返回首页

JulianBurschka_2018S-_你的呼吸能传递何种健康信号？_
I have a tendency to assume the worst, and once in a while , this habit plays tricks on me. 我倾向于把事情往坏了想, 而这种想法偶尔会把我弄糊涂。
tendency:n.倾向,趋势;癖好; assume:v.承担;假定;采取;呈现; once in a while:偶尔;有时;
For example, if I feel unexpected pain in my body that I have not experienced before and that I cannot attribute , then all of a sudden , my mind might turn a tense back into heart disease or calf muscle pain into deep vein thrombosis . 举例来说,如果我的身体 突然感到疼痛, 这种疼痛前所未有,并且我不清楚病因, 那么我会突然认为背部剧痛 是由心脏病所致, 或者因为小腿肌肉疼痛 而怀疑自己有了深部静脉血栓。
unexpected:adj.意外的,想不到的; attribute:n.属性;象征;v.把…归因于;认为…属于;认为某人(某物)具有某种特性; all of a sudden:突然地,出乎意料地; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; calf:n.小牛;牛犊;腓肠;小腿肚; muscle:n.肌肉;力量;v.加强;使劲搬动;使劲挤出; deep vein thrombosis:n.深静脉血栓形成;
But so far, I haven't been diagnosed with any deadly or incurable disease. 但至今为止,我还没被确诊 患有任何致命或者难以治愈的疾病。
diagnosed:v.诊断(疾病);判断(问题的原因);(diagnose的过去分词和过去式) deadly:adj.致命的;非常的;死一般的;adv.非常;如死一般地; incurable:adj.不能治愈的;无可救药的;n.患不治之症者,不能治愈的人;
Sometimes things just hurt for no clear reason. 有时这种事实会毫无缘由地使我伤心。
But not everyone is as lucky as me. 但并不是所有人都像我这么幸运。
Every year, more than 50 million people die worldwide . 每年,世界上都有超过五千万人死去。
worldwide:adj.全世界的;adv.在世界各地;
Especially in high-income economies like ours, a large fraction of deaths is caused by slowly progressing diseases : heart disease, chronic lung disease, cancer , Alzheimer's, diabetes , just to name a few. 尤其像我们这种高收入经济体里, 慢性病致死占了很大一部分: 心脏病,慢性肺病,癌症, 阿尔兹海默症,糖尿病, 这些只是其中一小部分例子。
Especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; economies:n.经济;经济结构;节约;(economy的复数) fraction:n.分数;小部分;小数;少量; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类; chronic:adj.慢性的;长期的;习惯性的; cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤; diabetes:n.糖尿病;多尿症;
Now, humanity has made tremendous progress in diagnosing and treating many of these. 如今,人类已经在慢性病确诊 和治疗上取得了显着进展。
humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科; tremendous:adj.极大的,巨大的;惊人的;极好的; diagnosing:n.诊断;v.诊断(diagnose的现在分词); treating:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;处理;讨论;(treat的现在分词)
But we are at a stage where further advancement in health cannot be achieved only by developing new treatments . 但就现阶段而言,医学上的进一步突破 不能只依赖于研发新的治疗方法。
advancement:n.前进,进步;提升; treatments:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;(treatment的复数)
And this becomes evident when we look at one aspect that many of these diseases have in common: the probability for successful treatment strongly depends on when treatment is started. 而当我们观察所有 这些疾病的一个共同点时, 这一点就变得尤为明显: 治疗的成功率 很大程度上取决于何时开展治疗。
evident:adj.明显的;明白的; aspect:n.方面;层面;外观;方位; probability:n.可能性;机率;[数]或然率;
But a disease is typically only detected once symptoms occur . 但是一般来说,疾病只有 在症状显现后才会被确诊。
typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地; detected:v.发现;查明;侦察出;(detect的过去分词和过去式) symptoms:n.症状;征候;征兆;(symptom的复数) occur:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在;
