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KateOrff_2010W-_牡蛎——让纽约之河重焕生机！_
I am passionate about the American landscape and how the physical form of the land, from the great Central Valley of California to the bedrock of Manhattan, has really shaped our history and our character. 我热爱美国的山河 也热爱我们的地貌 从加州的中央山谷... 到曼哈顿地底基岩 地貌塑造了我们的历史与品性
passionate:adj.热情的;热烈的,激昂的;易怒的; landscape:n.景观;乡村风景画;(文件的)横向打印格式;v.对…做景观美化;美化…的环境; physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; bedrock:n.[地质]基岩;根底;基本原理;
But one thing is clear. 但很明显
In the last 100 years alone, our country -- and this is a sprawl map of America -- our country has systematically flattened and homogenized the landscape to the point where we've forgotten our relationship with the plants and animals that live alongside us and the dirt beneath our feet. 就在过去百年内 我们…这是美国城市扩张图... 我们有计划地改造自然 地表削平,多样性消失 结果我们忘记了... 与周围动植物的关系 也忘记了... 与脚下土地的关系
sprawl:vi.蔓延; vt.懒散地伸开; n.蔓生; systematically:adv.有系统地;有组织地; flattened:adj.没精打采的;垂头丧气的;v.平整;打倒(flatten的过去分词); homogenized:adj.成为均匀分布的微粒的; v.使均匀; dirt:n.污垢;尘土;下流话; beneath:prep.在…之下;adv.在下方;
And so, how I see my work contributing is sort of trying to literally re-imagine these connections and physically rebuild them. 我工作的意义在于 尝试重新构想这些关系 并将其重新建立
contributing:v.捐献,捐赠(尤指款或物);捐助;增加;增进;(contribute的现在分词) literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地:
This graph represents what we're dealing with now in the built environment. 此图表示这个人工环境... 为我们带来了哪些问题
represents:v.代表;维护…的利益;相当于;(represent的第三人称单数)
And it's really a conflux of urban population rising, biodiversity plummeting and also, of course, sea levels rising and climate changing. 问题确实很多 城市人口增长 生物多样性丧失 当然还有海平面上升 以及气候变化
conflux:n.汇流;合流;合流点;集合(等于confluence); urban:adj.城市的;都市的;城镇的;都市音乐的; biodiversity:n.生物多样性; plummeting:n.垂直落下; adj.直线下降的; v.垂直落下;
So when I also think about design, 所以我考虑设计方案时
I think about trying to rework and re-engage the lines on this graph in a more productive way. 就会去思考 如何发挥创意 改变这些曲线 改善这些问题
rework:vt.重做;修订; re-engage:vt.重新接入;再次聘用; productive:adj.能生产的;生产的,生产性的;多产的;富有成效的;
And you can see from the arrow here indicating "you are here," 图上的箭头 代表现在这个时间点
indicating:v.表明;显示;象征;暗示;(indicate的现在分词)
I'm trying to sort of blend and meld these two very divergent fields of urbanism and ecology, and sort of bring them together in an exciting new way. 城市化与生态学... 可以说泾渭分明 我试着将二者合而为一 以崭新的方式融合到一起
blend:v.混合;融合;加入;相称;n.混合;混合物;混合种;混合色; meld:vi.合并;混合;vt.使…合并;使…混合;n.结合;融合; divergent:adj.相异的,分歧的;散开的; urbanism:n.都市生活;都市集中;
So the era of big infrastructure is over. 大搞基建的时代结束了
infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造;
I mean, these sort of top-down , mono-functional, capital-intensive solutions are really not going to cut it. 这种大工程由政府牵头 功能单一,耗资巨大 实在解决不了问题
top-down:adj.[计]自顶向下;组织管理严密的;
We need new tools and new approaches . 我们需要新工具、新方法
