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JuanEnriquez_2003-_畅谈基因组学与人类未来_
I'm supposed to scare you, because it's about fear, right? 我要开始危言耸听了
supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式)
And you should be really afraid, but not for the reasons why you think you should be. 然后你们应该会感到担心 但不是因为你们认为的原因而担心
You should be really afraid that -- if we stick up the first slide on this thing -- there we go -- that you're missing out. 你们所担心的是—— 如果你关注的是幻灯片上这东西,那没问题,但如果你关注的不是这个,那么你将会错过一些真正值得关注的事物
Because if you spend this week thinking about Iraq and thinking about Bush and thinking about the stock market , you're going to miss one of the greatest adventures that we've ever been on. 比如说你们这周都在关注伊拉克 布什或者股市 那么就会错过有史以来最棒的体验
Bush:n.灌木; v.以灌木装饰; adj.如灌木般长得低矮的; stock market:股票市场;证券市场;股票交易;
And this is what this adventure 's really about. 关于这东西的体验
adventure:n.冒险;奇遇;经历;冒险游戏;v.探险;以…冒险;大胆进行;闯;
This is crystallized DNA. 即DNA晶体
crystallized:adj.裹有糖霜的;蜜饯的;v.结晶(crystalize的过去分词);
Every life form on this planet -- every insect, every bacteria , every plant, every animal, every human, every politician -- (Laughter) 这个星球上形成的每个生命,包括昆虫,细菌,植物 动物,人类,政治家——(笑)
life form:n.生物; bacteria:n.[微]细菌; politician:n.政治家;(蔑)政客;(美)政治贩;
is coded in that stuff . 都是由DNA编码的
coded:adj.[计]编码的;电码的;译成电码的;v.译成密码(code的过去式和过去分词); stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
And if you want to take a single crystal of DNA, it looks like that. 这是单个DNA晶体
And we're just beginning to understand this stuff. 而我们目前对它的研究才刚起步
And this is the single most exciting adventure that we have ever been on. 这项研究将给我们带来前所未有的振奋
It's the single greatest mapping project we've ever been on. 将是目前为止我们所参与的最伟大的项目
If you think that the mapping of America's made a difference, or landing on the moon, or this other stuff, it's the map of ourselves and the map of every plant and every insect and every bacteria that really makes a difference. 如果你认为绘制美国地图 登陆月球或类似项目影响深远 那么你错了,实际上我们每一个人以及每种植物 昆虫,细菌的基因图谱才是最具意义的
And it's beginning to tell us a lot about evolution. 它能告诉我们进化史
(Laughter) (笑)
It turns out that what this stuff is -- and Richard Dawkins has written about this -- is, this is really a river out of Eden. 这就是 正如Richard Dawkins著作《伊甸园之河》 是条伊甸园之河
So, the 3.2 billion base pairs inside each of your cells is really a history of where you've been for the past billion years. 你的细胞中有320亿对碱基 见证你在过去10几亿年的历史
And we could start dating things, and we could start changing medicine and archeology . 我们开始从事各方面研究 我们开始改变药物,开始考古
archeology:n.考古学(等于archaeology);
It turns out that if you take the human species about 700 years ago, white Europeans diverged from black Africans in a very significant way. 你会发现在大约700年前 欧洲白人与非洲黑人有显著差异
species:n.[生物]物种;种类; Europeans:n.欧洲人(European的复数); diverged:v.分叉;分歧;相异;偏离;背离;(diverge的过去分词和过去式) significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物;
White Europeans were subject to the plague . 欧洲白人受鼠疫侵袭
plague:n.瘟疫;灾祸;麻烦;讨厌的人;vt.折磨;使苦恼;使得灾祸;
And when they were subject to the plague, most people didn't survive, but those who survived had a mutation on the CCR5 receptor . 大部分人因此死去 但仍有一小部分人存活下来,因为这些人CCR5受体上有一个基因发生突变
mutation:n.[遗]突变;变化;元音变化; receptor:n.[生化]受体;接受器;感觉器官;
And that mutation was passed on to their kids because they're the ones that survived, so there was a great deal of population pressure. 突变基因传给了他们的后代 只有他们存活下来,繁衍出后代 所以说当时鼠疫造成了很大的人口选择压力,只有拥有突变基因的人才能存活
a great deal of:大量;
In Africa, because you didn't have these cities, you didn't have that CCR5 population pressure mutation. 在非洲,因为没有这群人 就不存在造成人口选择压力的CCR5突变基因
We can date it to 700 years ago. 这大概是700年前的事
That is one of the reasons why AIDS is raging across Africa as fast as it is, and not as fast across Europe. CCR5突变基因也是艾滋病非洲大陆迅速蔓延 而在欧洲却没有那么快的原因之一
raging:adj.愤怒的,狂暴的;v.发怒,恼火(rage的现在分词);
And we're beginning to find these little things for malaria , for sickle cell, for cancers . 我们现在刚刚开始研究这个突变基因对疟疾 镰刀状细胞以及癌症的作用
malaria:n.[内科]疟疾;瘴气; sickle:n.镰刀; cancers:n.癌; (Cancers是cancer的复数)
And in the measure that we map ourselves, this is the single greatest adventure that we'll ever be on. 因此我们开始测绘人类基因图谱 这绝对是一个前无古人的伟大项目
And this Friday, I want you to pull out a really good bottle of wine, and I want you to toast these two people. 这周五,我要你们拿出上好的葡萄酒 向两个伟人敬酒
toast:n.干杯; v.为…干杯;
