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JuliaDhar_2018S-_如何有效地求同存异_
Some days, it feels like the only thing we can agree on is that we can't agree on anything. 有时候,我感觉我们 唯一能达成一致的事, 就是无法在任何事上达成一致。
Public discourse is broken. 公共讨论已经一团糟了。
discourse:n.论述;谈话;演讲;vi.演说;谈论;讲述;vt.说出;演奏出;
And we feel that everywhere -- panelists on TV are screaming at each other, we go online to find community and connection, and we end up leaving feeling angry and alienated . 我们会发现这样的场景无处不在—— 电视上的辩手们互相大喊大叫, 我们上网寻找（与自己立场相同的） 社区,试图与他人建立联系, 却常常在愤怒和孤立感中下线。
panelists:n.专门小组成员;专题讨论小组参加者(等于panellist); community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; alienated:adj.疏远的;被疏远的;v.使疏离(alienate的过去式);
In everyday life, probably because everyone else is yelling, we are so scared to get into an argument that we're willing not to engage at all. 在日常生活中, 可能因为别人都在大喊大叫, 我们变得特别害怕去辩论, 一点也不想参与其中。
engage:v.吸引,占用;使参加;雇佣;使订婚;预定;
Contempt has replaced conversation. 蔑视代替了交流。
Contempt:n.轻视,蔑视;耻辱;
My mission in life is to help us disagree productively . 我的人生使命是帮助大家 有效地提出不同意见。
mission:n.使命,任务;代表团;布道;v.派遣;向…传教; productively:adv.有结果地;有成果地;
To find ways to bring truth to light, to bring new ideas to life. 找到揭露真相的办法, 给生活提供新的见解。
I think -- I hope -- that there is a model for structured disagreement that's kind of mutually respectful and assumes a genuine desire to persuade and be persuaded . 我认为——或者说我希望—— 会有一个结构清晰的争论模式, 那种相互尊重, 带有说服或被说服愿望的真诚立场。
structured:adj.有结构的;有组织的;v.组织;构成(structure的过去分词);建造; mutually:adv.互相地;互助; respectful:adj.恭敬的;有礼貌的; assumes:v.假定;采用;承担;呈;(assumes是assume的第三人称单数) genuine:adj.真实的,真正的;诚恳的; persuaded:v.劝说;说服;使信服;使相信;(persuade的过去式和过去分词)
And to uncover it, let me take you back a little bit. 为了说明白这点, 让我带你们追溯一下过去。
uncover:v.揭开盖子;发现;揭露;揭发;
So, when I was 10 years old, I loved arguing. 我10岁时,特别爱与人争论。
This, like, tantalizing possibility that you could convince someone of your point of view , just with the power of your words. 对我来说,这是一种诱人的可能性, 仅凭语言的力量, 你就能说服别人接受你的观点。
tantalizing:v.招惹,使干着急;(tantalize的现在分词) convince:v.使确信;使相信;说服,劝说; point of view:观点;见地;立场;
And perhaps unsurprisingly , my parents and teachers loved this somewhat less. 也许是意料之中, 我的父母和老师们 都不怎么喜欢争论。
unsurprisingly:adv.不出所料的;不出奇的;意料中的; somewhat:n.几分;某物;adv.有点;多少;几分;稍微;
(Laughter) （笑声）
And in much the same way as they decided that four-year-old Julia might benefit from gymnastics to burn off some energy, they decided that I might benefit from joining a debate team. 就跟他们觉得 四岁的朱莉亚通过体操 燃烧一些能量有好处一样, 他们觉得我加入 辩论队可能也有好处。
gymnastics:n.体操;体育;体操运动; debate:n.辩论;争论;考虑;v.辩论;争论;考虑;
That is, kind of, go somewhere to argue where they were not. 意思就是,到他们不在的 地方争论去吧。
(Laughter) （笑声）
For the uninitiated , the premises of formal debate are really straightforward : there's a big idea on the table -- that we support civil disobedience , that we favor free trade -- 对于门外汉来说, 一场正式辩论的前提非常直观: 台面上有个大的议题—— 比如我们支持非暴力反抗活动, 我们青睐自由贸易——