approaches:v.靠近,接近; n.方式,方法,态度;
Similarly , the idea of architecture as this sort of object in the field, devoid of context , is really not the -- excuse me, it's fairly blatant -- is really not the approach that we need to take. 建筑理念也是如此 就像这种东西 根本不考虑周围景观 绝对无法... 不好意思 这东西太扎眼了... 我们不需要这种东西
Similarly:adv.同样地;类似于; architecture:n.建筑学;建筑风格;建筑式样;架构; devoid:adj.缺乏的;全无的; context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉; fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直; blatant:adj.喧嚣的;公然的;炫耀的;俗丽的;
So we need new stories, new heroes and new tools. 因此我们要构建新理念 引入新角色,采用新工具
So now I want to introduce you to my new hero in the global climate change war, and that is the eastern oyster . 下面我就给大家介绍 帮我们对抗气候变化的英雄 它就是美东牡蛎
global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; eastern:adj.东方的;向东的;东部的;东方国家的;n.东方人;东正教信徒; oyster:n.牡蛎,[无脊椎]蚝;沉默寡言的人;
So, albeit a very small creature and very modest , this creature is incredible , because it can agglomerate into these mega-reef structures . 别看它个儿小 一点也不起眼 本事可是十分惊人 因为牡蛎能聚到一起 形成巨大的礁状结构
albeit:conj.虽然;即使; creature:n.生物;动物;(具有某种特征的)人; modest:adj.些许的;谦虚的; incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的; agglomerate:adj.凝聚的;成团的,结块的;n.团块;[岩]集块岩;附聚物;vt.使结块;使成团; structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式);
It can grow; you can grow it; and -- did I mention? -- it's quite tasty . 能够增殖,所以可以养殖 忘了说了,它味道也挺好
tasty:美味的
So the oyster was the basis for a manifesto-like urban design project that I did about the New York Harbor called "oyster-tecture." 我在纽约港做了一个项目 算是宣示我的城市设计理念 这个项目就以牡蛎为基础 叫做“蛎之理”
Harbor:n.港口;港湾;(比喻)避难所;[军]坦克掩蔽场;v.停泊;包含;隐匿;怀抱(恶意);
And the core idea of oyster-tecture is to harness the biological power of mussels , eelgrass and oysters -- species that live in the harbor -- and, at the same time , harness the power of people who live in the community towards making change now. “蛎之理”的核心理念在于 借助贻贝、鳗草、牡蛎 借各种港口水生生物的力量 与此同时 也借助当地居民的力量 共同努力 改变现在的环境
core:n.核心;要点;果心;[计]磁心;vt.挖...的核; harness:vt.治理; n.马具; biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品; mussels:n.[无脊椎]贻贝(mussel的复数);[水产]淡菜;双壳类; oysters:n.牡蛎:生蚝: species:n.[生物]物种;种类; at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
Here's a map of my city, New York City, showing inundation in red. 这是我家乡纽约市的地图 红色区域是被水淹没的部分
inundation:n.洪水;泛滥;
And what's circled is the site that I'm going to talk about, the Gowanus Canal and Governors Island. 圈住的部分是我要讲的... 郭瓦纳斯运河和总督岛
site:n.地点;位置;场所;v.设置;为…选址;
If you look here at this map, showing everything in blue is out in the water, and everything in yellow is upland . 请看这张地图 蓝色的部分... 都属于水域 黄色的部分是陆地
upland:n.山地,高地;adj.山地的,高地的;
But you can see, even just intuit , from this map, that the harbor has dredged and flattened, and went from a rich, three-dimensional mosaic to flat muck in really a matter of years. 凭直觉大家就能看出 纽约港本来多样而立体 疏浚平整后却成了烂泥一堆 这都是在短短几年内发生的