Because this Friday 50 years ago, Watson and Crick found the structure of DNA, and that is almost as important a date as 12 February when we first mapped ourselves, but anyway, we'll get to that. 50年前的这个周五,正是沃森和克里克发现了DNA结构 这跟 我们2月12日那天开始的基因测绘一样重要 不过不管怎么说,我们最终都能发展到这一步
structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造;
I thought we'd talk about the new zoo. 现在还是来讨论目前最新的物种世界吧
So, all you guys have heard about DNA, all the stuff that DNA does, but some of the stuff we're discovering is kind of nifty because this turns out to be the single most abundant species on the planet. 你们都听说过DNA及其作用 我们发现一样有趣的东西 地球上这个物种最丰富
nifty:adj.俏皮的;漂亮的;n.俏皮话; abundant:adj.丰富的;充裕的;盛产;
If you think you're successful or cockroaches are successful, it turns out that there's ten trillion trillion Pleurococcus sitting out there. 你也许认为你最强大或者蟑螂最强大 实际上肋球藻属才是最强大的,地球上有十万亿兆多个
cockroaches:n.[昆]蟑螂(cockroach的复数); trillion:n.[数]万亿;adj.万亿的;num.[数]万亿;
And we didn't know that Pleurococcus was out there, which is part of the reason why this whole species mapping project is so important. 而我们却不知道有这么多肋球藻属 这是为什么物种的基因测绘项目如此重要 的一部分原因
Because we're just beginning to learn where we came from and what we are. 我们才刚刚知道 我们来自哪,我们是什么
And we're finding amoebas like this. This is Amoeba dubia. 我们发现了变形虫,这是放射变形虫
amoebas:n.阿米巴;变形虫(单细胞生物);
And Amoeba dubia doesn't look like much, except that each of you has about 3.2 billion letters, which is what makes you you as far as gene code inside each of your cells, and this little amoeba which, you know, 放射变形虫之间并不相像 而你们每一个人都有32亿字母(A,T,C,Gs) 这些字母组成了你 这是就你细胞里的遗传密码而言 微小的变形虫
as far as:至于…; gene:n.基因;遗传基因;遗传因子;
sits in water in hundreds and millions and billions, turns out to have 620 billion base pairs of gene code inside. 生活在水中,可能有数百只,数百万只或者数十亿只 变形虫细胞里有6200亿碱基对组成的遗传密码
So, this little thingamajig has a genome that's 200 times the size of yours. 也就说它的基因组数量 是你的200倍
thingamajig:n.装置;某件东西; genome:n.基因组;染色体组;
And if you're thinking of efficient information storage mechanisms , it may not turn out to be chips . 如果你正关注有效的信息储存机制 芯片可能还达不到你的要求
efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的; mechanisms:n.机制;[机]机构(mechanism的复数);机械;[机]机构学; chips:炸土豆条(chip的复数)
It may turn out to be something that looks a little like that amoeba. 但变形虫可以
And, again, we're learning from life and how life works. 我们正对生命进行研究,研究其运作机制
This funky little thing: people didn't used to think that it was worth taking samples out of nuclear reactors because it was dangerous and, of course, nothing lived there. 看看这个,人们以前并不认为 从核反应堆中提取样品能有所发现 因为这是很危险的,而且其中肯定没有生命存在
funky:adj.时髦的;畏缩的;恶臭的; nuclear:adj.原子能的;[细胞]细胞核的;中心的;原子核的; reactors:n.[化工]反应器(reactor的复数);反应者;
And then finally somebody picked up a microscope and looked at the water that was sitting next to the cores . 后来终于有人用显微镜 观察了核反应堆核心边上的水源
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; microscope:n.显微镜; cores:n.[晶体]核心; v.挖去(水果的)果心(core的第三人称单数);
And sitting next to that water in the cores was little Deinococcus radiodurans, doing a backstroke , having its chromosomes blown apart every day, six, seven times, restitching them, living in about 200 times the radiation that would kill you. 发现 耐辐射球菌,不停地捍卫自己的生命 它们的染色体每天都被强行分开 6至7次,然后再自行聚合 它们生活环境中的辐射是能够杀死你的辐射的200倍
backstroke:n.仰泳;反手击球;vi.仰泳;反手击球;vt.用反手击; chromosomes:n.[遗][细胞][染料]染色体(chromosome的复数形式); radiation:n.辐射;放射线;放射疗法;
And by now you should be getting a hint as to how diverse and how important and how interesting this journey into life is, and how many different life forms there are, 现在你们应该能够意识到 研究基因是多么多样化,多么重要,多么有趣 以及到底有多少种生命形式
hint:n.提示;暗示;迹象;窍门;v.暗示;透露;示意; diverse:adj.不同的;多种多样的;变化多的; journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行;
and how there can be different life forms living in very different places, maybe even outside of this planet. 而这么多的生命又怎么能够在 不同环境中甚至地球以外的星球上生存
Because if you can live in radiation that looks like this, that brings up a whole series of interesting questions. 如果你能在类似的高辐射环境中生存下来 这就产生了一系列有意思的疑问
series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书;
This little thingamajig: we didn't know this thingamajig existed. 这小东西:我们不知道它的存在
We should have known that this existed because this is the only bacteria that you can see to the naked eye. 但我们本应该要知道 因为它是唯一露眼能见的细菌
naked:adj.裸体的;无装饰的;无证据的;直率的;
So, this thing is 0.75 millimeters . 直径0.75毫米
millimeters:n.毫米;(millimeter的复数)
It lives in a deep trench off the coast of Namibia. 生活在离纳米比亚海岸不远的深海沟里
