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KaylaSheets_AreYouYourOwnTwin_2021E-_你可能会有一个秘密双胞胎（但不是你所设想的那种方式）_
While searching for a kidney donor , a Boston woman named Karen Keegan stumbled upon a mystery. 当寻求肾器官捐献者时, 一位名叫凯伦·基冈的波士顿妇女 偶然发现了一个谜团。
When her three adult sons underwent genetic testing to determine whether they were a match for kidney donation , the test showed that two of them weren’t actually her sons. 当她的三个成年儿子 接受了基因测试 以确定他们的肾脏捐献 是否匹配, 测试显示其中两个 实际上不是她儿子。
kidney:n.[解剖]肾脏;腰子;个性; donor:n.捐赠者;供者;赠送人;adj.捐献的;经人工授精出生的; Boston:n.波士顿(美国城市); stumbled:v.绊脚;跌跌撞撞地走;蹒跚而行;(stumble的过去分词和过去式) underwent:v.经验;遭遇(undergo的过去式); genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的; determine:v.决定;确定;测定;查明;形成;影响;裁决;安排; donation:n.捐赠;捐赠物;赠送;
she had conceived and given birth to them. 她怀孕并生下了他们。
Figuring there must have been an error, her doctors pursued further testing, only to uncover something even more confusing : she was her children’s biological aunt. 想到一定有什么错误, 她的医生进行了进一步的测试, 但却发现了一些 更加令人困惑的事情: 她是她的孩子们生物学上的姨妈。
conceived:v.构思;设想;(conceive的过去式); pursued:v.追击,追踪;继续从事(pursue的过去分词形式); uncover:v.揭开盖子;发现;揭露;揭发; confusing:adj.令人困惑; v.使糊涂; (confuse的现在分词) biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品;
It turned out that Keegan had a second genome in some tissues and organs . 结果是基冈在一些组织和器官中 拥有第二个基因组。
In other words, some of her cells had a completely different set of genes from the others. 换句话说,她的一些细胞具有 一组完全不同的基因 相较于别的细胞。
This second set of genes belonged to her twin sister— who had never been born. 这第二组基因属于 属于她的双胞胎姐妹-- 她从未出生过。
genome:n.基因组;染色体组; tissues:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织;(tissue的复数) organs:n.[生物]器官;机构;风琴(organ的复数); genes:n.基因;(gene的复数)
This condition, where an individual has two genomes present in the tissues of their body, is called chimerism . 这种情况, 一个人有两个基因组 存在于他们身体的组织中, 被称为嵌合体。
The name comes from Greek mythology , where chimera is an amalgam of three different animals. 这个名字来自于希腊神话, 其中嵌合体是一种 三种不同动物的混合体。
Individuals with chimerism might have two-toned skin or hair, or two different colored eyes, but most are believed to have no visible signs of the condition. 患有嵌合体的人可能有 双色调的皮肤或头发, 或两只不同颜色的眼睛, 但大多数人被认为没有明显的 可视的迹象。
individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; genomes:n.[遗]基因组(genome复数); chimerism:n.嵌合性;[遗]嵌合现象; mythology:n.神话;神话学;神话集; chimera:n.[遗]嵌合体;虚构的怪物;妄想; amalgam:n.[材]汞合金,[化工]汞齐;混合物; Individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); visible:adj.明显的;看得见的;现有的;可得到的;n.可见物;进出口贸易中的有形项目;
Chimerism can come from a twin in utero , from a tissue or organ transplant , or happen between a fetus and a pregnant woman. 嵌合体可以来自子宫内的双胞胎, 来自组织或器官移植, 或发生在胎儿和孕妇之间。
So how exactly does it happen? 那么它究竟是如何发生的呢？
In one of the most common forms, a mother and fetus swap cells in the flow of nutrients across the placenta . 其中最常见的形式之一, 在营养物质跨越胎盘的流动中 母亲和胎儿互换细胞。
The mother can inherit fetal stem cells, undifferentiated cells that are able to develop into any specialized cell. 母亲可以继承胎儿干细胞, 未分化的细胞能够 发展成任何专门的细胞。
utero:子宫; transplant:v.移植;迁移;使移居;n.移植;移居者; fetus:n.胎儿,胎; pregnant:adj.怀孕的;富有意义的; swap:n.交换;交换之物;vt.与...交换;以...作交换;vi.交换;交易; nutrients:营养盐;[食品]营养素; placenta:n.[胚]胎盘;[植]胎座; inherit:v.继承;接替(责任等);继任; fetal:adj.胎的,胎儿的; undifferentiated:adj.无差别的;一致的; specialized:adj.专业的; v.专门研究(或从事); (specialize的过去式和过去分词)
The fetal cells initially go undetected because the mother’s immune system is suppressed during pregnancy . 胎儿细胞最初未被发现 因为母亲的免疫系统 在怀孕期间受到抑制。
But in some cases, cells with the fetus’s DNA persist in the mother’s body for years or even decades without being destroyed by her immune system. 但在某些情况下 带有胎儿DNA的细胞 持续存在于母亲的身体里 几年甚至几十年 而不被她的免疫系统摧毁。
