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KarenScrivener_2020T-_一个可以减少碳排放的“泥”点子_-
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| Concrete is the second most used substance on earth after water, and for this reason, it has a significant environmental impact . |
混凝土是地球上仅次于水的 第二大最常用物质, 因此,它对环境有很大的影响。 |
| If it were a country, it would rank third for emissions after China and USA. |
如果混凝土是一个国家,它的排放量 将位列世界第三,仅次于中国和美国。 |
| But in fact, concrete is an intrinsically low-impact material with much lower emissions of CO2 and energy per ton than other materials like iron and steel, even things like bricks. |
但实际上,混凝土本质上 是一种相对环保的材料, 每吨的二氧化碳 和能量的排放量比钢铁, 甚至砖等其他材料要低得多。 |
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Concrete:n.混凝土;adj.混凝土制的;确实的,具体的;vt.用混凝土覆盖 substance:n.物质;实质;主旨;物品; significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响; emissions:n.(光、热、气等的)发出,排放;排放物;散发物;(emission的复数) intrinsically:adv.本质地;内在地;固有地; low-impact:(锻炼)对身体冲击力小的,低强度的;(项目,活动等)对环境影响小的,环保的;
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| But because of the enormous volumes we use overall , it contributes to about eight percent of man-made CO2 emissions. |
但是由于我们使用的总量巨大, 它造成了大约 8% 的 人为二氧化碳排放。 |
| Concrete is an essential material. |
混凝土是一种 必不可少的建筑材料。 |
| We need it to house people, to build roads, bridges and dams. |
我们需要混凝土 来为人们提供住房, 修建道路、桥梁和大坝。 |
| So we can't do without it, but we can significantly reduce its carbon footprint . |
所以我们不能没有它, 但我们可以显着减少它的“碳足迹”。 |
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enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的; volumes:n.卷;体积;容积;大量;(volumes是volume的复数) overall:v.全部; n.外套; adj.全面的; contributes:[图情]投稿;[经]捐助;[经]捐献(contribute的第三人称单数); man-made:adj.人造的;人工的;合成的; essential:n.要点;要素;实质;必需品;adj.完全必要的;必不可少的;极其重要的;本质的; significantly:adv.意味深长地;值得注目地; footprint:n.足迹;脚印;
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| Concrete is held together by cement . |
混凝土由水泥粘合在一起。 |
| And cement we use today, called Portland cement, is made by heating together a combination of limestone and clay at a temperature of 1,450 degrees Celsius . |
我们今天用的水泥,即波特兰水泥, 是由石灰石和粘土 在 1450 摄氏度的高温下 加热制成的。 |
| But in fact, most of the CO2 emissions come not from the heating, but from the breakdown of limestone, which is calcium carbonate , into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide , or CO2. |
但事实上,大多数的二氧化碳排放 并不是来自加热, 而是来自石灰石的分解, 即从碳酸钙分解成 氧化钙和二氧化碳（CO2）。 |
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cement:n.水泥;(干燥后硬化的)水泥;胶合剂;胶接剂;v.加强;胶合; combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合; limestone:n.[岩]石灰岩; clay:n.黏土;陶土; Celsius:adj.摄氏的;n.摄氏度; breakdown:n.分解;损坏;分类;(关系)破裂;adj.专门修理故障的; calcium carbonate:n.[化]碳酸钙; carbon dioxide:二氧化碳;
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| Now we can't do without this component altogether, because nothing else is so efficient at holding stuff together. |
我们非常需要这样的物质, 因为没有比它们 更有效的粘合剂了。 |
| But we can replace a large proportion of it with other materials with lighter carbon footprints . |
但我们可以用碳足迹更小的 其他材料替代水泥的大部分成分。 |
| Many colleagues are looking for solutions. |
我的很多同事都在寻找 相应的解决方案。 |
| And here in Switzerland, we have found that clays produce very reactive materials when they're calcined , that's to say heated to around 800 degrees Celsius, significantly lower than the 1,450 needed to produce cement. |
在瑞士, 我们发现粘土在煅烧时会产生 非常活跃的物质—— 只需要加热到 800 摄氏度左右, 大大低于生产水泥 所需的 1450 摄氏度。 |
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component:n.成分;部件;组成部分;adj.构成的; efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的; stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本: proportion:n.比例;部分;份额;均衡;v.摊派;使相称; footprints:n.脚印;足迹;空间量,面积;(通信卫星)覆盖区;(footprint的复数) colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); clays:n.黏土(clay的复数);v.用黏土处理(clay的三单形式); reactive:adj.反应的;电抗的;反动的; calcined:焙烧;