The problem here is that, in fact, many diseases can remain asymptomatic , hence undetected , for a long period of time. 这里的问题在于,实际上, 很多疾病一直没有临床症状, 所以很长一段时间都不会被检测出来。
asymptomatic:adj.无症状的; hence:adv.因此;今后; undetected:adj.未被发现的;未检测到的;
Because of this, there is a persisting need for new ways of detecting disease at early stage, way before any symptoms occur. 因此,在远早于症状显现出来前, 便能检测出早期疾病的新治疗方法 变得极为需要。
persisting:v.坚持(persist的ing形式); detecting:n.检测;检定;v.发现;探知(detect的现在分词);adj.探测的;
In health care , this is called screening. 在医疗保健上,这被称为筛检。
health care:n.卫生保健;
And as defined by the World Health Organization , screening is "the presumptive identification of unrecognized disease in an apparently healthy person, by means of tests ... that can be applied rapidly and easily ..." 根据世界卫生组织（WHO）的定义, 筛检意为“在看似健康的人身上, 通过快速简单的...多种检测手段... 得出的未确诊疾病的假定诊断。”
defined:adj.有定义的,确定的; v.使明确; Organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体; presumptive:adj.假定的;根据推定的; identification:n.鉴定,识别;认同;身份证明; unrecognized:adj.未被承认的;未被认出的;未被认可的; apparently:adv.显然地;似乎,表面上; by means of:用,依靠; applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式)
That's a long definition , so let me repeat it: identification of unrecognized disease in an apparently healthy person by means of tests that can be applied both rapidly and easily. 这段定义非常长,所以我再重复一遍: 在看似健康的人身上, 通过多种快速简单的检测手段 得出的未确诊疾病的假定诊断。
definition:n.定义;清晰度;(尤指词典里的词或短语的)释义;解释;
And I want to put special emphasis on the words "rapidly" and "easily" 我想着重强调“快速”和“简单”这两个词,
emphasis:n.强调;重视;重要性;(对某个词或短语的)强调;
because many of the existing screening methods are exactly the opposite. 因为现阶段的很多筛检方法 并没做到这两点。
And those of you who have undergone colonoscopy as part of a screening program for colorectal cancer will know what I mean. 而在座的观众中做过 直肠癌筛检程序之一, 即结肠镜检查的人 将会明白我的话中之意。
undergone:v.经历(undergo的过去分词); colonoscopy:n.结肠镜检查; colorectal:adj.结肠直肠的;
Obviously, there's a variety of medical tools available to perform screening tests. 显而易见,目前有许许多多 可应用于筛检的医学手段。
variety:n.多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化; perform:v.表演;执行;履行;演出;工作,运转(好/不好);
This ranges from imaging techniques such as radiography or magnetic resonance imaging to the analysis of blood or tissue . 其中包括X射线放射成像、 磁共振成像、 还有血液和组织分析。
imaging:n.[物]成像;造像;v.反映;想像;作…的像;象征;(image的现在分词形式) techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数) magnetic:adj.像磁铁的;有磁性的;磁的;富有吸引力的; resonance:n.[力]共振;共鸣;反响; analysis:n.分析;分解;验定; tissue:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织;
We have all had such tests. 我们一直都拥有这些技术。
But there's one medium that for long has been overlooked : a medium that is easily accessible , basically nondepletable, and it holds tremendous promise for medical analysis. 但有一个长期被忽视的媒介: 一个可轻易接触到的, 基本无损耗的, 拥有巨大前景的医学分析媒介。
medium:n.(传播信息的)媒介;手段;工具;方法;adj.中等的;中号的; overlooked:n.被忽视;v.忽视(overlook的过去式和过去分词形式);忽略;俯瞰; accessible:adj.易接近的;可进入的;可理解的; basically:adv.主要地,基本上;
And that is our breath. 这便是我们的呼气。
Human breath is essentially composed of five components : nitrogen , oxygen, carbon dioxide , water and argon . 人类呼出的气体基本由五个部分组成: 氮、氧、二氧化碳、水和氩。
