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KayTye_2019S-_研究神经通_可以揭示心理健康的哪些方面_-
I'm going to start by saying something you think you know to be true. 首先,我要说出一个 你认为是正确的看法。
Your brain creates all facets of your mind. “你思想的方方面面 都源自你的大脑。”
facets:n.面状,[材]刻面;切面或瓣面(facet的复数形式);
So then why do we treat mental and physical illnesses so differently, if we think we know that the mind comes from the brain? 如果我们认为思想来自大脑, 那为什么我们对待心理和身体疾病 的态度如此不同？
treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣; mental:adj.精神的;脑力的;疯的;n.精神病患者; physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查;
As a neuroscientist , I'm often told that I'm not allowed to study how internal states like anxiety or craving or loneliness are represented by the brain, and so I decided to set out and do exactly that. 身为神经科学家,别人常告诉我, 我不能去研究内心状态, 如焦虑、渴望、孤独, 是如何由大脑呈现的, 所以我决定,我偏偏要这么做。
neuroscientist:n.神经系统科学家; internal:n.内脏;本质;adj.内部的;里面的;体内的;(机构)内部的; anxiety:n.焦虑;渴望;挂念;令人焦虑的事; craving:n.渴望;热望;v.渴望;恳求;(crave的现在分词); represented:v.代表; (represent的过去式和过去分词)
My research program is designed to understand the mind by investigating brain circuits . 我的研究项目旨在 通过研究脑回路来理解思维。
investigating:v.调查;研究;审查;(investigate的现在分词) circuits:n.环行路线;电路;线路;巡回赛;v.巡回;周游;(circuit的第三人称单数和复数)
Specifically , how does our brain give rise to emotion . 具体来说,我在探究我们的 大脑是如何产生情感的。
Specifically:adv.特别地;明确地; give rise to:使发生,引起; emotion:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感;
It's really hard to study feelings and emotions , because you can't measure them. 要研究情感和情绪是非常难的, 因为它们无法衡量。
emotions:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感;(emotion的复数)
Behavior is still the best and only window into the emotional experience of another. 行为仍然是最好且唯一 能用于窥测他人情感体验的窗口。
emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的;
For both animals and people, yes, self-report is a behavioral output . 没错,自我评估是一种行为输出, 对动物和人都适用。
self-report:n.自我报告; behavioral:adj.行为的; output:n.(人、机器、机构的)产量;输出;输出功率;输出量;v.输出;
Motivated behaviors fall into two general classes: seeking pleasure and avoiding pain. 动机行为可大致归为两类: 寻求愉悦和逃避痛苦。
Motivated:adj.有动机的; v.使产生动机; seeking:v.寻找;寻求;谋求;争取;(向人)请求(seek的现在分词)
The ability to approach things that are good for you and avoid things that are bad for you is fundamental to survival . 生存最根本的能力 就是去接近那些对你有益的事物, 并回避那些对你有害的事物。
approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理; fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; survival:n.幸存,残存;幸存者,残存物;
And in our modern-day society, trouble telling the difference can be labeled as a mental illness. 而在我们现代社会中, 无法鉴别其中的差异, 就会被贴上心理疾病的标签。
modern-day:adj.当代的;今日的; labeled:adj.有标签的; v.示踪; (label的过去分词和过去式)
If I was having car trouble, and I took my car to the mechanic , the first thing they do is look under the hood. 如果我的车出了问题, 我会把车送去技工那里, 他们会做的第一件事 就是检查引擎盖下。
mechanic:n.技工,机修工;adj.手工的;
But with mental health research, you can't just pop open the hood with the press of a button. 但在心理健康研究中, 你不能只靠按下按钮 就把引擎盖弹开,
So this is why we do experiments on animals. 这就是为什么我们 要用动物进行实验。
Specifically, in my lab, mice. 准确来说,我的实验室 用小鼠做实验。
To understand the brain, well, we need to study brains. 若要理解大脑, 我们就需要研究大脑。
And for the first time, we actually can. 这是史上头一回,我们能做到,
We can pop open the hood. 我们能打开引擎盖,
We can look inside and do an experiment and see what comes out. 我们能够查看内部, 进行实验,看到结果。