uninitiated:adj.不知情的;缺少经验的; premises:n.营业场所;(企业的)房屋建筑及附属场地;(premise的复数) formal:adj.适合正式场合的; n.(美)须穿礼服的社交集会; (口)夜礼服; straightforward:adj.简单的;坦率的;明确的;径直的;adv.直截了当地;坦率地; civil disobedience:n.非暴力反抗;温和抵抗;不合作主义; free trade:n.自由贸易(制度);
and one group of people who speaks in favor of that idea, and one against. 有一组人支持这个观点, 另一拨人则反对。
My first debate in the cavernous auditorium of Canberra Girls Grammar School was kind of a bundle of all of the worst mistakes that you see on cable news. 我的第一次辩论 是在堪培拉女子文法学校的 圆形礼堂里进行的, 那次辩论我犯了 你们能在有线电视新闻上 看到的各种糟糕错误。
cavernous:adj.似巨穴的;洞穴状的;凹状的;瓮声的; auditorium:n.礼堂,会堂;观众席; Grammar School:n.(尤指旧时英国的)文法学校; bundle:n.包; v.匆匆送走; (成群地)匆忙赶往; cable:n.电缆; v.打电报; (用锚链,缆索等)系住;
It felt easier to me to attack the person making the argument rather than the substance of the ideas themselves. 我当时觉得攻击持有论点的人 比攻击论点的本质要简单得多。
substance:n.物质;实质;主旨;物品;
When that same person challenged my ideas, it felt terrible, I felt humiliated and ashamed . 当同一个人再次挑战我的观点时, 那种感觉特别糟糕,我感到 被羞辱了,简直无地自容。
humiliated:v.羞辱;使丧失尊严;(humiliate的过去分词和过去式) ashamed:adj.惭愧;尴尬;因惭愧而不情愿;
And it felt to me like the sophisticated response to that was to be as extreme as possible. 它让我感觉到最精妙的反驳方式 是尽可能的极端。
sophisticated:adj.复杂的;老练的;见多识广的;水平高的; response:n.响应;反应;回答; extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物;
And despite this very shaky entry into the world of debate, I loved it. 尽管我硬着头皮走进了 辩论的世界,却开始入迷了。
despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; shaky:adj.摇晃的;不可靠的;不坚定的;
I saw the possibility, and over many years worked really hard at it, became really skilled at the technical craft of debate. 我看到了那种可能性,我努力了很多年, 掌握了娴熟的辩论技巧。
skilled:adj.熟练的;有技能的;需要技能的; technical:adj.工艺的,科技的;技术上的;专门的; craft:n.工艺;船;手艺;飞行器;v.(尤指用手工)精心制作;
I went on to win the World Schools Debating Championships three times. 我赢得了三次世界校园辩论赛的冠军。
Debating:v.讨论,辩论;仔细考虑;思考;盘算;(debate的现在分词) Championships:n.锦标赛,冠军(championship的复数);
I know, you're just finding out that this is a thing. 我看得出来,你们压根儿 不知道还有这么个比赛。
(Laughter) （笑声）
But it wasn't until I started coaching debaters , persuaders who are really at the top of their game, that I actually got it. 但直到我开始培训那些 在他们领域中具备顶尖实力的 辩手和说服者时, 我才真正认识到,
debaters:n.讨论者;辩论家; persuaders:n.劝说者;手枪;(俚)踢马刺;(美俚)威慑物;(persuaders是persuader的复数);
The way that you reach people is by finding common ground . 接触他人的方式是寻找共同立场。
common ground:n.共同点;
It's by separating ideas from identity and being genuinely open to persuasion . 这是通过区别对待观点和身份, 并真诚开放接受说服来实现的。
identity:n.身份;同一性,一致;特性;恒等式; genuinely:adv.真诚地;诚实地; persuasion:n.说服;说服力;信念;派别;
Debate is a way to organize conversations about how the world is, could, should be. 通过辩论的方式,可以组织世界是什么, 可能是什么,应该是什么的对话。
organize:v.组织;安排;处理;分配;管理;
Or to put it another way, 或者换一种方法说,
I would love to offer you my experience-backed, evidence-tested guide to talking to your cousin about politics at your next family dinner; reorganizing the way in which your team debates new proposals; thinking about how we change our public conversation. 我很乐意分享我的亲身经验, 经过实践检验的指导方案, 来教你在下一次的家庭晚宴中 和你的表兄妹谈谈政治; 重新组织你们团队讨论新提案的方式; 想想该如何改变我们的公共交流方式。