trench:n.沟,沟渠;战壕;堑壕;vt.掘沟;vi.挖战壕;侵害;
And what you're looking at with this namibiensis is the biggest bacteria we've ever seen. 这种纳米比亚戈登氏菌是我们见过的 最大的细菌
So, it's about the size of a little period on a sentence. 大概有一个句子里的句号那么大
Again, we didn't know this thing was there three years ago. 再一次强调,三年前我们还不知道它的存在
We're just beginning this journey of life in the new zoo. 现在才刚刚开始对物种世界的探索之旅
This is a really odd one. This is Ferroplasma. 这个菌比较奇特,是铁原体菌
odd:adj.古怪的;奇数的;n.奇数;
The reason why Ferroplasma is interesting is because it eats iron, lives inside the equivalent of battery acid, and excretes sulfuric acid . 因为它以铁为能源 生活在等同于于酸电池的环境中 会分泌出硫酸
equivalent:adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的;n.等价物,相等物; battery:n.[电]电池,蓄电池;n.[法]殴打;n.[军]炮台,炮位; excretes:vt.排泄;分泌; sulfuric acid:n.硫酸;
So, when you think of odd life forms, when you think of what it takes to live, it turns out this is a very efficient life form, and they call it an archaea . Archaea means the ancient ones. 你开始关注这个奇特的生命形式 它是靠什么维持生命的 你会发现这种生命形式非常高效 它是一种古细菌,古细菌顾名思义远古时期就有的 细菌
archaea:n.古生菌;
And the reason why they're ancient is because this thing came up when this planet was covered by things like sulfuric acid in batteries , and it was eating iron when the earth was part of a melted core. 这么说是因为 古细菌在地球还处在类似于 酸电池的环境中时就出现了 当地球还是一个熔浆核心的部分时它就开始消耗铁了
batteries:n.电池;炮组;炮列;[法]殴打;(batteries是battery的复数) melted:v.(使)熔化,融化;(使)软化,变得温柔;(melt的过去分词和过去式)
So, it's not just dogs and cats and whales and dolphins that you should be aware of and interested in in this little journey. 它不是猫狗也不是鲸鱼海豚 这是探索过程中你们应该很清楚并且感兴趣的
Your fear should be that you are not, that you're paying attention to stuff which is temporal . 你们所担心的应该是 你们关注的是非永恒的东西
temporal:adj.暂时的;当时的;现世的;n.世间万物;暂存的事物;
I mean, George Bush -- he's going to be gone, all right? Life isn't. 我的意思是,乔治布什总有一天会死去,但这种生命不会
Whether the humans survive or don't survive, these things are going to be living on this planet or other planets. 不论人类是否生存 古细菌之类的都始终存在于地球或其他星球上
And it's just beginning to understand this code of DNA that's really the most exciting intellectual adventure that we've ever been on. DNA现在对于遗传密码的研究才刚起步 这将是迄今为止 最为激动人心的脑力体验
intellectual:n.知识分子;脑力劳动者;adj.智力的;脑力的;理智的;有才智的;
And you can do strange things with this stuff. This is a baby gar. 你可以使用各种奇招怪法对它们进行实验。这是雀鳝属鱼的幼鱼
Conservation group gets together, tries to figure out how to breed an animal that's almost extinct . 保护组织成员集合在一起 试着找出繁殖濒临灭绝的动物的方法
Conservation:n.保存,保持;保护; breed:v.繁殖;孕育;培育(动植物);导致;以…方式教育;n.品种; extinct:adj.灭绝的,绝种的;熄灭的;vt.使熄灭;
They can't do it naturally , so what they do with this thing is they take a spoon, take some cells out of an adult gar's mouth, code, take the cells from that and insert it into a fertilized cow's egg, reprogram cow's egg -- different gene code. 自然繁殖是行不通的,于是它们 用勺子从成年雀鳝属鱼嘴里取出一些细胞,得出其密码 将上述细胞注入一头受精牛的卵细胞中 通过整合不同的遗传密码重新编程
naturally:adv.自然地;自然而然地;轻而易举;天生地;大方地; fertilized:v.使受精;使受粉;使受胎;使受孕;施肥于;(fertilize的过去分词和过去式) reprogram:vt.改编程序;程序重调;
When you do that, the cow gives birth to a gar. 然后牛就会产下雀鳝属鱼
We are now experimenting with bongos , pandas, elims', Sumatran tigers, and the Australians -- bless their hearts -- are playing with these things. 我们现在对非洲产大羚羊,熊猫, 以及苏门答腊虎做这种实验 澳大利亚人——保佑他们吧 对这个动物进行这方面研究
bongos:n.小对鼓;邦高鼓;羚羊的一种(bongo的复数形式);
Now, the last of these things died in September, 1936. 最后一个源自这种研究的动物死于1936年9月
These are Tasmanian tigers. The last known one died at the Hobart Zoo. 这些是苏门答腊虎,我们所知道的最后一只死于霍巴特动物园
But it turns out that as we learn more about gene code and how to reprogram species, we may be able to close the gene gaps in deteriorate DNA. 但结果证明我们对遗传密码的研究越深入 对重新编程物种越了解 那么我们就能够修复损坏DNA上的基因间隔
gaps:n.差异,缺口;缝隙(gap的复数形式);v.裂开;使豁裂(gap的第三人称单数形式); deteriorate:vi.恶化,变坏;vt.恶化;
And when we learn how to close the gene gaps, then we can put a full string of DNA together. 如果能消除基因间隔 就能将一连串的DNA连在一起
string:n.字符串; v.悬挂; adj.由弦乐器组成的;
And if we do that, and insert this into a fertilized wolf's egg, we may give birth to an animal that hasn't walked the earth since 1936. 通过这么做,并将其导入狼的受精卵中 就能产出 自1936年来地球上从未出现过的动物
give birth to:产生,造成;生孩子;
And then you can start going back further, and you can start thinking about dodos , and you can think about other species. 然后开始思考更早以前的东西 开始关注渡渡鸟 以及其他物种
dodos:n.渡渡鸟(不能飞行,现已灭绝);笨人;蠢人(dodo的复数)