Technology has opened new windows into the black box that is our minds. 我们的思维是个黑匣子, 而科技为其打开了新窗口。
Technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; black box:黑箱;(装在飞机上记录飞行情况等的)密封仪器;
The development of optogenetic tools has allowed us unprecedented control over specific neurons in the brain and how they talk to each other by firing electrical signals. 光遗传学工具的发展 让我们能前所未有地 控制大脑中特定的神经元, 以及它们如何发出电信号 进行彼此交流。
unprecedented:adj.空前的;无前例的; electrical:adj.有关电的;电气科学的;
We can genetically engineer neurons to be light sensitive and then use light to control how neurons fire. 我们可以用基因工程 制造对光敏感的神经元, 然后用光来控制神经元的激发,
genetically:adv.从遗传学角度;从基因方面; sensitive:adj.敏感的;感觉的;易受影响的;n.敏感的人;有灵异能力的人;
This can change an animal's behavior, giving us insight into what that neural circuit can do. 从而改变动物的行为, 让我们能深入了解 那个神经回路的作用。
insight:n.洞察力;洞悉; neural:adj.神经的;神经系统的;背的;神经中枢的;
Want to know how scientists figure this out? 想知道科学家是如何 想出这种方法的吗？
Scientists developed optogenetic tools by borrowing knowledge from other basic science fields. 科学家借用其他基础科学领域的知识, 开发出了光遗传工具。
Algae are single-celled organisms that have evolved to swim towards light. 水藻是单细胞生物, 已经进化成向光而游的特性,
Algae:n.[植]藻类;[植]海藻; organisms:n.[生物]生物体(organism的复数);[生物]有机体; evolved:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;(evolve的过去分词和过去式)
And when blue light shines onto the eyespot of an algae cell, a channel opens, sending an electrical signal that makes little flagella flap and propels the algae towards sunlight . 当蓝光照在水藻细胞的眼点上, 有一个（离子）通道会打开, 产生电信号, 让小鞭毛拍动, 将水藻推向阳光方向。
eyespot:n.[动]眼点;眼状斑点; flagella:n.鞭毛;鞭节(flagellum的复数); flap:n.拍打,拍打声; v.拍动; (帽边等)垂下; propels:vt.推进;驱使;激励;驱策; sunlight:n.日光;
If we clone this light-sensitive part of the algae and then add it to neurons through genetic modification , we can make neurons light-sensitive, too. 如果我们复制水藻对光敏感的部分, 通过基因编辑将其加入神经元, 我们也能让神经元变得光敏感。
clone:v.克隆; n.克隆动物(或植物); light-sensitive:adj.光敏的; modification:n.修改;改进;改变;
Except, with neurons, when we shine light down an optical fiber deep into the brain, we change how they send electrical signals to other neurons in the brain and thus change the animal's behavior. 不过,对神经元而言, 当我们通过光导纤维, 把光照到大脑深处时, 我们会改变神经元如何将电信号 发送给大脑中其余神经元, 从而改变动物的行为。
optical:adj.光学的;眼睛的,视觉的; fiber:n.纤维;光纤(等于fibre);
With the help of my colleagues , 在我同事的帮助下,
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数);
I pioneered the use of optogenetic tools to selectively target neurons that are living in point A, sending messages down wires aimed at point B, leaving neighboring neurons going other places unaffected . 我率先使用光遗传工具, 选择性地锁定 A 点的神经元, 通过连结发送信息到 B 点, 让周围联结其他地方 的神经元不受影响。
selectively:adv.有选择地; neighboring:adj.邻近的;接壤的;v.邻近;使接近;位于…附近;(neighbor的现在分词) unaffected:adj.不受影响的;自然的;真挚的;不矫揉造作的;
This approach allowed us to test the function of each wire within the tangled mess that is our brain. 这个方法能让我们测试大脑 这一团乱麻中每根连接线的功能。
tangled:adj.缠结的; v.使缠结; (tangle的过去分词和过去式) mess:n.混乱;餐厅;杂乱;肮脏;v.使不整洁;弄脏;弄乱;随地便溺;
A brain region called the amygdala has long been thought to be important for emotion, and my laboratory discovered that the amygdala resembles a fork in the road 大脑有个区域叫做杏仁核, 大家一直认为它对情绪至关重要, 而我的实验室发现, 杏仁核就像是道路上的分叉,
region:n.地区;范围;部位; amygdala:n.[解剖]杏仁核;扁桃腺;苦巴旦杏; laboratory:n.实验室,研究室; resembles:v.看起来像:显得像:像(resemble的第三人称单数)
where activating one path can drive positive emotion and approach, and activating another path can drive negative emotion and avoidance . 启动一条路径就会 驱动积极的情绪和接近行为, 而启动另一条路径则会 导致消极的情绪和回避行为。