politics:n.政治;钩心斗角;政治观点;v.(贬)从事政治活动;(politic的第三人称单数) reorganizing:v.重新组织;改组;整顿;(reorganize的现在分词) debates:n.[法]辩论;讨论(debate的复数);v.[法]辩论;讨论(debate的三单形式);
And so, as an entry point into that: debate requires that we engage with the conflicting idea, directly , respectfully , face to face. 那么,我们先要找到一个切入点: 辩论要求我们直截了当 而不失礼貌,面对面地 直面相互冲突的观点。
conflicting:adj.互相斗争的;相冲突的;v.冲突,抵触;(conflict的现在分词) directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就; respectfully:adv.尊敬地;
The foundation of debate is rebuttal . 辩论的基础是反驳。
foundation:n.基础;地基;基金会;根据;创立; rebuttal:n.反驳;辩驳;反证;
The idea that you make a claim and I provide a response, and you respond to my response. 就是你发表论点然后我回复, 然后你再对我的回复作出应对。
claim:v.要求;声称;需要;认领;n.要求;声称;索赔;断言;值得; respond:vi.回答;作出反应;承担责任;n.应答;唱和;
Without rebuttal, it's not debate, it's just pontificating . 如果没有反驳,那不叫辩论, 那只能叫自说自话。
pontificating:n.教皇的职位;vi.执行教皇职务;武断地表示意见;
And I had originally imagined that the most successful debaters, really excellent persuaders, must be great at going to extremes . 我一开始曾想象过 那些最成功的辩手们, 最出色的说客们, 都一定特别擅长走向极端。
originally:adv.原来;起初; extremes:n.极端不同的感情;极端;极度;极限;(extreme的复数)
They must have some magical ability to make the polarizing palatable . 他们一定有某种令极端观点 变得可以接受的神奇能力。
polarizing:v.(使)两极化,截然对立; (polarize的现在分词) palatable:adj.美味的,可口的;愉快的;
And it took me a really long time to figure out that the opposite is actually true. 我花了很长的时间才想通, 事实其实恰恰相反。
People who disagree the most productively start by finding common ground, no matter how narrow it is. 最富有成效地提出异议的人, 通常都是从寻找共同立场开始的, 无论共同立场是多么的小。
narrow:adj.狭窄的; v.使窄小; n.峡谷; (场所,物品等的)狭窄部分;
They identify the thing that we can all agree on and go from there: the right to an education, equality between all people, the importance of safer communities . 他们首先找出来我们都认同的事情, 然后以此为出发点: 受教育的权利,全人类的平等, 一个更安全社区的重要性。
identify:v.识别:鉴定:确认:发现: communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数)
What they're doing is inviting us into what psychologists call shared reality. 他们正在我们带到如 心理学家所说的“共享现实”中去。
psychologists:n.[心理]心理学家(psychologist的复数形式);
And shared reality is the antidote to alternative facts. 而共享现实正是另类事实的解药。
antidote:n.[药]解毒剂;解药;矫正方法; alternative:adj.供选择的;选择性的;交替的;n.二中择一;供替代的选择;
The conflict, of course, is still there. 当然,冲突仍然存在。
That's why it's a debate. 所以它才叫做辩论。
Shared reality just gives us a platform to start to talk about it. 共享现实给了我们一个谈论它的平台。
platform:n.平台; v.把…放在台上[放在高处;
But the trick of debate is that you end up doing it directly, face to face, across the table. 但辩论的诀窍在于 你最终得通过直接讨论, 面对面,在台面上来实现。
And research backs up that that really matters. 研究发现也证明这点非常关键。
Professor Juliana Schroeder at UC Berkeley and her colleagues have research that suggests that listening to someone's voice as they make a controversial argument is literally humanizing . 加州大学伯克利分校的教授 朱丽安娜 · 施罗德和同事的 研究表明,在人们提出有争议的观点时, 倾听他们的声音 是人性化的过程。