And in other places, like Maryland , they're trying to figure out what the primordial ancestor is. 在其他地方,如马里兰,科学家们想找出 到底咱们的原始祖先是什么
Maryland:n.马里兰(美国州名); primordial:adj.原始的;根本的;原生的;
Because each of us contains our entire gene code of where we've been for the past billion years, because we've evolved from that stuff, you can take that tree of life and collapse it back, and in the measure that you learn to reprogram, maybe we'll give birth to something that is very close to the first primordial ooze . Because each of us contains our entire gene code 过去的十几亿年我们又在哪 因为我们是从某样东西进化而来的 这个可以通过先全貌后细节的方式来考虑 通过对生命重新编程 我们也许能造出 与我们的原始祖先十分相近的东西
evolved:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;(evolve的过去分词和过去式) collapse:vi.倒塌;瓦解;暴跌;vt.使倒塌,使崩溃;使萎陷;折叠;n.倒塌;失败;衰竭; ooze:vt.渗出;泄漏;vi.渗出;泄漏;n.[地质]软泥;
And it's all coming out of things that look like this. 就是靠这些设备帮助我们找到答案
These are companies that didn't exist five years ago. 这些公司5年前还未出现
Huge gene sequencing facilities the size of football fields. 庞大的基因测序设施足可媲美足球场
sequencing:n.[计]排序; v.[计]定序(sequence的ing形式); facilities:n.设施;设备;特别装置;特色;场所;(facility的复数)
Some are public. Some are private. 一些为公有,一些为私有
It takes about 5 billion dollars to sequence a human being the first time. 第一次个人基因测序需要50亿美元
sequence:n.顺序; v.按顺序排列;
Takes about 3 million dollars the second time. 第二次要300万美元
We will have a 1,000 dollar genome within the next five to eight years. 在未来5年至8年内,我们将拥有价值1000美元的基因组
That means each of you will contain on a CD your entire gene code. 这意味着你们每一个人都能得到一个含有自身整套遗传密码的CD
And it will be really boring . It will read like this. 但是这东西很枯燥,就是这个样子
boring:adj.无聊的;令人厌烦的;n.钻孔;v.使厌烦;钻孔;(bore的现在分词)
(Laughter) (笑)
The really neat thing about this stuff is that's life. 这东西最大的价值在于组成了生命
neat:adj.整洁的;整齐的;有序的;有条理的;
And Laurie's going to talk about this one a little bit. 劳里待会儿会说点这方面的东西
Because if you happen to find this one inside your body, you're in big trouble because that's the source code for Ebola . 如果你在自己的身体里发现这个 那你的麻烦就大了,因为那是埃博拉病毒的源码
source code:n.源(代)码; Ebola:n.埃博拉病毒;
That's one of the deadliest diseases known to humans. 埃博拉病毒能造成人类所知最致命疾病的一种:埃博拉出血热
deadliest:adj.最致命的; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
But plants work the same way and insects work the same way, and this apple works the same way. 植物、昆虫 还有这个苹果都是由这些东西组成他们的生命
This apple is the same thing as this floppy disk . 苹果跟软盘是一样的
floppy disk:n.软盘;软磁盘;
Because this thing codes ones and zeros, and this thing codes A, T, C, Gs, and it sits up there, absorbing energy on a tree, and one fine day it has enough energy to say, execute , and it goes thump . Right? 软盘由1和0编码 而苹果由腺嘌呤、胸腺嘧啶、鸟嘌呤、胞嘧啶编码,它长在树上 吸收树提供的营养,某一天 它成熟了,就掉下来了,对吧？
absorbing:adj.引人入胜的;精彩的;v.吸收;吞并;同化;理解;(absorb的现在分词) execute:vt.实行;执行;处死; thump:vt.重击;用拳头打;砰地撞到;vi.重击;狠打;砰然地响;n.重打;重击声;
(Laughter) (笑)
And when it does that, pushes a .EXE, what it does is, it executes the first line of code, which reads just like that, 当苹果掉下来时,启动了一个exe程序 这程序执行了上面第一行代码
executes:执行(法令);
AATCAGGGACCC, and that means: make a root. AATCAGGGACCC,编码根
Next line of code: make a stem . 下一行编码茎
stem:n.花草的茎或梗;高脚酒杯的脚;烟斗柄;词干;v.阻止;封堵;遏止;
Next line of code, TACGGGG: make a flower that's white, that blooms in the spring, that smells like this. 下一行TACGGGG编码 开在春天,有这种味道的花
blooms:n.花朵(bloom的复数);[生态]水华;v.开花(bloom的三单形式);
In the measure that you have the code and the measure that you read it -- and, by the way , the first plant was read two years ago; the first human was read two years ago; the first insect was read two years ago. 只要你有遗传密码 并将其破解 顺便提一下,两年前第一个植物 第一个人类 以及第一个昆虫的遗传密码被破解出
by the way:顺便说一下;
The first thing that we ever read was in 1995: a little bacteria called Haemophilus influenzae. 我们第一次破解出遗传密码是在1995年 那是一种叫做流感嗜血杆菌的细菌
In the measure that you have the source code, as all of you know, you can change the source code, and you can reprogram life forms so that this little thingy becomes a vaccine , 只要你有源密码 你可以改变源密码,重新编程生命形式 这东西就会变成疫苗
thingy:实际的;物质的; vaccine:n.疫苗;牛痘苗;adj.疫苗的;牛痘的;
or this little thingy starts producing biomaterials , which is why DuPont is now growing a form of polyester that feels like silk in corn. 或者说它开始产生生物材料 这也是为什么杜邦开始投产聚酯的原因 是类似于玉米须的生物材料
biomaterials:n.[材]生物材料(biomaterial的复数); DuPont:n.杜邦,杜邦公司; polyester:n.聚酯;
This changes all rules. This is life, but we're reprogramming it. 这项技术能带来翻天覆地的变化,我们能够对生命进行重新编程
reprogramming:n.[计]改编程序; v.为…重编程序;