essentially:adv.本质上;本来; composed:adj.由…组成的; v.组成; (compose的过去分词和过去式) components:n.部件;组件;成份(component复数); nitrogen:n.氮;氮气; carbon dioxide:二氧化碳; argon:n.[化学]氩(18号元素);
But besides these five, there are hundreds of other components that are present in very low quantity . 除此之外,还有其它上百种 含量极低的成分。
besides:adv.此外;而且;prep.除…之外; quantity:n.量;数量;大量;数额;
These are called volatile organic compounds , and we release hundreds, even thousands of them every time we exhale . 它们是挥发性有机物质, 而我们每次呼气都会释放 成百甚至上千种有机物质。
volatile:adj.[化学]挥发性的;不稳定的;爆炸性的;反覆无常的;n.挥发物;有翅的动物; organic:adj.有机的;不使用化肥的;绿色的;有机物的;n.分子有机体; compounds:n.混合物,化合物;大院(compound的复数形式); release:v.释放;发射;让与;允许发表;n.释放;发布;让与; exhale:v.呼气;发出;发散;使蒸发;
The analysis of these volatile organic compounds in our breath is called breath analysis. 以这些挥发性有机物为对象的分析 被称为呼气分析。
In fact, I believe that many of you have already experienced breath analysis. 事实上,我相信在座的许多人 都已经做过呼气分析。
Imagine: you're driving home late at night, when suddenly, there's a friendly police officer who asks you kindly but firmly to pull over and blow into a device like this one. 试想一下:你在深夜开车回家, 突然这时,有位亲切的警官, 和善却态度坚决地要求你 靠边停车,并朝这个仪器里呼气。
police officer:n.警官;警察;警务人员; device:n.装置;策略;图案;
This is an alcohol breath tester that is used to measure the ethanol concentration in your breath and determine whether driving in your condition is a clever idea. 这是酒精呼气检测仪, 用于测量呼出气体中的酒精含量 以评估你此时的身体条件 是否允许开车。
alcohol:n.酒精;乙醇;含酒精饮料; tester:检验器,试验员 ethanol:n.[有化]乙醇,[有化]酒精; concentration:n.浓度;含量;集中;专心; determine:v.决定;确定;测定;查明;形成;影响;裁决;安排;
Now, I'd say my driving was pretty good, but let me check. 我觉得我的驾驶水平很不错, 但让我现在检测一下。
(Beep) （响声）
0.0, so nothing to worry about, all fine. 0.0,所以没什么好担心的,一切正常。
(Laughter) （笑声）
Now imagine a device like this one, that does not only measure alcohol levels in your breath, but that detects diseases like the ones I've shown you and potentially many more. 现在试想这样一台仪器, 它不仅可以检测呼气中的酒精含量, 还可以检测出像我 刚刚介绍过的那样的疾病, 甚至可能检测出更多种。
detects:发现; potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地;
The concept of correlating the smell of a person's breath with certain medical conditions, in fact, dates back to Ancient Greece. 这种将人类呼气中的气味 和他的某种健康状况 所联系起来的概念, 实际上起源于古希腊。
correlating:vi.关联;vt.使有相互关系;互相有关系;n.相关物;相关联的人;adj.关联的;
But only recently , research efforts on breath analysis have skyrocketed , and what once was a dream is now becoming reality. 但直到最近,关于呼气分析的 研究成果才有了飞跃性的进展, 曾经只存在于想象中的事物 如今变成了事实。
recently:adv.最近;新近; skyrocketed:n.流星烟火;冲天火箭;vi.飞涨,突然高升;vt.使…猛然上涨;
And let me pull up this list again that I showed you earlier. 我现在再展示一下刚才的那张单子。
For the majority of diseases listed here, there's substantial scientific evidence suggesting that the disease could be detected by breath analysis. 有大量证据表明, 这张单子中的大部分疾病, 可以通过呼气分析检测到。
majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人: substantial:adj.大量的;实质的;内容充实的;n.本质;重要材料; scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明;
But how does it work, exactly? 但呼气分析到底是如何检测的？
The essential part is a sensor device that detects the volatile organic compounds in our breath. 分析仪器里必不可缺的部分是 可以检测呼气中挥发性有机物的感应器。
sensor:n.传感器;