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); controversial:adj.有争议的;有争论的; literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: humanizing:赋予人性;教化;使通人情(humanize的现在分词);
It makes it easier to engage with what that person has to say. 这会让你更容易理解对方要说的话。
So, step away from the keyboards, start conversing . 所以,现在请远离键盘, 开始和别人交流。
conversing:v.交谈;谈话;(converse的现在分词)
And if we are to expand that notion a little bit, nothing is stopping us from pressing pause on a parade of keynote speeches, the sequence of very polite panel discussions, and replacing some of that with a structured debate. 如果我们把这个观点扩展开来, 没什么能阻止我们 在一系列主题演讲中, 在有礼貌的小组讨论中按下暂停键, 并用一场结构分明的 辩论来替代它们。
expand:v.扩张;使膨胀;详述;发展;张开,展开; notion:n.观念;信念;理解; parade:n.阅兵;游行;炫耀;检阅;v.游行;展览;游行庆祝;游行示威; keynote:n.基调;主旨;主音;vt.给…定基调;说明基本政策;vi.作主旨发言; sequence:n.顺序; v.按顺序排列;
All of our conferences could have, at their centerpiece , a debate over the biggest, most controversial ideas in the field. 我们所有的会议都可以有意识地 对该领域中最大、 最具争议的观点展开辩论。
conferences:n.会议(conference的复数形式); centerpiece:n.中心装饰品;放在餐桌中央的摆饰;
Each of our weekly team meetings could devote 10 minutes to a debate about a proposal to change the way in which that team works. 我们每周的小组会议 都可以拿出十分钟 来辩论一个改变团队 运作方式的提议。
devote:v.贡献;把…专用于;听任; proposal:n.提议,建议;求婚;
And as innovative ideas go, this one is both easy and free. 随着创新的点子不断涌现, 这种方法不仅方便,还不费钱,
innovative:adj.革新的,创新的;
You could start tomorrow. 你甚至可以明天起就这么干。
(Laughter) （笑声）
And once we're inside this shared reality, debate also requires that we separate ideas from the identity of the person discussing them. 一旦我们进入了共享现实的层面, 辩论也要求我们将观点 从提出观点的人的身份中分离出来。
So in formal debate, nothing is a topic unless it is controversial: that we should raise the voting age, outlaw gambling . 所以在一场正式的辩论中, 只有有争议性的东西才能成为话题: 比如我们应该提升选民年龄, 禁止非法赌博。
outlaw:n.歹徒; vt.宣布…为不合法; gambling:n.赌博;投机;v.赌博;打赌;(gamble的现在分词)
But the debaters don't choose their sides. 但是辩手们并不选择自己的立场。
So that's why it makes no sense to do what 10-year-old Julia did. 这就是为什么那个10岁的 朱莉亚做的事情毫无意义。
Attacking the identity of the person making the argument is irrelevant , because they didn't choose it. 攻击参与争论的人的身份 和辩论并不相干, 因为他们无权选择自己的立场。
irrelevant:adj.不相干的;不切题的;
Your only winning strategy is to engage with the best, clearest, least personal version of the idea. 你唯一获胜的策略 就是去和最好,最清晰, 最客观的观点直接交锋。
strategy:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略; personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词;
And it might sound impossible or naive to imagine that you could ever take that notion outside the high school auditorium. 这听起来可能有点不现实, 或者说有点幼稚,去想象 你能把这种想法带出高中礼堂。
naive:adj.天真的,幼稚的;
We spend so much time dismissing ideas as democrat or republican . 我们花了太多时间来驳斥 民主党或共和党人的观点。
dismissing:v.不予考虑;摒弃;去除,消除;免职;开除;(dismiss的现在分词) democrat:n.民主党人;民主主义者;民主政体论者; republican:adj.共和国的;共和政体的;共和主义的;拥护共和政体的;n.共和主义者;