This is what you look like. This is one of your chromosomes. 这是你的基因图谱的样子,这是你的一条染色体
And what you can do now is, you can outlay exactly what your chromosome is, and what the gene code on that chromosome is right here, and what those genes code for, and what animals they code against, and then you can tie it to the literature . 你现在可以 买下你的基因图谱 这里是那条染色体上的基因 这列是基因所编码的东西,这列是基因能编码的特定模型 你可以将这些与文献联系起来
outlay:n.支出,开支,费用;经费;v.花费; genes:n.基因;(gene的复数) literature:n.文学;文献;文艺;著作;
And in the measure that you can do that, you can go home today, and get on the Internet, and access the world's biggest public library, which is a library of life. 然后回家 上网,找到 世界上最大的公共图书馆,也是生命图书馆
And you can do some pretty strange things because in the same way as you can reprogram this apple, if you go to Cliff Tabin's lab at the Harvard Medical School, he's reprogramming chicken embryos to grow more wings. 在那你可以做点稀奇的事 因为你可以用类似的方法对苹果基因重新编程 如果你去哈佛医学院的Cliff Tabin实验室 他正在重新编程鸡胚,期望能生出多腿的小鸡
Cliff:n.悬崖;绝壁; Harvard:n.哈佛大学;哈佛大学学生; embryos:n.胚;胚胎;人类胚胎;(embryo的复数)
Why would Cliff be doing that? He doesn't have a restaurant. 为什么Cliff要这么做呢,他又不是开餐馆的
(Laughter) (笑)
The reason why he's reprogramming that animal to have more wings is because when you used to play with lizards as a little child, and you picked up the lizard, sometimes the tail fell off, but it regrew . 他从事这项研究 是因为当我们小时候玩蟋蟀 有时候抓住蟋蟀时它的尾巴会掉,但还能再长出来
lizards:n.[动]蜥蜴,蜥蜴爬虫类动物;(lizard的复数) regrew:vt.再生;重新长出(regrow的变形);
Not so in human beings: you cut off an arm, you cut off a leg, it doesn't regrow . 但是人类就不一样 你切断的手臂或者腿却不会再长出来
regrow:vt.再生;重新长出;vi.重新生长;
But because each of your cells contains your entire gene code, each cell can be reprogrammed , if we don't stop stem cell research and if we don't stop genomic research, to express different body functions. 但因为你们每个人的细胞中都含有自身的一整套遗传密码 每个细胞都能够被重新编程,如果我们不放弃干细胞研究 以及基因组研究 来实现不同的身体功能
reprogrammed:v.再次(重新)设定程序; stem cell:干细胞; genomic:adj.基因组的;染色体的; express:v.表达; adj.特快的; n.特快列车; v.使用快速服务;
And in the measure that we learn how chickens grow wings, and what the program is for those cells to differentiate , one of the things we're going to be able to do 通过实验,我们得知小鸡是如何长出翅膀的 以及是什么机制使得细胞分化而具有不同功能 我们要做的其中一件事
differentiate:vi.区分,区别;vt.区分,区别;
is to stop undifferentiated cells, which you know as cancer, and one of the things we're going to learn how to do is how to reprogram cells like stem cells in such a way that they express bone, stomach, skin, pancreas . 是阻止非分化细胞,即癌细胞 我们要学会做的一件事 是如何模拟干细胞重新编程细胞 模拟干细胞可以分化出骨头,胃,皮肤,胰腺
undifferentiated:adj.无差别的;一致的; pancreas:n.[解剖]胰腺;
And you are likely to be wondering around -- and your children -- on regrown body parts in a reasonable period of time, in some places in the world where they don't stop the research. 你或者你的孩子可以想象 通过科学家在世界上某个地方的努力钻研 使得人体器官重新长出也指日可待了
regrown:vt.再生;重新长出(regrow的变形); reasonable:adj.合理的,公道的;通情达理的;
How's this stuff work? If each of you differs from the person next to you by one in a thousand , but only 3 percent codes, which means it's only one in a thousand times 3 percent, 干细胞如何运作的？你和你旁边那个人 有千分之一不同的可能,但这仅由3%的基因决定, 也就是概率是3%的一千倍
one in a thousand:杰出的;稀有的;百里挑一;
very small differences in expression and punctuation can make a significant difference. Take a simple declarative sentence. 即使是表达和标点的微小区别 也能造成整句话意思大相径庭,以这句为例
expression:n.表现,表示,表达; punctuation:n.标点;标点符号; declarative:adj.宣言的;陈述的,说明的;
(Laughter) (笑)
Right? 是吧？
That's perfectly clear. So, men read that sentence, and they look at that sentence, and they read this. 这非常清楚吧,如果让男人来念 他们会这么念
Okay? 对吧？
Now, women look at that sentence and they, uh-uh, wrong. 而女人看到这个句子,呃,不对
This is the way it should be seen. 她们会这么念
(Laughter) (笑)
That's what your genes are doing. 这种区别都是由基因决定的
That's why you differ from this person over here by one in a thousand. 这也是为什么你跟那边那个人有千分之一不同的可能
Right? But, you know, he's reasonably good looking, but... 他长得不错,不过……
reasonably:adv.合理地;相当地;适度地;
I won't go there. 我还是不说这个了
You can do this stuff even without changing the punctuation. 还有即使不通过改变标点也能实现前后意思的巨大差别
You can look at this, right? 看看这个,美国税务局
And they look at the world a little differently. 从另一个角度看
They look at the same world and they say... 就变成他们的
(Laughter) (笑)
That's how the same gene code -- that's why you have 30,000 genes, mice have 30,000 genes, husbands have 30,000 genes. 这解释了同样的遗传密码会有不同的表达——你有3万个基因 mice have 30,000 genes, husbands have 30,000 genes.
