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KatieHinde_2016W-_年轻发明家计画回收保丽龙_
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| Have you ever heard the one about how breastfeeding is free? |
你们有听过, 妈妈哺乳婴儿提供的是免费餐吗？ |
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breastfeeding:n.母乳哺育;v.用母乳喂养(breastfeed的现在分词);
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| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| Yeah, it's pretty funny, because it's only free if we don't value women's time and energy. |
真的蛮可笑的…… 只有在你不把女人付出的时间和精力, 当作一回事的时候,你才能说婴儿餐是免费的。 |
| Any mother can tell you how much time and energy it takes to liquify her body — to literally dissolve herself — |
任何母亲都能告诉你, 这有多耗时间和精力。 把自己的身体液化── 可以说是把自己溶化掉── |
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liquify:vt.液化;溶解(等于liquefy);vi.液化;溶解(等于liquefy); literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: dissolve:v.溶;使(固体)溶解;解除;终止;解散;消除;n.(电影、电视等画面的)渐隐
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| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| as she feeds this precious little cannibal. |
来喂这个可爱的食人族宝宝。 |
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precious:adj.宝贵的;珍贵的;矫揉造作的;
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| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| Milk is why mammals suck . |
奶是哺乳动物吸吮的原因。 |
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mammals:n.哺乳动物;(mammal的复数) suck:v.吸吮;吸取;n.吮吸;
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| At Arizona State University , in the Comparative Lactation Lab, |
在亚利桑那州立大学 比较哺乳学实验室里, |
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Arizona:n.美国亚利桑那州; State University:n.(美国)州立大学; Comparative:adj.比较的;相当的;n.比较级;对手; Lactation:n.哺乳;哺乳期;授乳(形容词lactational);分泌乳汁;
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| I decode mothers' milk composition to understand its complexity and how it influences infant development. |
我剖析母乳的成分, 去了解其复杂性, 以及它如何影响婴儿的发育。 |
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decode:vt.[计][通信]译码,解码;vi.从事破译工作; composition:n.成分;作文;构成;创作; complexity:n.复杂性;难以理解的局势 influences:n.影响; v.影响; infant:n.婴儿;幼儿;未成年人;adj.婴儿的;幼稚的;初期的;未成年的;
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| The most important thing that I've learned is that we do not do enough to support mothers and babies. |
我学到最重要的, 是我们缺乏母亲和婴儿之扶助。 |
| And when we fail mothers and babies, we fail everyone who loves mothers and babies: the fathers, the partners, the grandparents, the aunties , the friends and kin that make our human social networks. |
当母亲和婴儿获得的支持不足时, 我们也辜负了 所有爱母亲和婴儿的人。 父亲们、伴侣们、 祖父母们、阿姨们、 亲友们,和我们 社会中的人伦网络成员。 |
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aunties:n.舅妈,伯母;阿姨; kin:n.亲戚;家族;同族;adj.同类的;有亲属关系的;性质类似的;
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| It's time that we abandon simple solutions and simple slogans , and grapple with the nuance . |
现在是我们该舍弃简单的解决方案 或简单的口号, 去了解其个中的细微好坏的时候了。 |
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abandon:n.狂热;放任;v.遗弃;放弃; slogans:n.口号(slogan复数); grapple:v.扭打;搏斗;努力设法解决;n.格斗;紧握;抓机; nuance:n.细微差别;
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| I was very fortunate to run smack-dab into that nuance very early, during my first interview with a journalist when she asked me, "How long should a mother breastfeed her baby?" |
我很幸运, 很早就能意识到这个细微的差异, 在我第一次受记者采访的时候。 她就问我: 「妈妈应该用母乳 喂养她的宝宝多久呢？」 |
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fortunate:adj.幸运的;交好运的;吉利的; smack-dab:adv.恰好地;不偏不倚地; interview:n.接见,采访;面试,面谈;v.采访;接见;对…进行面谈; journalist:n.新闻工作者;报人;记日志者;
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| And it was that word "should" |
就是这个词「应该」, |
| that brought me up short, because I will never tell a woman what she should do with her body. |