intuit:vt.由直觉知道;vi.凭直觉知道; dredged:v.疏浚; n.疏浚机; (dredge的过去式) three-dimensional:adj.三维的;立体的;真实的; mosaic:adj.摩西的;拼成的;嵌花式的;n.马赛克;镶嵌;镶嵌细工; muck:n.粪便,粪肥;脏东西;泥浆;令人厌恶的事物;v.施粪肥于…
Another set of views of actually the Gowanus Canal itself. 再看几张运河的实景图
Now the Gowanus is particularly smelly -- I will admit it. 我得承认,现在运河臭得很
particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; smelly:adj.有臭味的,发臭的;
There are problems of sewage overflow and contamination , but I would also argue that almost every city has this exact condition, and it's a condition that we're all facing. 污水过度排放 水体污染 但是我也得说 几乎每个城市都有这种情况 大家都面临这个问题
sewage:n.污水;下水道;污物; overflow:vi.溢出;泛滥;充溢;n.充满,洋溢;泛滥;超值;溢值;vt.使溢出;使泛滥;使充溢; contamination:n.污染,玷污;污染物;
And here's a map of that condition, showing the contaminants in yellow and green, exacerbated by this new flow of storm-surge and sea-level rise. 此图反映的就是这个问题 黄色绿色代表污染物 由于风暴潮、海水上升 污染更加恶化
contaminants:n.[环境]污染物;污垢物(contaminant的复数); exacerbated:vt.加重(病情,痛苦等);使…恶化;激怒(exacerbate的过去式); sea-level:海平面;
So we really had a lot to deal with. 所以说我们问题确实很多
When we started this project, one of the core ideas was to look back in history and try to understand what was there. 我们开始做这个项目时 一个核心理念就是回顾历史 了解过去发生了什么
And you can see from this map, there's this incredible geographical signature of a series of islands that were out in the harbor and a matrix of salt marshes and beaches that served as natural wave attenuation for the upland settlement . 这是1770年的地图 大自然的鬼斧神工 在图上清晰可见 既有港外的一连串岛屿 又有纵横交错的盐沼滩涂 对于陆上居民来说 盐沼滩涂是天然防波堤
geographical:adj.地理的;地理学的; signature:n.署名;签名;信号; series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书; matrix:n.[数]矩阵;模型;[生物][地质]基质;母体;子宫;[地质]脉石; marshes:n.[地理]沼泽(marsh的复数); attenuation:n.[物]衰减;变薄;稀释; settlement:n.协议:处理:结算:定居点;
We also learned at this time that you could eat an oyster about the size of a dinner plate in the Gowanus Canal itself. 我们还了解到 当时运河产的牡蛎 足有餐碟那么大
So our concept is really this back-to-the-future concept, harnessing the intelligence of that land settlement pattern. 因此我们的理念是“回到未来” 汲取前人建筑方面的智慧
harnessing:v.给(马等)装上挽具(harness的现在分词);治理,利用; intelligence:n.智力;智慧;才智;(尤指关于敌国的)情报;
And the idea has two core stages. 这一理念要分两步走
One is to develop a new artificial ecology, a reef out in the harbor, that would then protect new settlement patterns inland and the Gowanus. 第一要发展人工生态学 港外要有礁石 这样可以保护运河 保护内陆新建居民区
artificial:adj.人造的;仿造的;虚伪的;非原产地的;武断的; reef:礁,礁脉 inland:n.内地;内陆;adj.内陆的;内地的;国内的;adv.在内地;向内地;向内陆;在内陆;
Because if you have cleaner water and slower water, you can imagine a new way of living with that water. 如果水质改善,水流减缓 人与水就能以全新方式共存
So the project really addresses these three core issues in a new and exciting way, I think. 我们想创造性解决三个核心问题 水质、风暴潮、海水上升
issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数)
Here we are, back to our hero, the oyster. 现在回到环保英雄牡蛎身上
And again, it's this incredibly exciting animal. 这种动物真是不可思议
incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地;
It accepts algae and detritus in one end, and through this beautiful, glamorous set of stomach organs , out the other end comes cleaner water. 从一端吸入藻类腐屑 再经过它神奇的消化器官 最后从另一端排除的... 却是净化了的水
algae:n.[植]藻类;[植]海藻; detritus:n.碎石,[地质]岩屑; glamorous:adj.迷人的,富有魅力的; organs:n.[生物]器官;机构;风琴(organ的复数);
And one oyster can filter up to 50 gallons of water a day. 一只牡蛎一天能过滤189升水
filter:n.滤波器;过滤器;滤光器;滤声器;v.过滤;渗入;(用程序)筛选;缓行; gallons:n.加仑;大量(gallon的复数);一加仑的容器;
Oyster reefs also covered about a quarter of our harbor and were capable of filtering water in the harbor in a matter of days. 纽约港的?... 都有牡蛎礁覆盖 几天就能滤好全港的水
reefs:n.礁石(reef的复数形式); v.收帆; capable:adj.能干的,能胜任的;有才华的; filtering:v.[化工]过滤,滤除(filter的ing形式);
They were key in our culture and our economy . 我们的文化和经济都离不开牡蛎
economy:n.经济;节约;理财;
Basically , New York was built on the backs of oystermen , and our streets were literally built over oyster shells . 基本上纽约的缔造者 就是采牡蛎的人 街道都铺在牡蛎壳上
Basically:adv.主要地,基本上; oystermen:采捕牡蛎的人或船(oysterman的复数); shells:n.壳;壳状物;炮弹;v.炮击;给…去壳(shell的第三人称单数和复数)
This image is an image of an oyster cart , which is now as ubiquitous as the hotdog cart is today. 这张图呢 是卖牡蛎的小车 现在跟热狗摊一样到处都有
cart:n.运货马车;手推车;手拉车;v.用车装运;用手提;强行带走;抓走;. ubiquitous:adj.普遍存在的;无所不在的;
So again, we got the short end of the deal there. 本来是好好的东西
(Laughter) 我们却只拿来填饱肚子
Finally , oysters can attenuate and agglomerate onto each other and form these amazing natural reef structures. 最后,牡蛎可以将身体... 变得稀薄,互相粘合 形成这些惊人的天然礁石
Finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; attenuate:adj.减弱的;稀薄的;细小的;v.使减弱;使纤细;变弱;
They really become nature's wave attenuators. 它是大自然的防波堤
And they become the bedrock of any harbor ecosystem . 而对所有港口而言 它又是生态系统的基石
ecosystem:n.生态系统;
Many, many species depend on them. 许许多多物种都依存于牡蛎
So we were inspired by the oyster, but I was also inspired by the life cycle of the oyster. 牡蛎启发了我们的项目 但其生命周期也给了我新灵感
inspired:adj.受到启发的; v.鼓舞; (inspire的过去分词和过去式) life cycle:n.生命周期;寿命(产品等从开发到使用完毕的一段时间);
It can move from a fertilized egg to a spat , which is when they're floating through the water, and when they're ready to attach onto another oyster, to an adult male oyster or female oyster, in a number of weeks. 几个星期之内 牡蛎就能从受精卵变成... 到处漂游的幼体 随时可以互相粘合 再变成成年的雌雄个体
fertilized:v.使受精;使受粉;使受胎;使受孕;施肥于;(fertilize的过去分词和过去式) spat:n.口角;蚝卵;蚝仔;掌击;vi.争吵;一巴掌打去;v.吐口水(spit的过去式); attach:v.贴上;重视;把…固定,把…附(在…上);参加;与…有联系; female:adj.女性的;雌性的;柔弱的,柔和的;n.女人;[动]雌性动物;
We reinterpreted this life cycle on the scale of our sight and took the Gowanus as a giant oyster nursery where oysters would be grown up in the Gowanus, then paraded down in their spat stage and seeded out on the Bayridge Reef. 我们以人类的视野范围 重新解读其生命周期 整条郭瓦纳斯运河 可看成巨型牡蛎育儿所 牡蛎在运河里长大 幼年阶段循流而下 然后再在湾脊礁繁殖