Rejecting proposals because they came from headquarters , or from a region that we think is not like ours. 拒绝提议只是因为这是来自总部, 或是来自一个我们认为 跟我们不同地方。
Rejecting:v.拒绝接受;拒收;不录用;不出售,不出版;(reject的现在分词) proposals:n.建议书(Proposal的复数);求婚; headquarters:n.总部;指挥部;司令部; region:n.地区;范围;部位;
But it is possible. 但这是可能的。
When I work with teams, trying to come up with the next big idea, or solve a really complex problem, 当我和团队一起工作, 要想出一个什么新点子, 或是解决一个极其复杂的问题时,
come up with:提出;想出;赶上; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施;
I start by asking them, all of them, to submit ideas anonymously . 我会让他们所有人匿名提交观点。
submit:vt.使服从;主张;呈递;vi.提交;服从; anonymously:adv.不具名地;化名地;
So by way of illustration , two years ago, 例如,两年前,
by way of:经由;当作; illustration:n.插图;图解;示例;图示;
I was working with multiple government agencies to generate new solutions to reduce long-term unemployment . 我和多个政府部门一起在考虑 解决长期失业问题的新的方案。
multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; agencies:n.代理;代理处(agency的复数); generate:v.产生;引起; long-term:adj.长期的;从长远来看; unemployment:n.失业;失业率;失业人数;
Which is one of those really wicked , sticky , well-studied public policy problems. 这也是极其难缠,棘手, 以及早已经被研究透了的 公共政策问题之一。
wicked:adj.邪恶的;缺德的;调皮的;n.恶人;邪恶的人; sticky:adj.粘的;粘性的; policy:n.政策,方针;保险单;
So exactly as I described , right at the beginning , potential solutions were captured from everywhere. 和我之前说的一样,在开始的时候, 可能的解决方案 都是从各处搜集来的。
described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式) at the beginning:首先;从一开始;起初;从头开始; potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; captured:adj.捕获的;被俘的;v.捕获;占领;引起;(capture的过去式和过去分词)
We aggregated them, each of them was produced on an identical template . 我们把它们收集到一起, 每一个方案都按照相同的模版呈现。
aggregated:adj.聚合的;合计的; identical:adj.同一的;完全相同的;n.完全相同的事物; template:n.模板,样板;
At this point, they all look the same, they have no separate identity. 在这一点上,它们看起来 都是一样的,没什么明显的不同。
And then, of course, they are discussed, picked over, refined , finalized . 当然,随后会它们被挑出来讨论, 提炼,最终审定。
refined:adj.精制的; v.精炼; finalized:v.把(计划、旅行、项目等)最后定下来;定案;(finalize的过去式和过去分词)
And at the end of that process , more than 20 of those new ideas are presented to the cabinet ministers responsible for consideration . 在这个过程的末尾, 二十多个新的点子 都呈送到了负责决策的 内阁大臣们面前。
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; cabinet:n.内阁;储藏柜;陈列柜;adj.内阁的;小房间用的;玲珑的;细木工做的; ministers:n.部长,大臣; v.辅助; (minister的第三人称单数和复数) responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的; consideration:n.顾及;报酬;斟酌;仔细考虑;
But more than half of those, the originator of those ideas was someone who might have a hard time getting the ear of a policy advisor. 但其中超过半数的点子,它们的创作者 曾经都是在政策顾问面前 连话都说不上的人。
originator:n.发起人;起源;起因;
Or who, because of their identity, might not be taken entirely seriously if they did. 或者一些由于身份卑微, 其观点从来没有被当作一回事的人。
Folks who answer the phones, assistants who manage calendars , representatives from agencies who weren't always trusted. 那些接电话的职员,管理日程表的助理, 来自不总是被信任的机构的代表。