Simply put: when exposed to a breath sample, the sensor outputs a complex signature that results from the mixture of volatile organic compounds that we exhale. 简单地说,当把此装置置于呼气样本中, 它便会输出复杂的信号, 这些信号便是来源于 我们呼气中的挥发性有机物。
exposed:adj.无遮蔽的; v.暴露; (expose的过去分词和过去式) outputs:n.[计]输出; v.生产; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; signature:n.署名;签名;信号; mixture:n.混合;结合体;混合物;集合体;
Now, this signature represents a fingerprint of your metabolism , your microbiome and the biochemical processes that occur in your body. 而这些信号就好比你体内的新陈代谢, 微生物菌群, 以及生化过程的“指纹”。
represents:v.代表;维护…的利益;相当于;(represent的第三人称单数) fingerprint:n.指纹;手印;vt.采指纹; metabolism:n.[生理]新陈代谢; biochemical:adj.生物化学的; processes:n.过程; v.处理(process的第三人称单数形式);
If you have a disease, your organism will change, and so will the composition of your exhaled breath. 如果你患有某种疾病, 你的机体会产生变化, 这也包括了呼出气体的成分。
organism:n.生物;有机体;有机组织;(尤指)微生物; composition:n.成分;作文;构成;创作; exhaled:vt.呼气;发出;发散;使蒸发;vi.呼气;发出;发散;
And then the only thing that is left to do is to correlate a certain signature with the presence or absence of certain medical conditions. 接下来该做的,便是把某个信号 与某项身体状况的存在与否给联系起来。
correlate:vi.关联;vt.使有相互关系;互相有关系;n.相关物;相关联的人;adj.关联的; presence:n.存在;出席;参加;风度;仪态; absence:n.没有;缺乏;缺席;不注意;
The technology promises several undeniable benefits. 这项技术具备一些不可忽视的优点。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; undeniable:adj.不可否认的;公认优秀的;无可争辩的;
Firstly , the sensor can be miniaturized and integrated into small, handheld devices like this alcohol breath tester. 首先,感应器可以微型化, 并被整合进小型便携设备, 比如酒精呼气检测仪。
Firstly:adv.首先(主要用于列举条目,论点时);第一; miniaturized:小型化; integrated:adj.综合的; v.整合; (integrate的过去式和过去分词) handheld:adj.掌上型;手持型; devices:n.[机][计]设备;[机]装置;[电子]器件(device的复数);
This would allow the test to be used in many different settings and even at home, so that a visit at the doctor's office is not needed each time a test shall be performed . 这使得测试可在很多不同情境下, 甚至在家里完成, 如此一来,每次检测 便没必要去医生办公室才能完成了。
performed:v.表演;执行;履行;演出;工作,运转(好/不好)(perform的过去分词和过去式)
Secondly, breath analysis is noninvasive and can be as simple as blowing into an alcohol breath tester. 其次,呼气分析是无创的, 就像朝酒精检测仪里吹气那样简单。
noninvasive:adj.非侵袭的;非侵害的;
Such simplicity and ease of use would reduce patient burden and provide an incentive for broad adoption of the technology. 此种简单且易操作的特点 可以减轻病人的负担, 还可以促进这项技术的推广。
simplicity:n.朴素;简易;天真;愚蠢; patient:adj.有耐心的,能容忍的;n.病人;患者; burden:n.负担;责任;船的载货量;v.使负担;烦扰;装货于; incentive:n.动机;刺激;adj.激励的;刺激的; adoption:n.采用;收养;接受;
And thirdly, the technology is so flexible that the same device could be used to detect a broad range of medical conditions. 另外,这项技术的灵活性 使得仪器能被应用于 检测很多方面的身体状况。
flexible:adj.灵活的;柔韧的;易弯曲的;
Breath analysis could be used to screen for multiple diseases at the same time . 呼气检测可以同时筛检多种疾病。
multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
Nowadays, each disease typically requires a different medical tool to perform a screening test. 如今,每种疾病的筛检 需要用到不同医疗仪器。
But this means you can only find what you're looking for. 但这意味这你只能 有目的的进行疾病监测。
