worn in 12 countries. |
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| This is where we want to get, though, in the next three years. |
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| We'll double the impact in 2015, and we'll double it each of the following years after that. |
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| But then we hit a new challenge, and that's the number of skilled prosthetists who are able to fit knees. |
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skilled:adj.熟练的;有技能的;需要技能的;
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| So I want to end with a story of Prinima. |
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| Prinima was 18 years old when she was in a car accident where she lost her leg, and she traveled 12 hours by train to come to the clinic to be fit with a knee, and while all of the amputees who wear our knees affect us as the designers, |
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| she's particularly meaningful to me as an engineer and as a woman, because she was in school, she had just started school to study engineering . |
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meaningful:adj.严肃的;重要的;重大的;意味深长的; engineering:n.工程;工程学;v.密谋策划;设计制造;改变…的基因;(engineer的现在分词)
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| And she said, "Well, now that I can walk again, |
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| I can go back and complete my studies." |
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| And to me she represents the next generation of engineers solving problems and ensuring meaningful technologies reach their users. |
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represents:v.代表;维护…的利益;相当于;(represent的第三人称单数)
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| So thank you. |
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| (Applause) |
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