In one case, a mother's liver was failing, but suddenly started to regenerate itself. 在一个案例中, 一位母亲的肝脏正在衰竭, 但突然开始自我再生。
initially:adv.最初,首先;开头; undetected:adj.未被发现的;未检测到的; immune system:n.免疫系统; suppressed:adj.抑制的,发育不全的;v.镇压,禁止;(suppress的过去时和过去分词) pregnancy:n.怀孕;丰富,多产;意义深长; persist in:坚持;固执于; liver:n.肝;(动物供食用的)肝; regenerate:vt.使再生;革新;vi.再生;革新;adj.再生的;革新的;
Her doctors biopsied her liver, and found DNA in the regenerated tissue from a pregnancy almost 20 years earlier. 她的医生对她的肝脏进行了活检, 并在再生的组织中发现了DNA 来自近20年前的一次怀孕。
The fetal stem cells had lodged in her liver and specialized as liver cells. 胎儿的干细胞在她的肝脏中着床, 特化为肝脏细胞。
Karen Keegan, meanwhile , acquired her second genome before she was born. 与此同时,凯伦·基冈在出生前 就获得了她的第二个基因组。
biopsied:v.活组织检查;切片检查法;(biopsy的过去式和过去分词) regenerated:adj.再生的;v.再生;革新(regenerate的过去式和过去分词); lodged:v.lodge的过去分词; meanwhile:adv.同时,其间;n.其间,其时; acquired:adj.习得的; v.获得; (acquire的过去分词和过去式)
Very early in her own mother’s pregnancy with her, 在她的母亲怀着她的早期,
Keegan had a fraternal twin . 基冈有一个异卵双胞胎。
Keegan’s embryo absorbed some fetal stem cells from her twin’s embryo, which did not develop to term. 基冈的胚胎吸收了一些 她的双胞胎胚胎中的胎儿干细胞, 那个胚胎没有发育到足月。
By the time Keegan’s fetus developed an immune system, it had many cells with each genome, and the immune system recognized both genomes as her body’s own— so it didn’t attack or destroy the cells with the second genome. 当基冈的胎儿形成了免疫系统, 它的每个基因组都有很多细胞, 而免疫系统则确认 这两个基因组都是她身体自己的, 所以它没有攻击或破坏 具有第二基因组的细胞。
fraternal twin:n.二卵双生;异卵双生; embryo:n.[胚]胚胎;胚芽;初期;adj.胚胎的;初期的; absorbed:adj.被…吸引住; v.吸收(液体、气体等); (absorb的过去分词和过去式) recognized:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;(recognize的过去分词和过去式)
We don’t know how much of her body was composed of cells with this second genome— that can vary from one organ to another, and even between tissues within an organ: 我们不知道她身体的组成 有多少是带有第二基因组的细胞, 不同器官之间会有差异, 甚至同一器官的不同组织间也有:
some might have no cells at all with the second genome, while others might have many. 有些可能根本没有 第二个基因组的细胞, 而另一些可能有很多。
At least some of the egg-producing tissue in her ovaries must have carried the second genome. 在她的卵巢中至少有一些产卵组织 肯定携带了第二个基因组。
composed:adj.由…组成的; v.组成; (compose的过去分词和过去式) vary:vi.变化;变异;违反;vt.改变;使多样化;变奏; ovaries:n.[解剖]卵巢,[植]子房(ovary复数形式);
Each time she conceived there would be no way to predict which genome would be involved— which is how two of her children ended up with the genes of a woman who had never been born. 每次她受孕时,都会无从预测 哪些基因组会被涉及, 这就是为什么她两个孩子 最终得到的基因 来自于一个从未出生的女人。
This can also happen to fathers. 这种情况也可能发生在父亲身上。
In 2014, when ancestry testing determined that a father was actually his baby’s biological uncle, researchers discovered that 10% of the father’s sperm carried a second genome from an embryonic twin. 2014年,当血统测试确定一个父亲 实际上是他孩子的生物学上的叔叔, 研究人员发现,10%的的父亲的精子 携带来自胚胎期的双胞胎的 第二个基因组。
predict:v.预报;预言;预告; ancestry:n.祖先;血统; determined:adj.决定了的:v.决定;(determine的过去分词和过去式) sperm:n.精子;精液;鲸蜡油; embryonic:adj.[胚]胚胎的;似胚胎的;
Cases like this challenge our perception of genetics . 这样的案例挑战我们 对遗传学的认知。
Though there are very few documented cases of chimerism from an embryonic twin, we’re all amalgams to some extent , carrying around the different genetic codes of our gut bacteria and even our mitochondria . 尽管胚胎双胞胎嵌合体的 案例记录极少, 我们在某种程度上都是嵌合体, 携带着肠道细菌的不同的遗传密码, 甚至我们线粒体的。
perception:n.感知;知觉;看法;洞察力; genetics:n.遗传学; amalgams:n.(冶)汞合金;混合物;(amalgam的复数) extent:n.程度;范围;长度; gut:n.勇气;肠道;内脏;v.损毁内部;取出…的内脏;adj.非理性的;本能的 bacteria:n.[微]细菌; mitochondria:n.线粒体(mitochondrion的复数);
And given that 1 in 8 individual births started out as twin pregnancies , there could be many more people with two genomes— and many more lessons to learn about the genes that make us who we are. 鉴于每8个新生儿中就有一个 开始时是双胞胎怀孕, 可能有更多拥有两个基因组的人, 以及关于造就我们的基因 更多需要学习的课程。
pregnancies:n.怀孕;丰富,多产;意义深长;