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KimGorgens_2018X-_脑部损伤和犯罪之间的惊人联系_
A traumatic brain injury , or TBI, is a disruption in brain function caused by an external blow to the head. 创伤性脑损伤,又称TBI, 是由于头部受到外部重击 而导致的大脑功能紊乱。
traumatic:adj.外伤的;创伤的;n.外伤药; injury:n.伤害,损害;受伤处; disruption:n.破坏,毁坏;分裂,瓦解; external:n.外部;外观;形式;外部情况;adj.外部的;外面的;外界的;外来的;
And when you hear that definition , you might think about sports and professional athletes , since it's the kind of injury we're used to seeing on the playing field . 当你们听到这个概念时, 你们可能会想到职业运动员, 因为这是我们在球场上 经常看到的损伤。
definition:n.定义;清晰度;(尤指词典里的词或短语的)释义;解释; professional:adj.专业的;职业的;职业性的;n.专业人员;职业运动员; athletes:n.运动员;身强体健的人(athlete的复数形式); playing field:n.运动场;操场;
And this imagery has really come to define TBI in the public consciousness . 这的确是公众意识中 脑损伤的形象。
imagery:n.像;意象;比喻;形象化; define:v.定义;使明确;规定; consciousness:n.意识;知觉;觉悟;感觉;
I myself do research on TBI in retired and college athletes. 我自己也在研究退役和 大学运动员的创伤性脑损伤。
I stood on a TED stage in 2010, talking about concussions in kids' sports. 2010年我站在TED舞台上, 谈论儿童运动中的脑震荡。
concussions:n.冲击;震荡;脑震荡;
So I have to say, as someone who researches and treats these injuries , that I've been really gratified to see the growing awareness of TBI and specifically , the short- and long-term risks to athletes. 所以我不得不说, 作为研究和治疗这些损伤的人, 我为人们对创伤性脑损伤 意识的增强感到高兴。 尤其是有关运动员的 短期和长期风险。
treats:v.以…态度对待; n.乐事; injuries:n.伤害,损伤;挫伤;(injury的复数) gratified:v.使满足;使高兴(gratify的过去式及过去分词形式);adj.称心的; awareness:n.意识,认识;明白,知道; specifically:adv.特别地;明确地; long-term:adj.长期的;从长远来看;
Today, though, I want to introduce you to a larger but no less controversial group of people impacted by traumatic brain injury, who don't often show up in the headlines. 不过,今天我想介绍一个 涵盖面更广但富有争议的, 受到创伤性脑损伤影响的人群, 他们不经常出现在头条上。
controversial:adj.有争议的;有争论的; impacted:adj.压紧的;结实的;嵌入的;(人口)稠密的;v.装紧;挤满(impact的过去分词);
I've come to recognize these inmates and probationers as surprisingly among the most vulnerable members of society. 我逐渐认识到囚犯和缓刑犯 出乎意料地, 是社会上最脆弱的群体之一。
recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到; inmates:n.被收容者;居民(inmate的名词复数); probationers:n.试用人员;实习生;缓刑犯;试读生; surprisingly:adv.令人惊讶地;出乎意料地 vulnerable:adj.易受攻击的,易受…的攻击;易受伤害的;有弱点的;
For the last six years, my colleagues and I have been doing research that has completely changed the way we think about the criminal justice system and the people in it. 在过去的六年里, 我和我的同事一直在做研究, 这完全改变了我们 对刑事司法系统 以及相关人员的看法。
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); justice:n.公平;公正;司法制度;审判;
And it may change the way you think about those things, too. 我们的研究也可能改变你们 对这些事情的看法。
So I'll start with a shocking statistic : 50 to 80 percent of people in criminal justice have a traumatic brain injury. 所以我先从一个令人震惊的 统计数据开始: 50%到80%的深陷刑事案件的人员 曾经受到过脑损伤。
statistic:n.统计学;统计数字;统计资料;(一项)统计数据;adj.统计(上)的;
Up to 80 percent. 高达80%。
In the general public , in this room, for example, that number is less than five percent. 然而,在普通民众中, 这个数字不到百分之五。
general public:n.普通百姓;大众;公众;
And I'm not just talking about getting your bell rung . 我说的不仅仅是头部受到了撞击。
rung:n.横档,脚蹬横木;地位;v.给…打电话(ring的过去式和过去分词);
These are the kinds of injuries that require hospitalization . 我说的这些损伤需要住院治疗。
hospitalization:n.住院治疗;医院收容;住院保险(等于hospitalizationinsurance);
Most of them are the product of a physical assault , and some of them are actually sustained in jail . 大部分是由于身体受到攻击引起的, 他们中的一些人实际上 已经被关进了监狱。
physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; assault:v.袭击;殴打;威胁;非议;(assault的现在分词) sustained:adj.持续的; v.维持; (sustain的过去分词和过去式) jail:n.监狱;监牢;拘留所;v.监禁;下狱;
All of these numbers are even higher among the women in criminal justice. 所有这些数字对于 触犯刑事法律的女性而言更高。
Almost every single woman in the criminal justice system has been exposed to interpersonal violence and abuse . 刑事案件中几乎每一个女性, 都曾遭受过暴力和虐待。
exposed:adj.无遮蔽的; v.暴露; (expose的过去分词和过去式) interpersonal:adj.人际关系的;人际的; violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲; abuse:n.滥用;虐待;辱骂;弊端;恶习,陋习;v.滥用;虐待;辱骂;
More than half of these women have been exposed to repeated brain injuries. 这些女性中有一半以上 脑部反复遭受重击。
In this way, these women's brains look like the brains of retired NFL players, and they'll likely face the same risks for dementing diseases as they age. 这些女性的大脑看起来就像是 退役的美国橄榄球联盟球员的大脑, 而且随着年龄的增长, 她们可能面临着同样的痴呆症风险。
dementing:adj.[医]痴呆的; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
The same risks. 同样的风险。
TBI, together with mental illness and substance abuse and trauma, makes it hard for people to think. 脑损伤,与精神疾病、 药物滥用和创伤交织作用, 使得人们难以思考。
mental:adj.精神的;脑力的;疯的;n.精神病患者; substance:n.物质;实质;主旨;物品;
They have cognitive impairments like poor judgment and poor impulse control, problems that make criminal justice a revolving door . 他们有认知障碍,比如较差的判断力 和较差的冲动控制能力, 这使得刑事司法成为一道旋转门 （意味着一再进出法院和监狱）。
cognitive:adj.认知的,认识的; impairments:损害;损伤; judgment:n.判断;裁判;判决书;辨别力; impulse:n.冲动;[电子]脉冲;刺激;神经冲动;推动力;v.推动; revolving door:n.旋转门;中转站(指人们进入后很快又离开的地方或机构);
People get arrested and booked into jail. 人们被逮捕并被关进监狱。
They oftentimes get into trouble while they're in there. 他们经常在那里遇到麻烦。
oftentimes:adv.时常地;
They get into fights. They fall out of their bunk . 他们打架。 他们从床铺上掉下来。
bunk:n.铺位;床铺;座床;v.睡在铺上;逃跑;
And then they get released and do stupid things, like forgetting mandatory check-ins , and they get rearrested . 然后他们被释放, 做一些愚蠢的事情, 就像忘记强制登记一样, 他们会重新被捕。
released:v.释放;使免除;已发布;(release的过去分词和过去式) mandatory:adj.强制的;托管的;命令的;n.受托者(等于mandatary); check-ins:n.签到;投宿登记手续;验票并领取登机卡; rearrested:vt.重新扣留;重新逮捕;n.重新扣留;重新拘捕;
Statistically speaking, they're actually more likely to be rearrested than not. 从统计学上讲, 他们更有可能重新被捕。
Statistically:adv.统计地;统计学上;
A colleague calls this "serving a life sentence 30 days at a time." 一位同事称之为 “每次服30天的无期徒刑”。
life sentence:n.无期徒刑;终身监禁;
And oftentimes, these folks don't know why this is so hard for them. 通常,这些人不知道 为什么这对他们来说如此困难。
They feel out of control and frustrated . 他们感到失控和沮丧。
frustrated:adj.失意的,挫败的;泄气的;v.挫败;阻挠;(frustrate的过去式和过去分词)
So knowing that TBI is at the root of so many of these challenges, the mission for a group of us in Colorado has been to disrupt that cycle, to jam the revolving the door. 在得知创伤性脑损伤 是这些挑战的根源之后, 我们科罗拉多州的一个小组的 任务就是打破这个循环, 堵住这扇旋转的门。
mission:n.使命,任务;代表团;布道;v.派遣;向…传教; Colorado:n.科罗拉多;[城]科罗拉多州;科罗拉多河;
So working together with my state and local partners, we crafted a plan to meet everyone's needs: the system, the inmates and probationers, my graduate students. 因此,通过和我所在的州和地方 的合作伙伴合作, 我们制定了一个 满足每个参与者需求的计划: 司法系统,囚犯,缓刑犯 和我的研究生。
crafted:adj.精心制作的;v.精巧地制作(craft的过去分词);
In this program, we assess how each person's brain works so that we can recommend basic modifications to make this system more effective and safer. 在这个项目中,我们评估 每个人的大脑是如何工作的 以便我们建议做出基本的修改, 使得这个系统更有效 并且更安全。
