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KhalilRamadi_2020F-_能够转变我们治疗疾病方法的电子药丸_-
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| [SHAPE YOUR FUTURE] |
【塑造你的未来】 |
| For decades, scientists have tried to use brain modulation to treat neurological disorders . |
数十年以来,科学家们一直试图 使用脑调制来治疗神经系统疾病。 |
| Techniques usually involved sticking wires onto our head, then helmets that immobilized our head and zapping our brain with magnetic or electrical pulses . |
这些技术通常要 往我们头上插电线、 用头盔把头固定住, 然后用磁脉冲或电脉冲刺激大脑。 |
| Given what we now know about the millions of circuits that our brain has, this was much like trying to fix a pothole by resurfacing the entire road. |
鉴于我们现在 对大脑中数百万个回路的了解, 这就像是试图通过重铺整条路 来修理一处坑洞。 |
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modulation:n.[电子]调制;调整; treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣; neurological:adj.神经病学的,神经学上的; disorders:n.无秩序,混乱; v.[电子]扰乱(disorder的单三形式); Techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数) involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) immobilized:v.使不动;使不能正常运作;(immobilize的过去分词和过去式) zapping:n.跳过广告节目;v.击中;消灭;迅速移动(zap的ing形式); magnetic:adj.像磁铁的;有磁性的;磁的;富有吸引力的; electrical:adj.有关电的;电气科学的; pulses:n.[电子]脉冲(pulse的复数); v.使跳动; circuits:n.环行路线;电路;线路;巡回赛;v.巡回;周游;(circuit的第三人称单数和复数) pothole:n.壶穴;vi.探索洞穴; resurfacing:v.再次浮出;重铺路面;(resurface的现在分词)
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| Brain modulation can actually come in different forms. |
脑调制其实有各种不同形式。 |
| The brain connects with all organs in our bodies through neurons, much like an octopus' tentacles . |
大脑通过神经元 和我们身体中所有器官相连, 就像是章鱼的触手一样。 |
| This means that diabetes , cancer , autoimmune disorders can all be induced , affected and exacerbated by the brain and the nervous system . |
这意味着大脑和神经系统 有可能诱发、影响和加剧 糖尿病、癌症 和自身免疫性疾病。 |
| This also means that brain modulation can be achieved through different parts of the body by zapping organs and limbs with electrodes that have usually been implanted with drills and scalpels . |
这也意味着大脑调制 可以通过身体的不同部位来实现—— 使用电极刺激器官和四肢, 这些电极往往需要 用电钻和手术刀植入。 |
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organs:n.[生物]器官;机构;风琴(organ的复数); tentacles:n.[动]触手;[动]触须(tentacle的复数); diabetes:n.糖尿病;多尿症; cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤; autoimmune:adj.自身免疫的;自体免疫的; induced:adj.感应的;诱发型;v.引诱;说服(induce的过去分词); exacerbated:vt.加重(病情,痛苦等);使…恶化;激怒(exacerbate的过去式); nervous system:n.神经系统; limbs:n.[解剖]四肢(limb的复数); electrodes:n.[电]电极(electrode的复数);电焊条; implanted:植入的; scalpels:n.[医]解剖刀;外科用小刀(scalpel的复数);
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| Today, however, brain modulation doesn't have to be so invasive . |
然而,今天的脑调制 创伤性已不必这么强了。 |
| Some of my colleagues at MIT have discovered that a potential therapy for Alzheimer's could be watching light of a certain wavelength flash at a particular frequency . |
我在麻省理工大学的一些同事 发现了阿茨海默症的一种潜在疗法 可以是观看某个特定波长 以特定频率闪烁的光。 |
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invasive:adj.侵略性的;攻击性的; colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; therapy:n.治疗,疗法; wavelength:n.[物]波长; flash:n.闪光; v.闪光; adj.庞大的; frequency:n.频率;发生率;重复率;频繁;
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| This is an example of something I like to call a bionudge -- simple techniques that target specific circuits in our bodies to achieve a certain outcome , like using light to slow degeneration and Alzheimer's. |
我想把这样的例子 称为 “生物助推”—— 即,为了达到某个结果 而针对我们身体中 特定回路的简单技术。 例如使用光 来延缓神经退行和阿茨海默症。 |