Mice and men are the same. Wives know that, but anyway. 两者都有3万个基因,但妻子知道
You can make very small changes in gene code and get really different outcomes , even with the same string of letters. 遗传密码上一点细微的改变 就能产生非常巨大的变化 即使是一连串相同字母组成的句子也会因为微小的变化而产生大相径庭的意思
outcomes:n.结果;成果;后果;出路;(outcome的复数)
That's what your genes are doing every day. 你的基因每天就是在干这个活
That's why sometimes a person's genes don't have to change a lot to get cancer. 这也是为什么有时候人的基因 不需要很大改变就会得上癌症
These little chippies , these things are the size of a credit card . 这个芯片,大概是信用卡大小
chippies:adj.碎片的;活跃的;n.花栗鼠;浪漫女子; credit card:n.[经]信用卡;
They will test any one of you for 60,000 genetic conditions. 能够对你们任何一个人进行6万种基因疾病的测试
genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的;
That brings up questions of privacy and insurability and all kinds of stuff, but it also allows us to start going after diseases because if you run a person who has leukemia through something like this, it turns out that three diseases with completely similar clinical syndromes are completely different diseases. 虽然这又带来了隐私和保险 等等问题,但却能让我们追踪疾病 如果让一个白血病人参加测试 结果发现3种 临床症状非常相似的疾病 会出现不同的测试结果
privacy:n.隐私;秘密;隐居;隐居处; leukemia:n.[内科][肿瘤]白血病; clinical:adj.临床的;诊所的; syndromes:n.综合症(syndrome的复数);
Because in ALL leukemia, that set of genes over there over-expresses. 因为在急性淋巴细胞性白血病中,上面那套基因会过表达
In MLL, it's the middle set of genes, and in AML, it's the bottom set of genes. 混合型白血病中,中间那部分基因会过表达 而急性髓细胞白血病中,则是下面的那部分基因过表达
And if one of those particular things is expressing in your body, then you take Gleevec and you're cured. 如果上述一种情况发生在你身上 那你可以服用格里维克,就能痊愈
expressing:v.表示;表达;表露;显而易见;(express的现在分词)
If it is not expressing in your body, if you don't have one of those types -- a particular one of those types -- don't take Gleevec. 如果这些基因没有过表达 你没有患上其中任意一种疾病 就不需要服用格里维克
It won't do anything for you. 它不会起到任何作用
Same thing with Receptin if you've got breast cancer. 如果你得了乳腺癌,那就服用Receptin
Don't have an HER-2 receptor, don't take Receptin. 如果没有HER-2受体,就不需要服用该药
Changes the nature of medicine. Changes the predictions of medicine. 从本质上改变药物
predictions:n.预测,预言(prediction复数形式);
Changes the way medicine works. 改变药物作用的方式和作用位点
The greatest repository of knowledge when most of us went to college was this thing, and it turns out that this is not so important any more. 我们上大学学过最宝贵的知识 是这个,但现在 已经不在重要了
repository:n.贮藏室,仓库;知识库;智囊团;
The U.S. Library of Congress , in terms of its printed volume of data, contains less data than is coming out of a good genomics company every month on a compound basis. 美国国会图书馆的纸质版数据量 还没有一个好的基因公司 每个月提供的数据多,前提是复合数据
Library of Congress:n.(美国)国会图书馆; volume:n.体积;容积;音量;响度;一册;合订本 genomics:n.基因组学;基因体学; compound:v.合成; adj.混合; n.大院;
Let me say that again: A single genomics company generates more data in a month, on a compound basis, than is in the printed collections of the Library of Congress. 我想再强调一次,单就一个基因公司 以复合数据为前提,一个月产生的数据量 比国会图书馆收藏的纸质版数据量还大
generates:[计]生成;发生;
This is what's been powering the U.S. economy . It's Moore's Law. 这是美国经济强大的支柱,是摩尔定律
economy:n.经济;节约;理财;
So, all of you know that the price of computers halves every 18 months and the power doubles, right? 即计算机的价格每18个月会减半 同时性能加倍
Except that when you lay that side by side with the speed with which gene data's being deposited in GenBank, 但有个例外,就是 基因数据库中存放基因的增加速度
side by side:adj.并肩的;并行的; deposited:v.存放;储存;放置(deposit的过去分词);adj.存放的;堆积的;
Moore's Law is right here: it's the blue line. 蓝线显示的是摩尔定律
This is on a log scale , and that's what superexponential growth means. 这个是对数标尺,表示指数增长
scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢;
This is going to push computers to have to grow faster than they've been growing because so far, there haven't been applications that have been required that need to go faster than Moore's Law. This stuff does. 这推动计算机行业的以前所未有的速度增长 因为到目前为止 还没有一项应用要求 超过摩尔定律所指的更新速度,但基因的增长例外
And here's an interesting map. 这里有幅地图
This is a map which was finished at the Harvard Business School . 是在哈佛商学院完成的
Business School:n.(大学里针对毕业生的)工商学院;
One of the really interesting questions is, if all this data's free, who's using it? This is the greatest public library in the world. 一个有意思的问题出现了,如果所有的数据都是免费的 谁在使用？这是世界上最棒的公共图书馆