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| But more importantly, there's no CO2 emissions from the decomposition of limestone. |
但更重要的是,石灰石分解 并不会产生二氧化碳。 |
| We then take this calcined clay, and we add a bit of limestone -- but this time not heated, so no CO2 emissions -- and some cement, and this combination of limestone, calcined clay and cement, we call LC3. |
然后我们在煅烧过的粘土中 加入一点石灰石—— 但这次没有加热, 所以没有二氧化碳排放—— 还有一些水泥, 这种由石灰石、煅烧过的粘土 和水泥组成的混合物,我们称之为 LC3。 |
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decomposition:n.分解,腐烂;变质;
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| Now this LC3 here has the same properties as Portland cement. |
LC3 与波特兰水泥 具有相同的性质, |
| It can be produced with the same equipment and processes and used in the same way, but has up to 40 percent lower CO2 emissions. |
可以用相同的设备和工艺生产, 并以相同的方式使用, 但却可以降低 近 40% 的二氧化碳排放。 |
| And this was demonstrated in this house we built near Jhansi in India, where we could save more than 15 tons of CO2, which was 30 to 40 percent compared to existing materials. |
关于这一点,我们在印度的贾尼斯附近 建造的房子中已经得到了证明, 二氧化碳的排放量减少了 15 吨, 与现有材料相比, 相当于降低了 30% 到 40%。 |
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processes:n.过程; v.处理(process的第三人称单数形式); demonstrated:v.证明;证实;论证;说明;表达;(demonstrate的过去分词和过去式) compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词)
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| So why isn't everybody already using LC3? |
那么为什么 LC3 的使用 还没有普及呢？ |
| Well, cement is a local material. |
事实上,水泥是一种本地的材料。 |
| The reason Portland cement is so pervasive is that it's produced from the most abundant materials on Earth and can be produced in India, in the United States, in Ethiopia , almost anywhere. |
波特兰水泥如此普及的原因在于, 它是由地球上 含量最丰富的材料制成的, 可以在印度、 美国、埃塞俄比亚等 几乎任何地方生产。 |
| And we have to work with people locally to find the best combination of materials to make LC3. |
我们必须与当地人合作, 以找到制作 LC3 的最佳材料组合。 |
| We have already done full-scale trials in India and Cuba. |
我们已经在印度和古巴 进行了全规模的试验, |
| In Colombia, a product based on this technology was commercialized a few months ago, and in the Ivory Coast, the full-scale plant is being commissioned to calcine clays. |
在哥伦比亚, 一种基于这种技术的产品 几个月前已经商业化。 在科特迪瓦, 一家全规模的工厂 已受到委托,正在煅烧粘土。 |
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pervasive:adj.普遍的;到处渗透的;流行的; abundant:adj.丰富的;充裕的;盛产; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) Ethiopia:n.埃塞俄比亚; locally:adv.在本地;局部地;在地方上; full-scale:adj.全面的;完全的;照原尺寸的; technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; commercialized:adj.商业化的;v.使商品化;靠…赚钱(commercialize的过去分词); commissioned:adj.受委任的;v.正式委托;任命…为军官;(commission的过去式和过去分词)
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| And many of the world's largest cement companies are looking to introduce this in some of their plants soon. |
许多世界上最大的水泥公司 都希望能够尽快 在他们的一些工厂中引入这种技术。 |
| So the possibility to replace Portland cement with a different material -- but with the same properties, produced in the same processes and used in the same way, but with much lighter carbon footprint -- is really crucial to confront climate change |
因此,用不同的材料 替代波特兰水泥—— 这些材料具有相同的性能, 利用相同的工艺生产, 以相同的方式使用, 但碳足迹要小得多—— 这对于应对气候变化至关重要, |
| because it can be done fast and it can be done on a very large scale with the possibility to eliminate more than 400 million tons of CO2 every year. |
因为这一过程可以 快速、大规模的实现, 每年有可能消除 4 亿吨以上的二氧化碳排放。 |
| So we can't do without concrete, but we can do without a significant amount of the emissions it produces. |
所以,虽然我们不能没有混凝土, 但我们可以大大减少它的碳排放。 |
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crucial:adj.重要的;决定性的;定局的;决断的; confront:v.直面;无法回避;降临于;处理;对抗; eliminate:v.消除;排除;
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| Thank you. |
谢谢大家。 |