activating:v.使活动(activate的ing形式); positive:adj.积极的;[数]正的,[医][化学]阳性的;确定的;n.正数;[摄]正片; negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝; avoidance:n.逃避;废止;职位空缺;
I'm going to show you a couple of examples -- a taste of raw data -- of how we can use optogenetics to target specific neurons in the brain and get very specific changes in behavior. 我给大家展示几个例子—— 体验一下原数据—— 我们如何用光遗传学 来锁定大脑中特定神经元, 并导致极其特定的行为变化。
Anxiety patients have abnormal communication between two parts of the amygdala, but in people, it's hard to know if this abnormality is cause or effect of the disease . 焦虑症患者的杏仁核 两个部分之间的 交流存在异常, 但在人类身上很难知道 这种异常是焦虑症的原因 还是后果。
patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数) abnormality:n.异常;畸形,变态; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病;
We can use optogenetics to target the same pathway in a mouse, and see what happens. 我们能使用光遗传学 在小鼠身上锁定同样的通路, 看看会发生什么。
pathway:n.路,道;途径,路径;
So this is the elevated plus maze . 这是高架十字迷宫,
elevated:adj.提高的;高尚的;欢欣的;v.提高;振奋;提拔;(elevate的过去分词和过去式) maze:n.迷宫;迷惑;糊涂;vt.迷失;使混乱;使困惑;
It's a widely used anxiety test that measures the amount of time that the mouse spends in the safety of the closed arms relative to exploring the open arms. 是一种广泛使用的 焦虑行为测试。 它测量小鼠有多少时间 待在闭合通道的安全中, 与之相比又花多少时间 在开放通道中探索。
relative:adj.相对的;有关系的;成比例的;n.亲戚;相关物;[语]关系词;亲缘植物; exploring:v.探索:考察:探查;(explore的现在分词)
Mice have evolved to prefer enclosed spaces, like the safety of their burrows , but to find food, water, mates , they need to go out into the open where they're more vulnerable to predatory threats. 小鼠已经演化成偏爱密闭空间, 比如安全的鼠洞, 但为了觅食、找水、寻配偶, 它们需要出去到开放的野外, 在那里它们更容易受到天敌威胁。
prefer:v.更喜欢;宁愿;提出;提升; enclosed:adj.封闭的;附上的;v.把…围起来;围住;附上;(enclose的过去分词和过去式) burrows:n.地洞,洞穴v.挖掘;穴居;潜伏(burrow的第三人称单数和复数) mates:n.朋友; v.交配; vulnerable:adj.易受攻击的,易受…的攻击;易受伤害的;有弱点的; predatory:adj.掠夺的,掠夺成性的;食肉的;捕食生物的;
So I'm sitting in the background here, and I'm about to flip the switch. 我坐在背景的这里, 我准备要去打开开关。
flip:n.浏览;空翻;轻抛;捻掷;v.迅速翻动;按(开关);按(按钮);开(或关)(机器等);
And now, when I flip the switch and turn the light on, you can see the mouse begins to explore the open arms of the maze more. 现在,我打开了开关, 把光照打开。 大家可以看到小鼠开始 更频繁地探索迷宫中的开放通道,
explore:v.探索:探测:探险:
And in contrast to drug treatments for anxiety, there's no sedation , no locomotor impairment , just coordinated , natural-looking exploration . 与用药物治疗焦虑不同, 它没有变得镇静, 也没有出现运动障碍, 只是在进行协调、 看起来自然的探索。
contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比; treatments:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;(treatment的复数) sedation:n.镇静;镇静作用;镇静状态; locomotor:adj.移动的,运动的;运转的;n.好旅行的人;有运动力之物;移动发动机; impairment:n.损伤,损害; coordinated:v.使协调;使相配合;搭配,协调;(coordinate的过去分词和过去式) exploration:n.探索;勘探;探险;[医]探查术;
So not only is the effect almost immediate, but there are no detectable side effects. 这个几乎是立即见效, 且没有任何可检测到的副作用。
detectable:adj.可检测的;可发觉的;
Now, when I flip the switch off, you can see that the mouse goes back to its normal brain function and back to its corner. 现在,我关上开关, 你们可以看见小鼠的 脑功能恢复正常, 且躲回了角落。
When I was in the lab and I was taking these data, 当我在实验室记录这些数据时,
I was all by myself, and I was so excited. 我非常兴奋,却只有我一个人。
I was so excited, I did one of these quiet screams. 我太激动, 所以我安静地尖叫了一声。
(Silently) Aah! （安静地）啊啊！
(Laughter) （笑声）
Why was I so excited? 我为什么这么激动？