assess:vt.评定;估价;对…征税; recommend:v.推荐;介绍;劝告;建议;使受欢迎; modifications:n.修改;改进;改变;(modification的复数) effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象;
And here when I say "safer," I mean safer not only for the inmates, but safer also for correctional staff. 在这里,当我说“更安全”时, 我的意思是不仅对囚犯更安全, 对于惩教人员也更安全。
correctional:adj.矫正的;修正的;
In some ways, this is such a simple approach . 在某些方面, 这是一种非常简单的方法。
approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理;
We're not treating the brain injury, we're treating the underlying problem that gets people into all of this trouble in the first place . 我们不是在治疗脑损伤, 我们把处理 让人们陷入困境的根本问题 放在第一位。
treating:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;处理;讨论;(treat的现在分词) underlying:adj.根本的; v.构成…的基础; (underlie的现在分词) in the first place:首先;起初;
We do quick neuropsychological screening tests to identify strengths and weaknesses in the way an inmate thinks. 我们做快速的神经心理检查, 以囚犯的思维方式 找出优点和缺点。
neuropsychological:神经心理学; identify:v.识别:鉴定:确认:发现: in the way:妨碍;挡道;
Using that information, we write two reports. 利用这些信息, 我们写了两份报告。
One, a report for the system with specific recommendations on how to manage that inmate. 一,给司法系统的报告, 关于如何管理那个囚犯的具体建议。
recommendations:n.推荐;推荐信;推荐规范(recommendation的复数形式);
The other is a letter to the inmate with specific suggestions for how to manage themselves. 另一封是给犯人的信, 关于如何管理自己的具体建议。
For example, if our test result suggests that a probationer has a hard time remembering the things they hear, that would be an auditory memory deficit . 例如,如果我们的测试结果 表明一个缓刑犯很难 记住他们听到的东西, 那可能是听觉记忆缺陷。
auditory:n.听众;礼堂;adj.听觉的;耳朵的; deficit:n.赤字;逆差;亏损;不足额;
In that case, our letter to the court might suggest that that probationer get handouts of important information. 在这种情况下, 我们给法院的信可能会建议 给那个缓刑犯有关重要信息的手册。
handouts:n.讲义;宣传册子,宣传品(handout的复数形式);
And our letter to that probationer would say, among other things, that they should carry a notebook to record that information for themselves. 我们给那个缓刑犯的信中会说, 他们应该随身携带 一本笔记本来记录这些信息。
Now, most importantly, is that I pause here to be really clear about one point. 现在,最重要的是, 我在这里停下来想澄清一点。
This program does not minimize responsibility or make excuses for anyone's behavior. 这个计划并没有逃避责任, 或者为任何人的行为找借口。
minimize:v.使减少到最低限度;降低;贬低;使显得不重要;
This is about changing longstanding negative perceptions and building self-advocacy. 这主要是改变长期以来的负面看法 并倡导自我重建。
longstanding:adj.长期存在的;长时间的; negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝; perceptions:n.认知;观念(perception的复数);理解;
It's actually about taking responsibility. 实际上是要承担责任。
The inmates move from, "I'm a total screwup , I'm a loser," 囚犯们从 “我彻底搞砸了,我是个失败者。”
screwup:n.弄糟事情的人;
to, "Here's what I don't do well, and here's what I have to do about it." 转变为“我做得不好, 但这就是我要改进的。”
(Applause) （掌声）
And the system comes to see an inmate's problematic behavior as the things they can't do versus the things they won't do. 司法系统逐渐认识到 囚犯的问题行为 是因为他们做不到, 而不是因为他们不想做。
problematic:adj.问题的;有疑问的;不确定的; versus:prep.对;与...相对;对抗;
And that change -- seeing behavior as a deficit rather than outright defiance -- is everything in these settings. 这一变化—— 把行为看成是一种缺陷 而不是彻底的蔑视—— 就是这一系列设计想达成的目的。
outright:v.全部地; adj.完全的,彻底的; defiance:n.蔑视;挑战;反抗;
We hear from inmates around the country, and they write, and more than anything, they want to know how to help themselves. 我们收到了来自全国囚犯的来信, 他们写信,更重要的是, 他们想知道如何帮助自己。