calendars:n.日历;挂历;日程表;记事本;(calendar的复数) representatives:n.代表;众议院(representative的复数形式);
Imagine if our news media did the same thing. 想想如果我们的新闻媒体 干过的同样事情会如何。
media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉;
You can kind of see it now -- a weekly cable news segment with a big policy proposal on the table that doesn't call it liberal or conservative . 那场景几乎历历在目—— 本周的有线电视新闻时段 有一份重要的政策提议在台面上, 也不知道来自自由党派还是保守党派。
segment:n.段;部分;片;弓形;v.分割;划分; liberal:adj.宽宏大度的; n.理解且尊重他人意见的人; conservative:adj.保守的;n.保守派,守旧者;
Or a series of op-eds for and against a big idea that don't tell you where the writers worked. 或者是对某个观点提出 一连串支持或反对的观点, 也不会告诉你其作者在哪里工作。
series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书; op-eds:n.[美国英语](报纸的)专栏版,特写稿版(相对于社论等的专栏署名版)[亦称作Op-Edpage];
Our public conversations, even our private disagreements, can be transformed by debating ideas, rather than discussing identity. 我们的公众对话, 甚至是我们的个人异见, 都可以通过辩论观点来转换, 而不是讨论身份立场。
transformed:v.使改变形态;使改变外观(或性质);(transform的过去分词和过去式)
And then, the thing that debate allows us to do as human beings is open ourselves, really open ourselves up to the possibility that we might be wrong. 作为人类,辩论还让我们能够 真正开放自己的心态, 去接受我们犯了错误的可能。
The humility of uncertainty . 对不确定性的谦逊。
humility:n.谦卑,谦逊; uncertainty:n.不确定,不可靠;
One of the reasons it is so hard to disagree productively is because we become attached to our ideas. 难以有效地进行争执的原因之一 就是我们常常执着于自己的意见。
attached:adj.依恋;v.重视;把…固定;(attach的过去分词和过去式)
We start to believe that we own them and that by extension , they own us. 我们开始认为我们拥有它们, 延伸开去就是,它们拥有我们。
extension:n.延长;延期;扩大;伸展;电话分机;
But eventually , if you debate long enough, you will switch sides, you'll argue for and against the expansion of the welfare state . 但最终,如果你辩论的时间够长, 你的立场就会改变, 你会在扩大国家福利的 争论中不停变换立场。
eventually:adv.最后,终于; argue for:赞成;支持;论证; expansion:n.扩张;膨胀;扩展;扩大; welfare state:n.福利制度(由政府向有需要的人提供各种免费服务,如医疗、失业救济金、对老人的照顾等);
For and against compulsory voting. 也会赞同或反对强制投票。
compulsory:adj.义务的;必修的;被强制的;n.(花样滑冰、竞技体操等的)规定动作;
And that exercise flips a kind of cognitive switch. 这种训练会颠覆你的认知转换。
flips:n.菲力普类(酒的一种);vt.掷;弹;轻击(flip的第三人称单数); cognitive:adj.认知的,认识的;
The suspicions that you hold about people who espouse beliefs that you don't have, starts to evaporate . 你对那些 不同信仰的人所持有的 疑虑就会开始消失。
suspicions:n.怀疑;感觉;看法;猜疑;不放心;(suspicion的复数) espouse:vt.支持;嫁娶;赞成;信奉; evaporate:vt.使…蒸发;使…脱水;使…消失;vi.蒸发,挥发;消失,失踪;
Because you can imagine yourself stepping into those shoes. 因为你已经可以 站在他们的角度思考了。
And as you're stepping into those, you're embracing the humility of uncertainty. 而当你站在他们的角度思考时, 你就是在接受不确定性带来的谦逊,
embracing:n.拥抱;v.拥抱,包含;(embrace的现在分词)
The possibility of being wrong. 也是在接受犯错的可能性。
And it's that exact humility that makes us better decision-makers. 正是那种谦逊让我们 成为了更好的决策者。
Neuroscientist and psychologist Mark Leary at Duke University and his colleagues have found that people who are able to practice -- and it is a skill -- what those researchers call intellectual humility 杜克大学的神经学家以及心理学家 马克 · 里亚利和他的同事 发现那些能够实践这些的人—— 这是一种技能—— 也就是研究者称为大智若愚的人,