I mean, yeah, theoretically , I knew that the brain controlled the mind, but to flip the switch with my hand and see the mouse change its behavioral state so rapidly and so reversibly , it was really the first time that I truly believed it. 理论上,我知道 是大脑在控制思想, 但由我亲手打开开关, 看见了老鼠改变行为状态, 如此迅速地,如此可逆的, 这是我第一次真正相信这个理论。
theoretically:adv.理论地;理论上; reversibly:adv.可逆地;
Since that first breakthrough , there have been a number of other discoveries. 自从那第一次突破, 我们又有了很多新发现,
breakthrough:n.突破;开始取得成功之时;adj.突破性的;
Finding specific neural circuits that can elicit dramatic changes in animal behavior. 我们发现特定的神经回路能够引发 动物行为的戏剧性改变。
elicit:v.抽出,引出;引起; dramatic:adj.突然的;巨大的;令人吃惊的;激动人心的;
Here's another example: compulsive overeating . 再举另一个例子: 强迫性暴饮暴食。
compulsive:adj.强制的;强迫的; overeating:v.吃得过多;过度饱食(overeat的ing形式);
We can eat for two reasons. 有两个理由让我们吃东西,
Seeking pleasure, like tasty food, or avoiding pain, like being hungry. 寻求愉悦,比如美味的食物; 或者避免痛苦,比如饥饿。
tasty:美味的
How can we find a treatment for compulsive overeating without messing up the hunger-driven feeding that we need to survive? 我们要如何找出 强迫性暴饮暴食的治疗方法, 同时不扰乱我们生存所需的 由饥饿驱使的进食呢？
messing:v.使不整洁;弄脏;弄乱;随地便溺;(mess的现在分词)
The first step is to understand how the brain gives rise to feeding behavior. 第一步是要了解 大脑如何引起进食行为。
This fully-fed mouse is just exploring a space completely devoid of any food. 这只完全吃饱的小鼠只是在探索 一个完全没有任何食物的空间。
devoid:adj.缺乏的;全无的;
Here we're using optogenetics to target neurons living in the hypothalamus , sending messages down wires aimed at the midbrain . 这里我们用光遗传学 来锁定下丘脑中的神经元, 它们通过神经连结, 发送信息到中脑。
hypothalamus:n.[解剖]下丘脑; midbrain:n.[解剖][动]中脑;
When I turn the light on, right here, you can see that the mouse immediately begins licking the floor. 当我打开光照,就在此时, 各位可以看见, 小鼠马上开始舔地板。
licking:n.惨败,一败涂地;v.舔;舔吃;掠过;舔食;(lick的现在分词)
(Laughter) （笑声）
This seemingly frenzied behavior is about to escalate into something I find really incredible . 这种看似很疯狂的行为 即将升级成我觉得 非常不可思议的情况。
seemingly:adv.看来似乎;表面上看来; frenzied:adj.疯狂的;狂乱的;激怒的;v.使狂乱(frenzy的过去式); is about to:眼看就要;即将;正要;行将; escalate:vi.逐步增强;逐步升高;vt.使逐步上升; incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的;
It's kind of trippy , actually. 其实有点像幻觉。
trippy:adj.由致幻药引起幻觉的;
Ready? 准备好了吗？
It's right here. 就是这里。
See, he picks up his hands as if he is eating a piece of food, but there's nothing there, he's not holding anything. 看,它把手举起来, 就好像它在吃一块食物, 但它手里什么也没有。
So this circuit is sufficient to drive feeding behavior in the absence of hunger, even in the absence of food. 这个神经回路足以 驱使它做出进食行为, 即使它根本不饿, 甚至也没有食物。
sufficient:adj.足够的;充分的; in the absence of:缺乏,不存在;无…时,缺少…时;
I can't know for sure how this mouse is feeling, but I speculate these neurons drive craving based on the behaviors we elicit when we target this pathway. 我不确定这只小鼠是什么感觉, 但根据我们锁定这条神经通路 所引发的行为, 我推测这些神经元 能够驱使渴望。
speculate:v.推测;猜测;推断;投机;做投机买卖;
Turn the light back off -- animal's back to normal. 再把光照关掉—— 动物归于正常。
When we silence this pathway, we can suppress and reduce compulsive overeating without altering hunger-driven feeding. 当我们关闭这条通路时, 我们就能抑制及减轻 强迫性暴饮暴食, 却不会改变饥饿进食的本能。
suppress:vt.抑制;镇压;废止; altering:n.变更;v.变更(alter的现在分词);
What did you take away from these two videos that I just showed you? 从刚才我展示的两条短片中, 我们学到了什么？
That making a very specific change to neural circuits in the brain can have specific changes to behavior. 那就是当我们对大脑 神经回路做出特定的改变, 就能让行为发生特定的变化。
That every conscious experience that we have is governed by cells in our brain. 我们所有有意识的体验 都受大脑细胞的控制。
conscious:adj.意识到的;故意的;神志清醒的;