让我思考了很久, 因为我永远不会告诉一个女人 她「应该」用她的身体做什么。 |
| Babies survive and thrive because their mother's milk is food, medicine and signal. |
宝宝能生存和茁壮成长, 是因为母乳是宝宝的 食物、药物和信号。 |
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thrive:v.繁荣;茁壮成长;蓬勃发展;兴旺发达;
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| For young infants , mother's milk is a complete diet that provides all the building blocks for their bodies, that shapes their brain and fuels all of their activity. |
对于数周的婴儿, 母乳是一种全面的营养饮食, 提供他们身体所要的所有必需物, 塑造了婴儿的大脑, 并为其所有的活动提供燃料。 |
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infants:n.婴儿(infant的复数);婴幼儿; building blocks:(儿童玩的)积木;建筑砌块;堆积木;建筑砖块;基石;
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| Mother's milk also feeds the microbes that are colonizing the infant's intestinal tract . |
母乳也喂养着那些, 正在婴儿肠道内繁殖的微生物。 |
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microbes:n.细菌,[微]微生物;微生物类(microbe的复数形式); colonizing:vt.将…开拓为殖民地; vi.开拓殖民地; intestinal:adj.肠的; tract:n.束;地带;小册子;大片土地;
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| Mothers aren't just eating for two, they're eating for two to the trillions . |
母亲饮食不只是为两个人在吃而已, 同时也是为了数亿个微生物在吃。 |
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trillions:n.[数]万亿;adj.万亿的;num.[数]万亿;
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| Milk provides immunofactors that help fight pathogens and mother's milk provides hormones that signal to the infant's body. |
乳汁提供有助于 打击病原体的免疫因数, 母乳提供向婴儿身体 发出信号的激素。 |
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pathogens:n.[基医]病原体;病原菌;[基医]致病菌; hormones:n.[生理]激素;荷尔蒙;性激素;荷尔蒙制剂(hormone的复数);
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| But in recent decades, we have come to take milk for granted . |
但近几十年来, 我们忽略了乳汁的重要性。 |
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granted:v.不错,的确; conj.因为; v.同意,准予,允许; (grant的过去分词和过去式)
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| We stopped seeing something in plain sight. |
我们对这明显的事情视若无睹: |
| We began to think of milk as standardized , homogenized , pasteurized , packaged, powdered , flavored and formulated . |
我们开始视乳汁为标准化、 均质处理、杀菌过、 包装的、粉末状的、 加添风味、和科学配方的。 |
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standardized:adj.标准的; v.使合乎标准; homogenized:adj.成为均匀分布的微粒的; v.使均匀; pasteurized:adj.巴氏消毒的; powdered:adj.变成粉末的;涂粉的;v.使成粉末(powder的过去分词);撒粉;搽粉; flavored:v.调味;加味于;(flavor的过去式和过去分词) formulated:v.制订;规划;准备;确切表达;(formulate的过去分词和过去式)
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| We abandoned the milk of human kindness and turned our priorities elsewhere . |
我们舍弃了人类的母乳, 并把我们的重心放在别处了。 |
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abandoned:adj.被抛弃的放纵的;v.抛弃;丢弃,离开;放弃;(abandon的过去分词和过去式) priorities:n.优先事项;优先权;重点;(priority的复数) elsewhere:adv.在别处;到别处;
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| At the National Institutes of Health in Washington DC is the National Library of Medicine, which contains 25 million articles — the brain trust of life science and biomedical research. |
位于美国国立卫生研究院内, 在华盛顿特区, 座落着美国国家医学图书馆。 它存放着 2500 万个文檔── 是生命科学和生物医学研究 宝贵资料收藏地。 |
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Institutes:n.学院(institute的复数);v.建立(institute的第三人称单数形式); the brain trust:智囊团、思想库; biomedical:adj.生物医学的;
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| We can use keywords to search that database, and when we do that, we discover nearly a million articles about pregnancy , but far fewer about breast milk and lactation. |
我们可以使用关键字 来搜索该资料庫, 当我们这样做时, 我们发现近一百万篇 关于怀孕的文章, 但关于母乳和哺乳期的就少多了。 |
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keywords:n.关键词;关键字; pregnancy:n.怀孕;丰富,多产;意义深长;
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| When we zoom in on the number of articles just investigating breast milk, we see that we know much more about coffee, wine and tomatoes. |