This is an excerpt from a letter from Troy in Virginia , an excerpt from a 50-page letter. 这是一封来自弗吉尼亚州 一位名叫特洛伊的囚犯的信件摘录, 从长达50页的信中摘录的。
excerpt:n.摘录,引用;vt.引用,摘录;vi.摘录,引用; Virginia:adj.弗吉尼亚州的;
And he writes, "Can you tell me what you think of all the head traumas I've dealt with? 他写道, “你能告诉我你对我经历过的 所有头部创伤有什么看法吗？
traumas:n.外伤;精神创伤(trauma的复数);
What can I do? Can you help me?" 我能做什么？你能帮我吗？”
Closer to home, we have thousands of stories like this, and smart stories, stories that have a great outcome . 言归正传, 我们有上千个这样的故事, 精彩的故事,有很好结果的故事。
outcome:n.结果,结局;成果;
Here's Vinny. 这是维尼。
Vinny was hit by a car when he was 15, and from that moment forward, spent more time in jail than in school. 维尼15岁时被车撞了, 从那时起,他在监狱里呆的时间 比在学校里多。
With some basic skill-building, after our assessment revealed that he had some pretty significant memory impairments, 通过一些基本技能的培训, 那是在我们的评估显示 他有相当严重的记忆障碍之后,
assessment:n.评定;估价; revealed:v.揭示;显示;露出;(reveal的过去分词和过去式) significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物;
Vinny learned to use the alarm and reminder function on his iPhone to track important appointments , and he keeps a checklist to break larger tasks into smaller, manageable ones. 维尼在他的iPhone上学会了 使用闹钟和提醒功能。 跟踪记录重要的约定, 他还做了一份清单, 以把更大的任务 变成更小的,可管理的任务。
track:n.小道;足迹;车辙;轨道;v.追踪;跟踪; appointments:n.约会;预约;约定;任命;委任;职位;(appointment的复数) checklist:n.清单;检查表;备忘录;目录册; manageable:adj.易管理的;易控制的;易办的;
And with basic tools like that under his belt , 多亏了这样的基本工具,
belt:n.皮带;腰带;传动带;传送带;v.猛击;狠打;飞奔;飞驰;
Vinny's been out of jail for two years, clean for nine months, and recently back to work. 维尼已经出狱两年了, 九个月内没有犯罪记录, 最近又开始工作了。
recently:adv.最近;新近;
(Applause) （掌声）
What's so striking for Vinny is that this is his first time off of court supervision since his injury more than 15 years ago. 对于维尼来说,最让人惊叹的是 这是自他15年前受伤以来 首次在脱离庭外监管。
supervision:n.监督,管理;
He made it out of the revolving door. 他从司法旋转门中脱身了。
(Applause) （掌声）
He says now, "I can do anything. 他现在说,“我能做任何事。
I just have to work a lot harder at it." (Laughs) 我只需要更努力的工作就行了。” （笑）
And here's Thomas. 这是托马斯。
Thomas has some pretty significant attention and behavior problems after an injury landed him in a coma for more than a month. 托马斯自受伤、昏迷了一个多月后, 开始产生一些相当严重的 注意力和行为问题。
coma:n.[医]昏迷;[天]彗形像差;
After relearning how to walk, his first stop? 在重新学会走路之后, 他的第一站？
relearning:v.再学习(relearn的ing形式);n.再学习;
Court. 法庭。
He couldn't imagine a future where he wasn't in trouble. 他无法想象没有麻烦的未来。
He now carries a calendar to avoid being held in contempt for missed court dates, and he schedules a break into his day every day to recharge before he gets agitated . 他现在带着日历 他每天都安排时间休息, 使他在焦躁不安前平静下来。
calendar:n.日历;挂历;v.把…记入日程表中; contempt:n.轻视,蔑视;耻辱; recharge:v.给(电池)充电;恢复体力;休整;n.再袭击;再装火药; agitated:adj.激动的; v.搅动; (agitate的过去分词和过去式)
And nobody knows the revolving door better than the person sitting at the front of the courtroom . 没有人更了解旋转门 比坐在法庭最前排的人。
courtroom:n.法庭;审判室;
This is my good friend and colleague Judge Brian Bowen. 这是我的好朋友和同事, 布莱恩·伯恩法官。
Now, Judge Bowen was already on a mission to make the system work for everyone, and when he heard about this program, he saw the perfect fit. 现在,伯恩法官已经承担起 让司法系统为每个人工作的使命, 当他听说这个项目时, 他觉得非常合适。
He actually sits down with all of his prosecutors to help them see that there's basically two categories of defendants in the courtroom: the ones we're afraid of -- oftentimes, rightfully so -- and the ones we're mad at. 他和所有的检察官坐在一起, 帮助他们发现 基本上有两类被告人 在法庭上: 我们害怕的那些—— 通常,是这样的—— 还有那些让我们很抓狂的人。