I am the daughter of a physicist and a biologist , who literally met on the boat coming to America in pursuit of an education. 我的父母是物理学家和生物学家, 他们在来美国求学的 船上相遇。
physicist:n.物理学家;物理学研究者; biologist:n.生物学家; literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: in pursuit of:寻求,追求;
So naturally , since there was "no pressure" to be a scientist ... 所以,很自然, 既然没有“压力” 必须成为一名科学家……
naturally:adv.自然地;自然而然地;轻而易举;天生地;大方地;
(Laughter) （笑声）
as a college student, 当我还是大学生时,
I had to decide whether I wanted to focus on psychology , the study of the mind, or neuroscience , the study of the brain. 我需要决定是专攻 心理学,研究思想, 还是神经科学,研究大脑。
psychology:n.心理学;心理状态; neuroscience:n.神经系统科学(指神经病学,神经化学等);
And I chose neuroscience, because I wanted to understand how the mind is born out of biological tissue . 而我选择了神经科学, 因为我想要了解思想是怎样 从生物组织中诞生的。
biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品; tissue:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织;
But really, I've come full circle to do both. 但其实,我很圆满地做到了两者兼顾,
come full circle:绕了一圈;"come/gofullcircle"的变体;周而复始;回到原地;兜了一圈;
And now my research program bridges the gap between the mind and the brain. 现在,我的研究项目 连接了思想和大脑间的空隙。
gap:n.差距;间隙;缺口;间隔;v.使豁裂;豁开;
Research from my laboratory suggests that we can begin to tie specific neural circuits to emotional states. 根据我实验室所做的研究, 我们可以开始把特定的神经回路 和情绪状态相关联。
And we have found a number of circuits that control anxiety-related behavior, compulsive overeating, social interaction , avoidance and many other types of motivated behaviors that may reflect internal emotional states. 我们已经发现了若干回路 可以控制焦虑相关的行为, 强迫性暴饮暴食, 社交,逃避, 以及其他种类的激励行为, 它们或许都能反映内在的情绪状态。
interaction:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰; reflect:v.反映;映出(影像);反射;表明,表达;
We used to think of functions of the mind as being defined by brain regions . 我们曾认为思维的功能 是由大脑区域来定义的,
defined:adj.有定义的,确定的; v.使明确; regions:n.地区;地域;行政区;左近;(region的复数)
But my work shows that within a given brain region, there are many different neurons doing different things. 但我的研究指出, 在一个大脑区域内, 会有许多不同的神经元 在做不同的工作,
And these functions are partly defined by the paths they take. 这些功能有一部分是由 神经的路径来定义的。
Here's a metaphor to help illustrate how these discoveries change the way that we think about the brain. 让我打个比方来说明 这些发现如何改变 我们看待大脑的方式。
metaphor:n.暗喻,隐喻;比喻说法; illustrate:v.解释;加插图于;给(书等)做图表;表明…真实;
Let's say that the brain is analogous to the world and that neurons are analogous to people. 让我们把大脑比作世界, 把神经元比作人。
analogous:adj.类似的;[昆]同功的;可比拟的;
And we want to understand how information is transmitted across the planet. 而我们想要了解信息是 如何在地球上传播的,
transmitted:v.传送;输送;发射;播送;传播;传染;(transmit的过去分词和过去式)
Sure, it's useful to know where a given person is located when recording what they're saying. 当然,如果在记录 一个人说的话时, 还能定位他的位置, 会很有帮助,
located:adj.位于; v.确定…的准确地点; (locate的过去分词和过去式)
But I would argue that it's equally important to know who this person is talking to, who is listening and how the people listening respond to the information that they receive. 但我认为同样重要的是, 要知道这个人在对谁说话, 谁在倾听, 以及听到的人对他们 收到的信息作何反应。
respond:vi.回答;作出反应;承担责任;n.应答;唱和;
The current state of mental health treatment is essentially a strategy of trial and error. 心理健康治疗的现状 基本上是在用试错策略,
essentially:adv.本质上;本来; strategy:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略;
And it is not working. 而且没有效果。