With all of these features, breath analysis is predestined to deliver what many traditional screening tests are lacking. 有了这些特点,呼气分析就、 就可以弥补传统筛检里的不足。
predestined:adj.注定的; traditional:传统的,惯例的,
And most importantly , all of these features should eventually provide us with a platform for medical analysis that can operate at attractively low cost per test. 而最重要的是, 所有这些特点最终可提供 一个平均花费相当低的 医疗分析平台。
And most importantly:最主要的是…; eventually:adv.最后,终于; platform:n.平台; v.把…放在台上[放在高处; attractively:adv.迷人地;有吸引力地;动人地;
On the contrary , existing medical tools often lead to rather high cost per test. 相较之下,现在的医疗仪器 常常意味着高昂的成本。
On the contrary:正相反;
Then, in order to keep costs down, the number of tests needs to be restricted , and this means (a) that the tests can only be performed on a narrow part of the population, for example, the high-risk population; and (b) that the number of tests per person needs to be kept at a minimum . 为了降低成本, 检测的数量便被限制, 这说明:(a) 检测只能提供给 一小部分人,比如高危人群; (b) 每人的检测数要被控制在最少。
restricted:adj.受限制的;保密的;v.限制(restrict的过去式和过去分词); narrow:adj.狭窄的; v.使窄小; n.峡谷; (场所,物品等的)狭窄部分; high-risk:adj.高危险度的; minimum:n.最低限度;最小值;最少量;极小量;adj.最低的;最小的;最低限度的;
But wouldn't it actually be beneficial if the test was performed on a larger group of people, and more often and over a longer period of time for each individual ? 但如果这些检测被提供给 更多的人,甚至长此以往 提供给每一个人, 这样岂不是更有益？
beneficial:adj.有益的,有利的;可享利益的; individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的;
Especially the latter would give access to something very valuable that is called longitudinal data. 尤其是后一种情况,将会在最后 提供一种名为“纵向数据”的宝贵数据。
latter:adj.后者的;近来的;后面的;较后的; valuable:adj.有价值的;贵重的;可估价的;n.贵重物品; longitudinal:adj.长度的,纵向的;经线的;
Longitudinal data is a data set that tracks the same patient over the course of many months or years. 纵向数据是一种跟踪记录同一个病人 在数月或数年内情况的数据组。
tracks:n.小道;足迹;车辙;轨道;v.追踪;跟踪;(track的第三人称单数和复数)
Nowadays, medical decisions are often based on a limited data set, where only a glimpse of a patient's medical history is available for decision-making . 如今,医疗上的决策 常受有限数据组限制, 仅仅只有病人的一部分病史 对决策有帮助。
limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式) glimpse:v.瞥见;[诗]闪现;n.领悟;概况;见识;一睹; decision-making:n.决策;
In such a case, abnormalities are typically detected by comparing a patient's health profile to the average health profile of a reference population. 在这种情况下, 病人身体的异常一般是通过 将病人的健康概貌 和参考组的平均健康概貌作比较。
abnormalities:n.畸形;异常情况(abnormality的复数形式); comparing:v.比较;对比;(compare的现在分词) profile:n.轮廓;简介;形象;外形;v.扼要介绍;概述;写简介; reference:n.参考,提及;参考书目;证明书;v.引用;
Longitudinal data would open up a new dimension and allow abnormalities to be detected based on a patient's own medical history. 纵向数据将会开拓出新的维度, 并以病人自己的病史为依据 检测出身体异常。
dimension:n.方面;[数]维;尺寸;次元;容积vt.标出尺寸;adj.规格的;
This will pave the way for personalized treatment. 这将会为个性化治疗开辟道路。
pave the way for:为铺平道路;为…创造条件; personalized:v.在…上标明主人姓名; (personalize的过去分词和过去式)
Sounds pretty great, right? 这听起来很棒,对吧？
Now you will certainly have a question that is something like, "If the technology is as great as he says, then why aren't we using it today?" 现在,你肯定会冒出一个问题: “如果这项技术真的有他说得那么好, 为什么现在还没被应用呢？”