| Let me show you an example of a really simple bionudge. |
让我给你展示一个 非常简单的生物助推的例子。 |
| In 10 seconds, I'm going to cause neurons in your pretectal area to light up and then I'll stimulate your amygdala and hippocampus to surprise you. |
在十秒钟内,我会让你 前顶盖区域的神经元亮起来, 然后我会刺激你的杏仁体与海马体, 让你吓一跳。 |
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specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药; outcome:n.结果,结局;成果; degeneration:n.退化;[医]变性;堕落;恶化; stimulate:v.刺激;激发;促进;激励; amygdala:n.[解剖]杏仁核;扁桃腺;苦巴旦杏; hippocampus:n.[解剖][脊椎]海马;马头鱼尾怪兽(神话中的一个形象);
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| Finally , your arcuate nucleus to make you feel hungry. |
最后,刺激你的弓状核, 让你感到饥饿。 |
| Bionudges don't need to be shocking or jarring, |
生物助推不必令人产生不适 （例如受到惊吓或是刺耳疼痛）, |
| They just need to be designed to activate or silence a specific brain circuit. |
只需将它们设计得能激活 或抑制某个特定的脑回路。 |
| Combining bionudges in a certain order can allow us to use them for a more targeted purpose. |
以一定顺序组合生物助推, 就能让我们将其用于 更有针对性的目的。 |
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Finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; arcuate:adj.弓形的;[建]拱式的; nucleus:n.核,核心;原子核; activate:vt.刺激;使活动;使活泼;使产生放射性;vi.激活;有活力;
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| My team and I at MIT developed microdevices similar in shape and size to a pill that can be swallowed like we do pills and contain electronics to deliver little bursts of electrical or chemical stimuli -- bionudges -- to our gut . |
我和我在麻省理工的团队 研发出了微型设备, 形状大小都与药丸相仿, 可以像药丸一样吞下去。 其中含有电子元件 能将少量电或化学刺激—— 生物助推——传递到我们的肠道中。 |
| Our gut is the largest interface of our body with the outside world. |
消化道是我们身体对外界最大的接口。 |
| It has an incredible combination of tissues all working together. |
其中有很多难以置信的组织 共同协作运转: |
| It houses enteroendocrine cells that sense what we eat and induce the release of hormones that can regulate hunger and metabolism . |
例如肠内分泌细胞, 能感知我们吃了什么, 并促使释放 能调节饥饿感和代谢的激素。 |
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swallowed:v.吞下;咽下;吞没;淹没;侵吞(swallow的过去分词和过去式) pills:n.药丸; v.起球; (pill的第三人称单数和复数) electronics:n.电子学;电子工业; bursts:[天]爆发;破裂(burst的第三人称单数); chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的; stimuli:n.刺激;刺激物;促进因素(stimulus的复数); gut:n.勇气;肠道;内脏;v.损毁内部;取出…的内脏;adj.非理性的;本能的 interface:n.接口;人机界面;连接电路;v.连接; incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的; combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合; tissues:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织;(tissue的复数) release:v.释放;发射;让与;允许发表;n.释放;发布;让与; hormones:n.[生理]激素;荷尔蒙;性激素;荷尔蒙制剂(hormone的复数); regulate:v.调节;控制; metabolism:n.[生理]新陈代谢;
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| It houses immune cells that sense the microbiome while preventing bacteria from entering our body. |
再例如免疫细胞,能感知微生物组, 同时防止细菌进入体内。 |
| And neurons -- lots and lots of neurons. |
还有神经元——很多很多神经元。 |
| This is why certain sugary or salty foods can ramp up dopamine levels in our brain and make us feel quite good after eating them. |
这就是为什么某些甜味或咸味食物 能提升大脑中的多巴胺浓度, 让我们在食用之后感觉良好。 |
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bacteria:n.[微]细菌; sugary:adj.含糖的;甜的;糖状的;甜言蜜语的; ramp:n.斜坡,坡道;敲诈;vi.蔓延;狂跳乱撞;敲诈;vt.敲诈;使有斜面; dopamine:n.[生化]多巴胺(一种治脑神经病的药物);
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| Our electronic pills can be designed to reside in the gut for days to weeks, delivering bionudges to neurons along the GI tract . |
我们的电子药丸被设计成 可在消化道内停留数日到数周, 期间对沿消化道的神经元 提供生物助推。 |