reinterpreted:v.重新解释(reinterpret的过去分词); scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; giant:n.巨人;伟人;巨兽;adj.巨大的;特大的 nursery:n.苗圃;托儿所;温床; paraded:v.游行;游行庆祝;游行示威;展览;展示;(parade的过去分词和过去式) seeded:adj.已播种了的;去籽的;
And so the core idea here was to hit the reset button and regenerate an ecology over time that was regenerative and cleaning and productive. 因此我们的核心概念 就是从头开始 逐渐重建生态系统 创造清洁可再生... 又生机勃勃的环境
reset:vi.重置;清零;重新组合;n.重新设定;重新组合;重排版; regenerate:vt.使再生;革新;vi.再生;革新;adj.再生的;革新的; regenerative:adj.再生的,更生的;更新的;
How does the reef work? Well, it's very, very simple. 那么牡蛎礁的原理是什么呢？
A core concept here is that climate change isn't something that -- the answers won't land down from the Moon. 非常非常简单 其中一个核心概念就是 要想解决气候变化问题 就不能等着天上掉馅饼
And with a $20 billion price tag , we should simply start and get to work with what we have now and what's in front of us. 与其花200亿美元 不如利用现有资源 从现在做起,从眼前做起
price tag:n.价格标签;
So this image is simply showing -- it's a field of marine piles interconnected with this woven fuzzy rope. 这是一大片防波桩 连接桩子的是 这种毛绒绒的编织绳
marine:adj.海的;海产的;海生的;海船的;n.(尤指美国或英国皇家)海军陆战队士兵; piles:n.痔疮;痔; interconnected:adj.连通的;有联系的;v.互相连接(interconnect的过去式); woven:v.编织;交织(weave的过去分词);编造;adj.织物的;n.机织织物; fuzzy:adj.模糊的;失真的;有绒毛的;
What is fuzzy rope, you ask? 你可能会问这是什么绳
It's just that; it's this very inexpensive thing, available practically at your hardware store, and it's very cheap. 其实是很平常的东西 一般五金店就能买到,很便宜
inexpensive:adj.廉价的;不昂贵的; practically:adv.实际地;几乎;事实上; hardware:n.计算机硬件;五金器具;
So we imagine that we would actually potentially even host a bake sale to start our new project. 试想一下 我们自个儿烤些蛋糕卖 卖了的钱就够我们开项目了
potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地; bake sale:n.烤饼义卖(为学校或慈善事业等募集资金);
(Laughter) （笑声）
So in the studio , rather than drawing, we began to learn how to knit . 我们在工作室里不画图纸 而是学怎么编绳子
studio:n.工作室;[广播][电视]演播室;画室;电影制片厂; knit:v.编织;针织;机织;(使)紧密结合;n.针织衫;编织的衣服;
The concept was to really knit this rope together and develop this new soft infrastructure for the oysters to grow on. 把绳子编好 就可以为牡蛎的生长 提供崭新柔软的温床
You can see in the diagram how it grows over time from an infrastructural space into a new public urban space. 这幅图大家可以看到 这项工程如何渐渐演变为 全新的城市公共空间
infrastructural:adj.基础结构的;构造基底的;
And that grows over time dynamically with the threat of climate change. 它可以因应气候变化 不断发展变化
dynamically:adv.动态地;充满活力地;不断变化地;
It also creates this incredibly interesting, I think, new amphibious public space, where you can imagine working, you can imagine recreating in a new way. 同时这项工程也孕育了... 这个跨水陆的新型公共空间 这样人们的工作休闲 都会以全新方式进行
amphibious:adj.[生物]两栖的,水陆两用的;具有双重性的; recreating:v.再现;再创造;(recreate的现在分词)
In the end, what we realized we were making was a new blue-green watery park for the next watery century -- an amphibious park, if you will. 我们最后发觉这项工程... 其实是新型的“蓝绿”水上公园 专为下一个水世纪打造 可以叫做“两栖公园”
blue-green:n.蓝绿色; watery:adj.水的;淡的;湿的;松软的;有雨意的;
So get your Tevas on. 穿好凉鞋来这儿享受吧！
So you can imagine scuba diving here. 想象一下你可以在这里潜水