And the only answer I can give you is: not everything is as easy as it sounds. 我能给出的唯一答复是: 并不是所有事情都像听起来那么简单。
There are technical challenges, for example. 比如,现阶段还存在着技术上的难关。
technical:adj.工艺的,科技的;技术上的;专门的;
There's the need for extremely reliable sensors that can detect mixtures of volatile organic compounds with sufficient reproducibility. 我们需要非常可靠的感应器, 可靠到以足够的再现性 检测到挥发性有机混合气体。
extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; reliable:adj.可信赖的;可依靠的;真实可信的;可靠的; sensors:n.[自]传感器,感应器;感测器(sensor的复数); mixtures:n.[化学]混合物(mixture的复数);配合料; sufficient:adj.足够的;充分的;
And another technical challenge is this: 另一个技术难关是这个:
How do you sample a person's breath in a very defined manner so that the sampling process itself does not alter the result of the analysis? 要如何明确清楚地抽样调查 一个人呼出的气体, 以保证抽样过程本身 不会改变分析结果呢？
alter:v.更改;修改(衣服使更合身);
And there's the need for data. 另外,我们还需要数据。
Breath analysis needs to be validated in clinical trials, and enough data needs to be collected so that individual conditions can be measured against baselines . 呼气分析需在医疗测试中进行验证, 同时需要收集足够的数据, 以保证个体的身体状况 可通过对比基准线来检测。
validated:v.证实;确认;使生效;批准;认可;(validate的过去分词和过去式) clinical:adj.临床的;诊所的; measured:adj.缓慢谨慎的; v.测量; (measure的过去分词和过去式) baselines:n.基准线;做基底的线(baseline的复数);
Breath analysis can only succeed if a large enough data set can be generated and made available for broad use. 呼气分析只有在 能生成大量的数据组 并广泛应用的情况下才能成功。
generated:v.产生;引起;(generate的过去式和过去分词)
If breath analysis holds up to its promises, this is a technology that could truly aid us to transform our health care system -- transform it from a reactive system 如果呼气分析有望成功, 这将会成为能真正帮助我们 改革医疗系统的技术—— 从一个只有在病症显现时
transform:v.使改变;使改观;使转换;n.[数]变换式;[化]反式; reactive:adj.反应的;电抗的;反动的;
where treatment is triggered by symptoms of disease to a proactive system, where disease detection , diagnosis and treatment can happen at early stage, way before any symptoms occur. 才能给出治疗的应激系统, 转变成主动出击的系统, 而在这个系统里, 疾病的检测、诊断和治疗 可在疾病早期就被应用, 远早于病症显现之时。
triggered:v.发动;引起;触发;开动;起动;(trigger的过去分词和过去式) proactive:adj.前摄的(前一活动中的因素对后一活动造成影响的); detection:n.侦查,探测;发觉,发现;察觉; diagnosis:n.诊断;
Now this brings me to my last point, and it's a fundamental one. 这便让我将演讲引向最后一点, 也是最基础的一点。
fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的;
What exactly is a disease? 疾病到底是什么？
Imagine that breath analysis can be commercialized as I describe it, and early detection becomes routine. 想象一下,呼吸分析 就像我描述的那样被商业化, 早期检测成为常规流程。
commercialized:adj.商业化的;v.使商品化;靠…赚钱(commercialize的过去分词); describe:v.描述;形容;把…称为;画出…图形;
A problem that remains is, in fact, a problem that any screening activity has to face because, for many diseases, it is often impossible to predict with sufficient certainty whether the disease would ever cause any symptoms or put a person's life at risk. 还留有的一个问题,实际上, 是任何筛检手段都需要面对的问题, 因为,对于大多数疾病而言, 想要以足够的肯定性来检测 此种疾病是否会显现症状, 或使病人命悬一线, 通常是不可能的。
predict:v.预报;预言;预告; certainty:n.必然;确实;确实的事情;
This is called overdiagnosis , and it leads to a dilemma . 这被称为“过度诊断”, 而它会将我们置于困境。
overdiagnosis:过度诊断;诊断过滥;诊断过度; dilemma:n.困境;进退两难;两刀论法;