Well, it turns out that there's about 27 trillion bits moving inside from the United States to the United States; about 4.6 trillion is going over to those European countries; 大约27兆比特数据 在美国内部流动 4.6兆比特流向欧洲国家
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
about 5.5's going to Japan; there's almost no communication between Japan, and nobody else is literate in this stuff. 大约5.5兆比特流向日本,但日本 几乎与其他国家间没有这方面交流,而且剩下的人都不懂这个
literate:adj.受过教育的;精通文学的;n.学者;
It's free. No-one's reading it. They're focusing on the war; they're focusing on Bush; they're not interested in life. 资源是免费的,却没人关注,都把注意力集中到战争上 和布什上,对生命兴致缺缺
So, this is what a new map of the world looks like. 这张是新的世界地图
That is the genomically literate world. And that is a problem. 现在全世界都对遗传基因有所耳闻,但
In fact, it's not a genomically literate world. 实际上不是所有人都知道遗传基因之类的
You can break this out by states. 这是无州界的
And you can watch states rise and fall depending on their ability to speak a language of life, and you can watch New York fall off a cliff, and you can watch New Jersey fall off a cliff, and you can watch the rise of the new empires of intelligence . 州的兴亡取决于 他们对于生命研究的重视程度 你会看到纽约的坠落 新泽西的坠落 以及一个崭新的智能帝国的崛起
intelligence:n.智力;智慧;才智;(尤指关于敌国的)情报;
And you can break it out by counties because it's specific counties. 你可以通过观察各个县得出结论
counties:n.郡,县;(county的复数) specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药;
And if you want to get more specific, it's actually specific zip codes. 如果还需要更具体的资料来区分各个地方 那就是邮政编码
(Laughter) (笑)
So, you want to know where life is happening? 你想知道生命研究的起始点吗？
Well, in Southern California it's happening in 92121. And that's it. 在南加州是在邮编为92121的地方开始的
And that's the triangle between Salk, Scripps, UCSD, and it's called Torrey Pines Road. 位于sulk,斯克里普斯以及加州大学圣迭戈分校三角之间 叫做多利松路
triangle:n.三角形;三角形物体;三角铁(打击乐器);三角关系; Pines:n.[林]松树(pine的复数);v.衰弱;渴望(pine的三单形式);
That means you don't need to be a big nation to be successful; it means you don't need a lot of people to be successful; and it means you can move most of the wealth of a country in about three or four carefully picked 747s. 这说明并不一定要成为一个大国才能获得成功 不一定要一大群人合力才能获得成功 你只要用3到4架精心挑选的波音747飞机 就能搬走一个国家的财富
wealth:n.财富;大量;富有;
Same thing in Massachusetts. Looks more spread out but -- oh, by the way, the ones that are the same color are contiguous . 同理马萨诸塞也一样,看起来似乎很大 顺道提下,同样颜色的地方是相邻的
spread out:冒火;喷火; contiguous:adj.连续的;邻近的;接触的;
What's the net effect of this? 那么这个的净效应又是什么
In an agricultural society, the difference between the richest and the poorest, the most productive and the least productive, was five to one. Why? 在农业社会中,富人和穷人 的区别在于 前者的产能是后者的5倍,为什么呢
agricultural:adj.农业的;农艺的; productive:adj.能生产的;生产的,生产性的;多产的;富有成效的;
Because in agriculture, if you had 10 kids and you got up a little bit earlier and you work a little bit harder, you could produce about five times more wealth, on average, than your neighbor. 因为农业社会中,如果你有10个孩子 你会比他人早起,比他人努力工作 平均而言,你创造出的财富就是 你邻里的五倍多
In a knowledge society, that number is now 427 to 1. 在知识社会中,这个比例达到427:1
It really matters if you're literate, not just in reading and writing in English and French and German, but in Microsoft and Linux and Apple. 有文化有知识是很重要的,但不仅仅体现在能读会写 通晓英语法语德语 更重要的是会操作微软、Linux以及苹果操作系统
Linux:n.Linux操作系统(一种类似于UNIX的计算机操作系统);
And very soon it's going to matter if you're literate in life code. 在不久的将来,知道有关生命密码的知识也会变得非常重要
So, if there is something you should fear, it's that you're not keeping your eye on the ball . 因此,你应该担心的是 你关注的方向不对
on the ball:adv.机灵;留心;有见识;勤奋;
Because it really matters who speaks life. 把注意力转向研究生命是非常重要的
That's why nations rise and fall. 这是国家兴盛或衰落的原因
And it turns out that if you went back to the 1870s, the most productive nation on earth was Australia, per person. 如果时光倒退到1870年间 人均产能最高的国家是澳大利亚
And New Zealand was way up there. And then the U.S. came in about 1950, and then Switzerland about 1973, and then the U.S. got back on top -- beat up their chocolates and cuckoo clocks. 后来是新西兰,1950年左右是美国 1973年则是瑞士,然后美国再次崛起 击败瑞士
Zealand:西兰岛(丹麦最大的岛) cuckoo:n.布谷鸟; adj.愚笨的; vi.学杜鹃叫; vt.不停地重复;
And today, of course, you all know that the most productive nation on earth is Luxembourg , producing about one third more wealth per person per year than America. 大家都知道当今产能最高的国家 是卢森堡,人均年产量比美国 多1/3
Luxembourg:n.卢森堡(卢森堡公国首都);卢森堡公国;