当我们再深入查看 关于母乳的专题文章数量时, 我们看到,原来我们更了解 咖啡、葡萄酒和番茄。 |
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investigating:v.调查;研究;审查;(investigate的现在分词)
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| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| We know over twice as much about erectile dysfunction . |
而我们对于勃起功能障碍的了解 更是两倍之多。 |
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erectile:adj.勃起的;[昆]可使直立的; dysfunction:n.功能紊乱;机能障碍;官能不良;vi.功能失调;出现机能障碍;垮掉;
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| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| I'm not saying we shouldn't know about those things — |
我不是说,我们不应该 知道这些事情── |
| I'm a scientist, I think we should know about everything. |
我是科学家, 我想我们应该知道一切事物的。 |
| But that we know so much less — |
但同时我们也知道,我们懂得也太少了。 |
| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| the first fluid a young mammal is adapted to consume — should make us angry. |
是新生哺乳动物宝宝 第一口喝到的流体食物── 这应该让我们觉得生气。 |
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fluid:adj.流动的;流畅的;不固定的;n.流体;液体; adapted:adj.适于…的; v.使适应,使适合; (adapt的过去分词和过去式) consume:v.消耗;吃;毁灭;烧毁;
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| Globally, nine out of 10 women will have at least one child in her lifetime. |
在全球,10 名女性中有 9 名会在 她一生中至少生一个孩子。 |
| That means that nearly 130 million babies are born each year. |
这意味着每年有近 1.3 亿婴儿出生。 |
| These mothers and babies deserve our best science. |
这些母亲和婴儿 值得我们最好的科学协助。 |
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deserve:vi.应受,应得;
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| Recent research has shown that milk doesn't just grow the body, it fuels behavior and shapes neurodevelopment . |
最近的研究更证明, 奶类不仅使身体发育长大, 它影响我们的表现, 更领导着神经发展的方向。 |
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neurodevelopment:神经发育;
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| In 2015, researchers discovered that the mixture of breast milk and baby saliva — specifically , baby saliva — causes a chemical reaction that produces hydrogen peroxide that can kill staph and salmonella . |
在 2015 年,研究人员发现, 母乳和婴儿唾液的混合物 , 特别是婴儿之唾液 , 能引起化学反应而产生过氧化氢, 来杀死葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌。 |
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mixture:n.混合;结合体;混合物;集合体; saliva:n.唾液;涎; specifically:adv.特别地;明确地; chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的; reaction:n.反应,感应;反动,复古;反作用; hydrogen peroxide:na.过氧化氢; staph:n.葡萄球菌(staphylococcus); salmonella:n.沙门氏菌;
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| And from humans and other mammal species , we're starting to understand that the biological recipe of milk can be different when produced for sons or daughters. |
而从人类和其他哺乳动物来看, 我们开始明白了, 奶类在成分对于生物的重要性。母奶分泌的成分会因婴儿的性别而改变。 |
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species:n.[生物]物种;种类; biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品; recipe:n.食谱;方法;诀窍;烹饪法;
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| When we reach for donor milk in the neonatal intensive care unit, or formula on the store shelf, it's nearly one-size-fits-all . |
当我们为新生儿加护病房 拿取捐赠者奶时, 或在架上的婴儿配方牛奶时, 它们都是一体适用的。 |
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donor:n.捐赠者;供者;赠送人;adj.捐献的;经人工授精出生的; neonatal:adj.新生的;初生的; intensive care:n.(医院里的)特别护理病房;重症监护; one-size-fits-all:一刀切;一体适用;万全之策;
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| We aren't thinking about how sons and daughters may grow at different rates, or different ways, and that milk may be a part of that. |
我们忽略了男婴或女婴 会以不同的速度成长, 甚至以不同的方式, 而奶类可能是其中的一部分成因。 |
| Mothers have gotten the message and the vast majority of mothers intend to breastfeed, but many do not reach their breastfeeding goals. |