If a disease is identified , you could decide not to treat it because there's a certain probability that you would never suffer from it. 如果某种疾病被检测出来, 你可以决定不去治疗它, 因为有可能病人 从不会因这疾病而受煎熬。
identified:v.确认;认出;找到;发现;说明身份;(identify的过去式和过去分词)
But how much would you suffer just from knowing that you have a potentially deadly disease? 但如果你只知道可能得了绝症, 这又会让你受到何种程度的煎熬呢？
And wouldn't you actually regret that the disease was detected in the first place ? 你会不会因为疾病 从一开始就被检测出来 而感到后悔呢？
in the first place:首先;起初;
Your second option is to undergo early treatment with the hope for curing it. 你的第二种选择是 抱着能够被治好的希望 去接受早期治疗。
But often, this would not come without side effects. 但是,这经常会带来副作用。
To be precise : the bigger problem is not overdiagnosis, it's overtreatment , because not every disease has to be treated immediately just because a treatment is available. 准确地来说: 更大的问题并不是过度诊断, 而是过度治疗, 因为并不是仅因为 这种疾病有治疗方法 就要去马上接受治疗。
precise:adj.准确的;确切的;精确的;明确的; overtreatment:过度处理;治疗过度; treated:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;(treat的过去分词和过去式)
The increasing adoption of routine screening will raise the question: 频繁进行常规筛检 会引发一个问题:
What do we call a disease that can rationalize treatment, and what is just an abnormality that should not be a source of concern ? 我们该如何判断 某种疾病是需要治疗, 还是视它为不需要担心的身体异常？
rationalize:vt.使…合理化;使…有理化;为…找借口;vi.实行合理化;作辩解;合理地思考; abnormality:n.异常;畸形,变态; source:n.来源;水源;原始资料; concern:v.涉及,关系到;使担心;n.关系;关心;关心的事;
My hopes are that routine screening using breath analysis can provide enough data and insight so that at some point, we'll be able to break this dilemma and predict with sufficient certainty whether and when to treat at early stage. 我希望应用呼气分析的常规筛检 可以提供充足的数据和见解, 能让我们以后打破僵局, 有充分的把握来预测 此疾病是否需要在早期进行治疗。
insight:n.洞察力;洞悉;
Our breath and the mixture of volatile organic compounds that we exhale hold tremendous amounts of information on our physiological condition. 我们的呼气和其中包含的挥发性有机物 蕴含着透露我们身体状况的丰富信息。
physiological:adj.生理学的,生理的;
With what we know today, we have only scratched the surface. 我们目前的认识只是九牛一毛。
scratched:adj.受抓损的;有刮痕;v.抓;搔;(scratch的过去式及过去分词)
As we collect more and more data and breath profiles across the population, including all varieties of gender , age, origin and lifestyle, the power of breath analysis should increase. 随着我们在人群中收集到 越来越多的数据和呼吸信息, 包括各种性别、年龄、种族和生活方式, 呼气分析的权威性将会增强。
profiles:n.配置文件; v.扼要描述; gender:n.性别; origin:n.起源;起因;源头;出身;
And eventually, breath analysis should provide us with a powerful tool not only to proactively detect specific diseases but to predict and ultimately prevent them. 最终,呼气分析将成为强有力的工具, 它不仅能尽早检测出某种疾病, 还可以预测和最终预防疾病。
proactively:adv.前摄地;主动地; specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药; ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究;
And this should be enough motivation to embrace the opportunities and challenges that breath analysis can provide, even for people that are not part-time hypochondriacs like me. 这应该能敦促我们 接受呼气分析所带来的 机遇和挑战, 甚至包括不同于我种 偶发疑病症患者的人。
motivation:n.动机;积极性;推动; embrace:n.拥抱,怀抱;v.拥抱;乐意采纳(思想、建议等);信奉;包括; hypochondriacs:n.忧郁症患者;adj.忧郁症的;
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）