Tiny landlocked state. No oil. No diamonds. No natural resources . 而它是个小内陆国家,没有石油、钻石、天然资源
landlocked:adj.为陆地所包围的; resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数);
Just smart people moving bits. Different rules. 仅仅靠聪明的国民一点点积累发展成现在的样子。这是个例
Here's differential productivity rates. 这里显示的是不同国家的生产率差别
differential:adj.微分的;差别的;特异的;n.微分;差别; productivity:n.生产力;生产率;生产能力;
Here's how many people it takes to produce a single U.S. patent . 这里显示的是获得一个美国专利需要多少人
patent:vt.授予专利; adj.专利的; n.专利权;
So, about 3,000 Americans, 6,000 Koreans, 14,000 Brits , 790,000 Argentines . You want to know why Argentina 's crashing? 美国需要3000个人,韩国需要6000个人,英国需要14000个人, 阿根廷需要790000个人,你们知道阿根廷为什么崩溃么？
Brits:n.英国人(Brit的复数);布里茨(男子名); Argentines:银(argentine的名词复数);银色素;银色工艺材料; Argentina:n.阿根廷(位于拉丁美洲);
It's got nothing to do with inflation . 不是因为通货膨胀
inflation:n.膨胀;通货膨胀;夸张;自命不凡;
It's got nothing to do with privatization . 不是因为私有化
privatization:n.私有化;
You can take a Harvard-educated Ivy League economist, stick him in charge of Argentina. He still crashes the country because he doesn't understand how the rules have changed. 你可以让一个受过哈佛教育的毕业自常春藤联合会的经济学家 来掌管阿根廷,它照样会崩溃 因为经济学家不知道其中规则是如何改变的
Ivy League:n.[教]常春藤联盟; in charge of:负责;主管;
Oh, yeah, and it takes about 5.6 million Indians. 对了,发明一个美国专利,需要560万印度人
Well, watch what happens to India. 让我们看看印度又是怎么回事
India and China used to be 40 percent of the global economy just at the Industrial Revolution , and they are now about 4.8 percent. 印度和中国队世界经济的贡献曾达到40% 不过只是在工业革命期间,现在只占到4.8%
global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; Industrial Revolution:n.工业革命;
Two billion people. One third of the global population producing 5 percent of the wealth because they didn't get this change, because they kept treating their people like serfs instead of like shareholders of a common project. 两国合起来有20亿人口,占世界人口的1/3,产生的财富仅占世界的5% 因为他们没有顺势而变 因为统治者把他们的国民看做是农奴 而不是具有共同利益的投资人
treating:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;处理;讨论;(treat的现在分词) serfs:n.农奴(serf的复数形式); shareholders:n.[金融]股东,投资者;股民(shareholder的复数);
They didn't keep the people who were educated. 统治者不懂得留住受过教育的人才
They didn't foment the businesses. They didn't do the IPOs. 不刺激商业发展,不做上市
foment:vt.煽动;挑起;热敷;
Silicon Valley did. And that's why they say that Silicon Valley has been powered by ICs. 但硅谷懂得这么做,这是为什么 硅谷因为懂得网罗人才而取得不断的发展
Silicon Valley:n.硅谷(美国加利福尼亚州一处计算机和电子公司聚集地,有时用以指任何计算机公司聚集地);
Not integrated circuits : Indians and Chinese. 而不是像印度或中国那样单单去发展集成电路
integrated:adj.综合的; v.整合; (integrate的过去式和过去分词) circuits:n.环行路线;电路;线路;巡回赛;v.巡回;周游;(circuit的第三人称单数和复数)
(Laughter) (笑)
Here's what's happening in the world. 世界都发生了什么
It turns out that if you'd gone to the U.N. in 1950, when it was founded, there were 50 countries in this world. 如果你1950年去联合国 即联合国成立的时间,世界上有50个国家
It turns out there's now about 192. 而现在有192个国家
Country after country is splitting, seceding , succeeding, failing. 这些国家一个接着一个分裂,分离,兴盛,衰落
seceding:vi.脱离;退出;vt.从…中脱离;割让;
And it's all getting very fragmented . And this has not stopped. 变得支离破碎,但同样的故事仍然在上演
fragmented:v.(使)碎裂,破裂,分裂;(fragment的过去分词和过去式)
In the 1990s, these are sovereign states that did not exist before 1990. 这些主权国家 在1990年之前并不存在
sovereign:adj.至高无上的; n.君主;
And this doesn't include fusions or name changes or changes in flags. 这并不包括国家之间的融合,或者是国家改名,或者是国旗的更改
fusions:n.融合;混合(fusion的复数形式);
We're generating about 3.12 states per year. 每年有3.12个国家产生
generating:v.产生;引起;(generate的现在分词)
People are taking control of their own states, sometimes for the better and sometimes for the worse . 人民掌管着各自的国家 有时候朝着更好的方向发展,有时候则陷入糟糕的境地
for the better:好转,向好的方向发展; for the worse:恶化;向坏的方面转化;
And the really interesting thing is, you and your kids are empowered to build great empires, and you don't need a lot to do it. 非常有意思的一点 你和你的子孙有能力建立大帝国 不需要多费劲就能搞定
empowered:v.授权;给(某人)…的权力;(empower的过去分词和过去式)
(Music) (音乐)
And, given that the music is over, I was going to talk about how you can use this to generate a lot of wealth, and how code works. 音乐播完了,现在我要谈谈 如何通过研究生命赚钱 以及遗传密码是如何运作的
(Moderator: Two minutes.) (计时人:超时两分钟)
(Laughter) (笑)
No, I'm going to stop there and we'll do it next year because I don't want to take any of Laurie's time. 现在我不说了,明年再继续 因为我不想占用劳比的时间
But thank you very much. 谢谢大家