很多母亲已经明白和接受这信息, 而大多数的母亲 也决定用母乳抚育婴儿, 但还是很多人没有达到 她们的哺乳目标。 |
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majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人: intend:v.打算;计划;想要;
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| That is not their failure; it's ours. |
这不是她们的失败, 而是我们的。 |
| Increasingly common medical conditions like obesity , endocrine disorders , |
日益普遍的医疗状况 像肥胖、内分泌失调、 |
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Increasingly:adv.越来越多地;渐增地; obesity:n.肥大,肥胖; endocrine:n.内分泌;激素;内分泌物;adj.内分泌的;激素的; disorders:n.无秩序,混乱; v.[电子]扰乱(disorder的单三形式);
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| C-section and preterm births all can disrupt the underlying biology of lactation. |
剖腹产和早产婴儿, 所有这些都可能破坏泌乳之生物学。 |
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C-section:n.剖腹产; preterm:n.早产,早产婴儿; disrupt:vt.破坏;使瓦解;使分裂;使中断;使陷于混乱;adj.分裂的,中断的;分散的; underlying:adj.根本的; v.构成…的基础; (underlie的现在分词) biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学;
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| And many women do not have knowledgeable clinical support. |
许多女人都没获得 有经验人员的临床支持。 |
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knowledgeable:adj.知识渊博的,有知识的;有见识的;聪明的; clinical:adj.临床的;诊所的;
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| Twenty-five years ago, the World Health Organization and UNICEF established criteria for hospitals to be considered baby friendly — that provide the optimal level of support for mother-infant bonding and infant feeding. |
二十五年前, 世界卫生组织和儿童基金会制定了, 「宝宝友好医院」认证的准则, 来提供最有效的方法 幫助母亲和婴儿建立关系, 和婴儿喂养。 |
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Organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体; established:adj.已确立的;著名的;v.建立;创立;设立;(establish的过去分词和过去式) criteria:n.标准,条件(criterion的复数); optimal:adj.最佳的;最理想的;
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| Today, only one in five babies in the United States is born in a baby-friendly hospital. |
今天在美国只有五分之一的婴儿 是出生在宝宝友好医院。 |
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United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
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| This is a problem, because mothers can grapple with many problems in the minutes, hours, days and weeks of lactation. |
这就是个问题, 因为母亲们要面对很多 在哺乳期漫长时间中遇到的问题。 |
| They can have struggles with establishing latch , with pain, with milk letdown and perceptions of milk supply. |
她们可能遇到婴儿 不能顺利含乳的问题, 或感到疼痛, 或泌乳反射, 及母乳产量的错误认知。 |
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establishing:v.建立;创立;设立;使稳固;(establish的现在分词) latch:vi.占有,抓住;闭锁;vt.闩上;纠缠住某人;n.门闩; letdown:n.失望;松弛;减低; perceptions:n.认知;观念(perception的复数);理解;
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| These mothers deserve knowledgeable clinical staff that understand these processes . |
这些母亲都该获得对过程孰悉, 且经验丰富的临床人员之协助。 |
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processes:n.过程; v.处理(process的第三人称单数形式);
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| Mothers will call me as they're grappling with these struggles, crying with wobbly voices. |
遇到困难时, 这些母亲会打电话给我, 颤抖的哭音说: |
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grappling:v.扭打;搏斗;努力设法解决;(grapple的现在分词) wobbly:adj.不稳定的;摆动的;歪斜的;
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| '"It's not working. |
「做不到啊, |
| This is what I'm supposed to naturally be able to do. |
这是母性自然该能做的, |
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supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式) naturally:adv.自然地;自然而然地;轻而易举;天生地;大方地;
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| Why is it not working?" |
为什么不行呢？」 |
| And just because something is evolutionarily ancient doesn't mean that it's easy or that we're instantly good at it. |