| Depending on the shape and strength of these electrical impulses , they can either affect hormone levels in our blood or travel up to our brain where they can activate or silence specific brain circuits that control hunger, metabolism and arousal . |
根据这些电脉冲的形状和强度, 它们可以影响血液中的激素浓度, 或是被传递至大脑, 在那里激活或抑制 能控制饥饿、代谢与唤起的 特定脑回路。 |
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reside:vi.住,居住;属于; tract:n.束;地带;小册子;大片土地; impulses:n.[心理]冲动; v.推动(impulse的第三人称单数); arousal:n.觉醒;激励;
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| Much like we did just a few minutes ago. |
就像我们几分钟前展示的那样。 |
| Using our devices , we could stimulate the stomach to tackle nausea or influence satiety or the intestine to change the way we digest things like glucose by affecting absorption of nutrients in food. |
我们可以使用这种设备刺激胃部 以解决恶心或影响饱腹感; 或刺激肠道,通过影响 对食物中营养成分的吸收 改变我们对葡萄糖等物质的消化方式。 |
| This could mean new, noninvasive therapies for the 34 million diabetics in the US and 650 million obese population worldwide . |
这意味着该新型无创式疗法 有望使美国 3400 万糖尿病患者 和全世界 6.5 亿肥胖人口受益。 |
| We could even affect things like inflammation in the brain, slowing down degeneration for the almost 60 million patients with Parkinson's or Alzheimer's around the world. |
我们甚至能影响大脑炎症这类问题, 为全世界近 6000 万名 帕金森症或阿茨海默症患者 减缓神经退行进程。 |
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devices:n.[机][计]设备;[机]装置;[电子]器件(device的复数); tackle:v.处理; n.用具; nausea:n.恶心,晕船;极端的憎恶; influence:n.影响;势力;感化;有影响的人或事;v.影响;改变; satiety:n.满足,饱足;过多; intestine:adj.内部的;国内的;n.肠; digest:n.摘要;文摘;概要;汇编;v.消化;领会;领悟;理解; glucose:n.葡萄糖;葡糖(等于dextrose); absorption:n.吸收;全神贯注,专心致志; nutrients:营养盐;[食品]营养素; noninvasive:adj.非侵袭的;非侵害的; therapies:n.治疗方法(therapy复数形式); diabetics:n.糖尿病,糖尿病患者; obese:adj.肥胖的,过胖的; worldwide:adj.全世界的;adv.在世界各地; inflammation:n.[病理]炎症;[医]发炎;燃烧;发火; patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数)
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| By being super specific, we can avoid side effects, unlike most of our drugs. |
和大多数药物截然不同, 该疗法极高的特异性能避免副作用。 |
| And in this way we can control appetite , nutrient digestion , hormone levels, even happiness and reward . |
通过这种方法,我们可以控制食欲、 营养消化、激素水平, 甚至幸福感和奖励。 |
| This is exciting. |
这很激动人心。 |
| Bionudges are more targeted than medicines and less invasive than surgery . |
生物助推的针对性比药物更强, 创伤性比手术更低。 |
| Neuromodulation therapies could be a new gold standard in health care . |
神经调制疗法可以成为 医疗领域新的黄金标准。 |
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appetite:n.食欲;嗜好; digestion:n.消化;领悟; reward:n.[劳经]报酬;报答;酬谢;v.[劳经]奖励;奖赏; surgery:n.外科;外科手术;手术室;诊疗室; Neuromodulation:[生理]神经调节;神经调制; gold standard:n.金本位制;黄金标准;典范; health care:n.卫生保健;
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| I'd like to leave you with an image: a single pill, not filled with drugs or chemicals , but with electronics and microdevices that deliver little bursts of energy to our gut. |
我想为大家留下这幅图景: 一颗药丸,里面填充的 不是药物或化学物质, 而是电子元件和微型设备, 能向肠道传递小型能量脉冲。 |
| This pill can treat Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, diabetes or obesity , all without any chronic drugs, completely noninvasively. |
这颗药丸能治疗帕金森症、 阿茨海默症、糖尿病或肥胖症, 全部不需要任何长期药物 且彻底无创。 |
| No drill, no surgery, no hospital stay. |
不需要电钻、手术、住院。 |
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chemicals:n.化学制品;化学品;(chemical的复数) obesity:n.肥大,肥胖; chronic:adj.慢性的;长期的;习惯性的;
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| This is how medicine could be. |
这是医学可能成为的模样。 |
| This is how medicine should be. |
这也是医学应当成为的模样。 |
| Thank you. |
谢谢。 |