Neuroscientist:n.神经系统科学家; Leary:adj.猜疑的(等于leery); Duke:n.公爵,(公国的)君主;公爵(种)樱桃; intellectual:n.知识分子;脑力劳动者;adj.智力的;脑力的;理智的;有才智的;
are more capable of evaluating a broad range of evidence , are more objective when they do so, and become less defensive when confronted with conflicting evidence. 拥有广泛评估不同证据的能力, 他们在评估时也会更加客观, 在面对冲突证据时 也不会摆出防御的姿态。
capable:adj.能干的,能胜任的;有才华的; evaluating:v.估计;评价;评估;(evaluate的现在分词) evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; objective:n.目标; adj.客观的; defensive:n.辩护;守势;adj.防御的;保护的;保卫的;戒备的; confronted:v.使…无法回避;降临于;处理;面对;对抗;(confront的过去分词和过去式)
All attributes that we want in our bosses, colleagues, discussion partners, decision-makers, all virtues that we would like to claim for ourselves. 这些正是所有我们希望我们的老板, 同事,共同讨论的搭档 以及决策者都具有的美德, 所有我们想要自己拥有的美德。
attributes:v.把…归因于; n.属性; (attribute的第三人称单数和复数) virtues:n.优点,贞操;美德;
And so, as we're embracing that humility of uncertainty, we should be asking each other, all of us, a question. 所以,当我们拥抱 这种不确定性的谦逊时, 所有人都应该彼此问这样一个问题。
Our debate moderators , our news anchors should be asking it of our elective representatives and candidates for office, too. 我们辩论节目的主持, 以及新闻主播都应该问 我们的普选代表以及候选议员,
moderators:n.调解人;调停人;仲裁人;(moderator的复数) elective:adj.选修的;选举的;选任的;n.选修课程;
'"What is it that you have changed your mind about and why?" “你改变了什么主意,为什么改变主意？”
'"What uncertainty are you humble about?" “你对什么事情的不确定性保持谦逊？”
humble:adj.谦逊的; vt.使谦恭;
And this by the way , isn't some fantasy about how public life and public conversations could work. 顺便一提,这不是什么 关于公共生活以及 公众对话如何运作的幻想。
by the way:顺便说一下; fantasy:n.幻想; adj.虚幻的; v.空想;
It has precedent . 这是有先例的。
precedent:n.先例;前例;adj.在前的;在先的;
So, in 1969, beloved American children's television presenter Mister Rogers sits impaneled before the United States congressional subcommittee on communications, chaired by the seemingly very curmudgeonly John Pastore. 在1969年, 着名的美国儿童电视节目 主持人罗杰斯先生 坐在由看起来 特别乖戾的约翰 · 帕斯托尔主持的 美国国会通信小组委员会面前。
beloved:adj.心爱的;挚爱的;n.心爱的人;亲爱的教友; presenter:主持人 impaneled:v.选任(陪审员);选任…为陪审员;(impanel的过去分词和过去式) United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) congressional:adj.国会的;会议的;议会的; subcommittee:n.小组委员会;委员会的附属委员会; seemingly:adv.看来似乎;表面上看来; curmudgeonly:adj.不和悦的;小气的;
And Mister Rogers is there to make a kind of classic debate case, a really bold proposal: an increase in federal funding for public broadcasting. 罗杰斯先生在这里要做一个经典辩论, 一个非常大胆的提议: 提高公共电视广播节目的 联邦政府拨款。
classic:n.名著;优秀的典范;adj.最优秀的;第一流的;有代表性的;典型的; bold:adj.大胆的,英勇的;黑体的;厚颜无耻的;险峻的; federal:adj.联邦的;同盟的;联邦政府的;联邦制的;adv.联邦政府地; funding:n.基金;资金;提供资金;v.为…提供资金;拨款给;(fund的现在分词)
And at the outset , committee disciplinarian Senator Pastore is not having it. 一开始, 纪律委员会参议员 帕斯托尔没有准许通过。
outset:n.开始;开端; disciplinarian:n.厉行纪律的人;严格的人;adj.纪律的;训练的; Senator:n.参议员;
This is about to end really poorly for Mister Rogers. 这都差点就成为 罗杰斯先生可怜的结局了。