虽然这些是自古进化而来的事, 但不意味我们一定也能。 |
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evolutionarily:进化上;
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| You know what else is evolutionarily ancient? |
你知道还有什么 是上古以来就有的吗？ |
| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| Sex. |
性交配。 |
| And nobody expects us to start out being good at it. |
也没有人期望我们从一开始就很擅长的。 |
| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| Clinicians best deliver quality equitable care when they have continuing education about how to best support lactation and breastfeeding. |
临床医生能提供最佳的护理。 他们要继续接受教育 学习如何有效支持哺乳期 和母乳喂养。 |
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Clinicians:临床医生(clinician的名词复数); equitable:adj.公平的,公正的;平衡法的; continuing education:na.进修教育;
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| And in order to have that continuing education, we need to anchor it to cutting-edge research in both the life sciences and the social sciences, because we need to recognize that too often historical traumas and implicit biases sit in the space between a new mother and her clinician. |
为了继续推动这种教育, 我们必需同时在生命和社会科学, 都注入尖端的研究基础, 因为我们需要察觉到, 很多时候, 历史的创伤和隐性偏见, 常常存在于新手妈妈, 和她们的临床医生之间。 |
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cutting-edge:n.(刀片的)刃口;尖端;前沿;adj.先进的,尖端的; life sciences:n.生命科学; recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到; historical:adj.历史的;史学的;基于史实的; traumas:n.外伤;精神创伤(trauma的复数); implicit:adj.含蓄的;暗示的;盲从的; biases:n.偏差,偏见(bias的复数形式);v.偏见(bias的三单形式);
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| The body is political. |
人体是政治化的。 |
| If our breastfeeding support is not intersectional , it's not good enough. |
如果对于母乳喂养的支持 不能彼此产生互动的话, 就代表它还不够好。 |
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intersectional:adj.交点的;区间的;
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| And for moms who have to return for work, because countries like the United States do not provide paid parental leave, they can have to go back in as short as just a few days after giving birth. |
而对急着返回工作的妈妈, 因为像美国这样的国家 是不提供带薪育婴假的, 妈妈可能在生育后几天就回家。 |
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parental:adj.父母亲的,父母的;亲代的,亲本的;
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| How do we optimize mother and infant health just by messaging about breast milk to moms without providing the institutional support that facilitates that mother-infant bonding to support breastfeeding? |
我们怎能优化母亲和婴儿健康, 如果只是传递母乳好处的讯息给妈妈, 而没有体制上的支援, 那种促进母乳喂养婴儿的支持 , 我们怎么可能成功呢? |
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optimize:vt.使最优化,使完善;vi.优化;持乐观态度; institutional:adj.制度的; facilitates:v.促进;帮助;使…容易(facilitate的第三人称单数形式);
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| The answer is: we can't. |
答案是:我们是无法成功的。 |
| I'm talking to you, legislators , and the voters who elect them. |
我是在向立法委员 和你们的选民呼吁, |
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legislators:n.立法委员;(legislator的复数)
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| I'm talking to you, job creators and collective bargaining units,and workers, and shareholders . |
还有老板们、工会们 员工们和股东们。 |
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collective bargaining:n.(劳资双方就工资和工作条件进行的)集体谈判; shareholders:n.[金融]股东,投资者;股民(shareholder的复数);
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| We all have a stake in the public health of our community , and we all have a role to play in achieving it. |
我们对社区公共卫生 负有成败的责任, 我们都要扮好各自的角色 来促使它成功。 |
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have a stake in:与…利害攸关; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
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| Breast milk is a part of improving human health. |
母乳是改善人类健康之一环。 |
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improving:v.改进;改善;(improve的现在分词)