The development of new drug therapies for mental health disorders has hit a brick wall, with scarcely any real progress since the 1950s. 针对心理健康疾病 的新型药物治疗方案 开发已经四处碰壁, 从上世纪 50 年代以后, 几乎没有任何实质进展。
therapies:n.治疗方法(therapy复数形式); disorders:n.无秩序,混乱; v.[电子]扰乱(disorder的单三形式); scarcely any:几乎没有;
So what does the future hold? 那么,未来会如何？
In the near future, 在不久的将来,
I expect to see a mental health treatment revolution , where we focus on specific neural circuits in the brain. 我期待看到一场 心理健康治疗的变革, 我们会专注于大脑中特定的神经回路。
revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环;
Diagnoses will be made based on both behavioral symptoms and measurable brain activity. 诊断依据将同时基于行为症状, 以及可测量的脑部活动。
Diagnoses:n.诊断;调查分析;评价(diagnosis的复数形式); symptoms:n.症状;征候;征兆;(symptom的复数) measurable:adj.可测量的;重要的;重大的;
Further in the future, by combining our ability to make acute changes to the brain and get acute changes to behavior with our knowledge of synaptic plasticity to make more permanent changes, 在更远的将来, 我们不仅能够对大脑进行急性改变, 从而让行为发生急性改变, 也可以藉由突触可塑性的知识, 实现更永久的改变;
acute:adj.严重的,[医]急性的;敏锐的;激烈的;尖声的; synaptic:adj.突触的;(染色体)联合的; plasticity:n.塑性,可塑性;适应性;柔软性; permanent:adj.永久的,永恒的;n.烫发;
we could push the brain into a state of fixing itself by reprogramming neural circuits. 将两者结合,我们就可以把大脑推向 通过神经回路重新编程, 实现大脑自我修复的状态。
reprogramming:n.[计]改编程序; v.为…重编程序;
Exposure therapy at the circuit level. 在回路层面进行的暴露疗法。
Exposure:n.暴露;显露;揭露;面临; therapy:n.治疗,疗法;
Once we switch the brain into a state of self-healing , this could potentially have long-lasting effects with no side effects. 一旦我们把大脑切换到自愈的状态, 就可能发挥持续的作用, 没有任何副作用。
self-healing:adj.自我修复的; potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地; long-lasting:adj.持续时间长的;
I can envision a future where neural circuit reprogramming represents a potential cure, not just a treatment. 我能设想在未来, 神经回路的重新编程 代表的不只是治疗方式, 更是可能的解药。
envision:v.想象;预想; represents:v.代表;维护…的利益;相当于;(represent的第三人称单数)
OK, but what about right now? 好的,但现在呢？
If from this very moment forward, each and every one of you left this talk and truly believed that the mind comes entirely from cells in your brain, then we could immediately get rid of negative perceptions and stigmas that prevent so many people from getting the mental health support that they need. 如果从此刻以后, 在座各位听完演讲后, 真的相信思想完完全全 源自你的大脑细胞, 那么我们可以立马甩掉 消极的观念和污名, 不再阻止许多人 获得他们所需的心理健康支持。
perceptions:n.认知;观念(perception的复数);理解; stigmas:n.[植]柱头;耻辱;污名;烙印;特征;
Mental health professionals , we're always thinking about what's the next new treatment. 心理健康专业人士 总是在想,下一个新的疗法是什么,
professionals:n.[管理]专业人员(professional的复数);
But before we can apply new treatments, we need people to feel comfortable seeking them. 但在我们应用新的疗法之前, 我们需要让人们能自在地寻求它们。
apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求;
Imagine how dramatically we could reduce the rates of suicides and school shootings if everyone who needed mental health support actually got it. 想象一下,只需让那些需要 心理治疗的人获得帮助, 我们能把自杀率 和校园枪击案降低多少。
dramatically:adv.戏剧地;引人注目地;adv.显著地,剧烈地; suicides:n.自杀;自毁;自杀者;(suicide的复数)
When we truly understand exactly how the mind comes from the brain, we will improve the lives of everyone who will have a mental illness in their lifetime -- half the population -- as well as everyone else with whom they share the world. 当我们真正了解思想是 如何从大脑诞生的, 我们就能为将来人生中 会出现心理疾病的每个人 改善他们的生活—— 他们占半数的人口—— 也能改善其他与之共享 这个世界的人们的生活。
improve:v.改进;改善; as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且;
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）