scuba:n.水肺;水中呼吸器; diving:n.潜水;跳水;跳水运动;v.下潜;跳水;潜水;(dive的现在分词)
This is an image of high school students, scuba divers that we worked with on our team. 这是一群高中生,准备潜水 这项工程他们也参与其中
So you can imagine a sort of new manner of living with a new relationship with the water, and also a hybridizing of recreational and science programs in terms of monitoring. 大家可以想象一种全新生活方式 人与水之间建立全新的关系 同时一举两得 把休闲娱乐和科研监测结合起来
hybridizing:vt.使杂交;混合生成;vi.杂交;混合; recreational:adj.娱乐的,消遣的;休养的;
Another new vocabulary word for the brave new world: this is the word "flupsy" -- it's short for "floating upwelling system." 在这个美丽的新世界里 还有个新玩意——上飘器 这是“上涌飘浮器”的简称
upwelling:n.上涌; v.上涌(upwell的ing形式);
And this glorious , readily available device is basically a floating raft with an oyster nursery below. 这种装置很棒很简易 基本就是个飘浮的筏子 牡蛎在底下生长
glorious:adj.光荣的;辉煌的;极好的; readily:adv.容易地;乐意地;无困难地; device:n.装置;策略;图案; raft:n.筏;救生艇;(美)大量;vt.筏运;制成筏;vi.乘筏;
So the water is churned through this raft. 海水搅动,流过筏子
churned:vi.搅拌;搅动;vt.搅拌;搅动;n.搅乳器;
You can see the eight chambers on the side host little baby oysters and essentially force-feed them. 边上有八个箱子养殖牡蛎 并强行给它们喂食
chambers:n.内庭(chamber的复数); essentially:adv.本质上;本来; force-feed:vt.强迫进食(尤指把饮食灌进囚犯等口中);
So rather than having 10 oysters, you have 10,000 oysters. 这样我们牡蛎的数量 不是十个八个,而是上万
And then those spat are then seeded. 然后牡蛎又可以繁殖
Here's the Gowanus future with the oyster rafts on the shorelines -- the flupsification of the Gowanus. 运河的未来是这样的 河岸有这种筏子 用我们的话说
rafts:n.救生艇(raft的复数形式);皮筏;竹排;v.乘筏;划筏(raft的三单形式); shorelines:n.海岸线;海岸线地带;
New word. 就是“上飘化”
And also showing oyster gardening for the community along its edges. 当地居民可以在河边看到 牡蛎的养殖过程
And finally, how much fun it would be to watch the flupsy parade and cheer on the oyster spats as they go down to the reef. 想想看,到时候 满河尽是木筏荡漾 小牡蛎沿河而下去筑礁 我们在岸上欢呼,多好玩啊！
spats:n.护脚;争执(spat的复数);v.溅;轻打;争吵(spat的第三人称单数);
I get asked two questions about this project. 有人问过我两个问题
One is: why isn't it happening now? 一是何时能看到你们的成果
And the second one is: when can we eat the oysters? 二是什么时候能吃上牡蛎
And the answer is: not yet, they're working. 我的回答是,耐心地等一等
But we imagine, with our calculations, that by 2050, you might be able to sink your teeth into a Gowanus oyster. 但我们计算过 可能到了2050年 大家就能享用牡蛎了
To conclude , this is just one cross-section of one piece of city, but my dream is, my hope is, that when you all go back to your own cities that we can start to work together and collaborate on remaking and reforming a new urban landscape towards a more sustainable , a more livable and a more delicious future. 总而言之,我所讲到的 只是一座城市的一个剖面 而我的梦想与希望在于 大家回到各自家乡以后 我们能携起手来 同心协力 改造重建城市景观 打造一个更符合可持续发展观... 更宜居、还有美味可以享用的未来！
conclude:v.断定:得出结论:终止:达成:缔结(协定) cross-section:n.横截面;横断面; collaborate:vi.合作;勾结,通敌; remaking:v.重新制作,改编;重做;(remake的现在分词) reforming:v.改革;改进;改良;(使)悔改;(reform的现在分词) sustainable:adj.可以忍受的;足可支撑的;养得起的;可持续的; livable:adj.适于居住的;生活过得有价值的;
Thank you. 谢谢大家
(Applause) （掌声）