is about to:眼看就要;即将;正要;行将;
But patiently , very reasonably , Mister Rogers makes the case why good quality children's broadcasting, the kinds of television programs that talk about the drama that arises in the most ordinary of families, matters to all of us. 但凭着耐心,理智,罗杰斯先生解释了 为什么高质量的儿童节目, 那些讲述出现在多数普通家庭中的 奇闻逸事的电视节目, 对我们所有人都至关重要。
patiently:adv.耐心地;有毅力地; reasonably:adv.合理地;相当地;适度地; drama:n.戏剧;戏剧艺术;戏剧文学;戏剧性事件; arises:v.出现;发生;站立;
Even while it costs us. 即便它需要花费成本。
He invites us into a shared reality. 他把我们带入到了共享现实的层面。
And on the other side of that table, 而在辩论的另一方,
on the other side:另一面;在另一边;
Senator Pastore listens, engages and opens his mind. 帕斯托尔参议员在聆听,并用心去思考。
engages:从事;
Out loud, in public, on the record. 参议员大声地,公开地,在录音的情况下,
And Senator Pastore says to Mister Rogers, "You know, I'm supposed to be a pretty tough guy, and this is the first time I've had goosebumps in two days." 对罗杰斯先生说: “要知道,我本来是个相当固执的人, 但这是两天来我第一次起鸡皮疙瘩。”
supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式) goosebumps:n.鸡皮疙瘩;
And then, later, "It looks like you just earned the 20 million dollars." 然后,他又说,”看起来你 赢得了两千万美元。”
We need many more Mister Rogers. 我们需要更多像罗杰斯先生一样的人。
People with the technical skills of debate and persuasion. 需要更多拥有辩论和说服技巧的人。
But on the other side of that table, we need many, many, many more Senator Pastores. 但在辩论桌的另一边, 我们也需要很多,甚至更多 像帕斯托尔参议员一样的人。
And the magic of debate is that it lets you, it empowers you to be both Mister Rogers and Senator Pastore simultaneously . 辩论的魔力在于它能够 让你,赋予你力量, 同时成为罗杰斯先生 和帕斯托尔议员一样的人。
empowers:授权;使能够(empower的第三人称单数); simultaneously:adv.同时地;
When I work with those same teams that we talked about before, 当我和那些我们之前 说过的团队一起工作时,
I ask them at the outset to pre-commit to the possibility of being wrong. 我请求他们用最长远的考虑 去承认出错的可能性。
To explain to me and to each other what it would take to change their minds. 让他们向我以及其他每一个人 解释如何能让他们改变主意。
And that's all about the attitude , not the exercise. 这都是态度的问题,而非实践。
attitude:n.态度;看法;意见;姿势;
Once you start thinking about what it would take to change your mind, you start to wonder why you were quite so sure in the first place . 一旦你开始思考什么会让你改变主意, 你就会开始想为什么 你一开始会如此确信。
in the first place:首先;起初;
There is so much that the practice of debate has to offer us for how to disagree productively. 有很多辩论的实践 教我们如何去有效地争论。
And we should bring it to our workplaces , our conferences, our city council meetings. 我们应该把这些方法带到工作中, 带到会议中, 以及我们的市参议会中。
workplaces:n.[管理]工作场所(workplace的复数); council:n.(市、郡等的)政务委员会;市政(或地方管理)服务机构;
And the principles of debate can transform the way that we talk to one another, to empower us to stop talking and to start listening. 辩论的原则能够改变 我们彼此交流的方式, 能够让我们停止说话,开始聆听。
principles:n.原则;主义;本质;政策;(principle的复数)
To stop dismissing and to start persuading . 停止拒绝,开始说服。
persuading:v.劝说;说服;使信服;使相信;(persuade的现在分词)
To stop shutting down and to start opening our minds. 停止自我封闭, 并开始开放自己的思维。
Thank you so much. 非常感谢大家。
(Applause) （掌声）