prosecutors:n.检查官;告发者(prosecutor的复数); basically:adv.主要地,基本上; categories:n.(人或事物的)类别,种类(category的复数) defendants:n.[法]被告(defendant的复数); rightfully:adv.正当地;正直地;
These are the ones who miss all of their scheduled appointments and they blow through the best-laid probation plans. 他们错过了所有预定的出庭日, 因而搞砸了缓刑计划。
And Judge Bowen believes that, with a little more support, we could move people in this latter category , the maddening category , through and ultimately out of the system. 鲍恩法官认为, 如果能得到更多的支持, 我们可以调动后一类人, 令人发狂的那类人, 通过,并最终退出司法系统。
latter:adj.后者的;近来的;后面的;较后的; category:n.种类,分类;[数]范畴; maddening:adj.令人发狂的;使人恼火的;v.发狂(madden的现在分词); ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究;
He proved that with Navy veteran Mike. 他与海军老兵迈克证明了这一点。
Navy:n.海军;深蓝色的; veteran:n.老兵; adj.(尤指军事方面)老练的;
Judge Bowen saw the correlation between Mike's history of a massive 70-foot fall and his long-standing pattern of difficulty showing up on the right day for court appointments and complying with mandatory therapy requirements, for example. 鲍恩法官看出了以下两者的相关性: 一是迈克曾从70英尺高摔下, 二是他长期以来无法按时 出现在庭审上。 还有,例如无法遵守 强制性治疗的相关性。
correlation:n.[数]相关,关联;相互关系; massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的; long-standing:adj.长期存在的;存在已久的; complying:v.遵从;服从;顺从;(comply的现在分词) therapy:n.治疗,疗法;
And instead of sentencing him to more and more jail time, 伯恩法官不是判处他 越来越多的监禁,
Judge Bowen sent him home with maps and checklists and handouts and recommended instead vocational rehabilitation and flexible scheduling for those therapies . 而是让他回家, 给予地图、清单和手册, 并建议改为职业康复 以及灵活的治疗计划。
checklists:n.清单(checklist的复数); recommended:v.推荐;举荐;介绍;劝告;建议;(recommend的过去分词和过去式) vocational:adj.职业的,行业的; rehabilitation:n.康复;恢复;善后;平反;复权; flexible:adj.灵活的;柔韧的;易弯曲的; therapies:n.治疗方法(therapy复数形式);
And this with those supports, Mike's back to work for the first time since his injury while he was in the service. 有了这些支持, 迈克又开始工作了, 这是他在服役期间 受伤之后的第一次。
He's repairing relationships with his family, and just last month, he graduated from Judge Bowen's veteran's court. 他在修复与家人的关系, 就在上个月, 他从伯恩法官的老兵法庭“毕业”了。
(Applause) （掌声）
This program shows us the overwhelming prevalence of traumatic brain injuries and cognitive deficits and the accumulation of brokenness in the criminal justice system. 这个项目向我们展现了 创伤性脑损伤和认知缺陷无处不在, 以及刑事司法系统中的种种不足。
overwhelming:adj.势不可挡的; v.压倒; (overwhelm的现在分词) prevalence:n.流行;普遍;广泛; deficits:n.[财政]赤字,亏损(deficit的复数形式); accumulation:n.积聚,累积;堆积物; brokenness:破碎;破碎感;
And it highlights the extraordinary power of resilience and responsibility. 它强调了非凡的韧性和责任感。
highlights:n.拔萃,集锦; v.使突出(highlight的三单形式); extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的; resilience:n.恢复力;弹力;顺应力;
In Mike and Thomas and Vinny, even Judge Bowen's story, you saw the transformation made possible by a change in perception and some simple accommodations . 在迈克、托马斯、维尼, 甚至是鲍恩法官的故事中, 你们看到了认知改变以及 一些简单的调整 所带来的转变。
transformation:n.转变;(用于南非)民主改革; accommodations:n.住处;办公处;住宿;调解;(accommodation的复数)
All told, in this program, these inmates and probationers come to see themselves differently. 总之,在这个项目中, 这些囚犯和缓刑犯 对自己的看法改变了。
The system sees them differently, and when you meet them in the community , I hope you see them differently, too. 司法系统对他们的看法改变了, 当你们在社区里遇到他们时,
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
Thanks, guys. 谢谢你们。
(Applause) （掌声）