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| In the NICU, when infants are born early or sick or injured , milk or bioactive constituents in milk can be critically important. |
在新生儿加护病房, 当婴儿早产或生病受伤时, 母乳和其中的生物活性成分 是至关重要的。 |
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injured:adj.受伤的:委屈的: v.伤害,使受伤: n.伤员; bioactive:adj.生物活性的,对活质起作用的; constituents:n.构成要素;选民;成分;(constituent的复数) critically:adv.精密地;危急地;批评性地;用钻研眼光地;
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| Environments or ecologies, or communities where there's high risk of infectious disease ,breast milk can be incredibly protective . |
在生活、生态环境, 或社区中有高风险传染病时, 母乳可以发挥令人难以置信的保护。 |
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communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) infectious:adj.传染的;传染性的;易传染的; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; protective:adj.防护的;关切保护的;保护贸易的;
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| Where there are emergencies like storms and earthquakes, when the electricity goes out, when safe water is not available, breast milk can keep babies fed and hydrated . |
发生紧急情况像台风和地震, 当电力供应停止时, 当饮用水没有时, 母乳仍可以喂养婴儿和提供水份。 |
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emergencies:n.突发事件;紧急情况;(emergency的复数) electricity:n.电力;电流;强烈的紧张情绪; hydrated:adj.含水的;v.与水化合;成水合物(hydrate的过去分词形式);
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| And in the context of humanitarian crises , like Syrian mothers fleeing war zones, the smallest drops can buffer babies from the biggest global challenges. |
而且在人道危机的情况下, 像母亲逃离叙利亚战区之时候, 只要一滴的母乳, 就能让婴儿在面临生死一刻时,还拥有一线生机。 |
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context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉; humanitarian:adj.人道主义的;博爱的;基督凡人论的;n.人道主义者;基督凡人论者; crises:n.危机,紧要关头;危险期(crisis的复数形式); Syrian:adj.叙利亚的;叙利亚人的;叙利亚语的;n.叙利亚人;叙利亚语; fleeing:v.迅速离开;逃避,逃跑;(flee的现在分词) buffer:n.[计]缓冲区;缓冲器,[车辆]减震器;vt.缓冲; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的;
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| But understanding breast milk is not just about messaging to mothers and policy makers. |
但是要让人了解母乳抚育的观念, 不能只靠提供 母亲或决策者讯息而已。 |
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policy:n.政策,方针;保险单;
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| It's also about understanding what is important in breast milk so that we can deliver better formulas to moms who cannot or do not breastfeed for whatever reason. |
还要去了解母乳的重要成分是什么, 这样才能提供更佳的婴儿配方奶粉, 给那些不能、或不愿意亲喂的妈妈。 |
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formulas:n.[数]公式;配方;规则(formula的复数);
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| We can all do a better job of supporting the diversity of moms raising their babies in a diversity of ways. |
我们大家都可以做得更好, 来支持妈妈们来养育她们的宝宝, 以多元化的方式。 |
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diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化:
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| As women around the world struggle to achieve political, social and economic equality, we must reimagine motherhood as not the central, core aspect of womanhood , but one of the many potential facets of what makes women awesome . |
当世界各地的妇女, 为实现政治、 社会和经济平等奋斗时, 我们必须重新思考母亲的身分; 这不是女性扮演的唯一核心角色, 而是女性如此伟大的 一个潜在原因。 |
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economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; reimagine:重新想象;再回味 motherhood:n.母性;母亲身份; core:n.核心;要点;果心;[计]磁心;vt.挖...的核; aspect:n.方面;层面;外观;方位; womanhood:n.女人;女人气质;女子成年期; potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; facets:n.面状,[材]刻面;切面或瓣面(facet的复数形式); awesome:adj.令人敬畏的;使人畏惧的;可怕的;极好的;
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| It's time. |
现在该是时候了。 |
| (Applause) |
（掌声） |