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JosephDeSimone_2015-_倘若3d打印快100倍？_
I'm thrilled to be here tonight to share with you something we've been working on for over two years, and it's in the area of additive manufacturing , also known as 3D printing. 我今天非常荣幸在此 与大家分享我们最近两年 所致力研究的成果, 这些成果是在积层制造领域取得的, 也就是所谓的3D打印。
thrilled:adj.非常兴奋; v.使非常兴奋; (thrill的过去分词和过去式) additive:n.添加剂,添加物;adj.附加的;[数]加法的; manufacturing:n.制造业;工业;v.制造;生产(manufacture的现在分词);
You see this object here. 大家可以看下我手里这个东西。
It looks fairly simple, but it's quite complex at the same time . 看似简单,但又相当复杂。
fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
It's a set of concentric geodesic structures with linkages between each one. 这是一个同心和密网格结构的组合, 每个部分都彼此相连。
concentric:adj.同轴的;同中心的; geodesic:adj.测地线的; structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式); linkages:n.联系(linkage的复数);
In its context , it is not manufacturable by traditional manufacturing techniques . 它并非传统制造技术所能完成。
context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉; traditional:传统的,惯例的, techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数)
It has a symmetry such that you can't injection mold it. 结构具有对称性,因此不能注塑模具。
symmetry:n.对称(性);整齐,匀称; injection:n.注射;大量资金的投入;(液体的)注入; mold:n.模具;模型;霉菌;类型;v.用可塑材料塑成;浇铸;发霉;
You can't even manufacture it through milling . 甚至不能通过铣削制造。
manufacture:v.(用机器)大量生产; n.大量制造; milling:n.磨;制粉;轧齿边;v.碾磨;磨成粉;滚(碾轧)金属(mill的现在分词);
This is a job for a 3D printer, but most 3D printers would take between three and 10 hours to fabricate it, and we're going to take the risk tonight to try to fabricate it onstage during this 10-minute talk. 这需要3D打印技术来实现, 但大多数3D打印机需要3-10小时来完成整个制造过程, 今晚我们会尝试用我上台演讲的10分钟时间 来完成这个制造过程。
fabricate:vt.制造;伪造;装配; onstage:adj.台上的;台上演出的;adv.上台;上场;
Wish us luck. 祝我们好运吧！
Now, 3D printing is actually a misnomer . “3D打印”的叫法其实并不恰当。
misnomer:n.用词不当;误称;写错姓名;
It's actually 2D printing over and over again , and it in fact uses the technologies associated with 2D printing. 技术的本质是反复进行二维印刷, 采用的是二维印刷的相关技术。
over and over again:adv.一再地;反复不断地; technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数); associated:adj.有关联的; v.联想; (associate的过去分词和过去式)
Think about inkjet printing where you lay down ink on a page to make letters, and then do that over and over again to build up a three-dimensional object. 试想你正在使用喷墨打印机在纸上打印文字, 反复进行这一过程就可以构建一个三维物体。
inkjet:n.喷墨;喷墨打印机; three-dimensional:adj.三维的;立体的;真实的;
In microelectronics , they use something called lithography to do the same sort of thing, to make the transistors and integrated circuits and build up a structure several times. 在微电子学中, 人们使用相同原理的光刻技术, 来制造晶体管和集成电路, 反复构建一个结构。
microelectronics:n.微电子学; lithography:n.[印刷]平版印刷术,石印术; transistors:n.[电子]晶体管;晶体三极管(transistor的复数); integrated:adj.综合的; v.整合; (integrate的过去式和过去分词) circuits:n.环行路线;电路;线路;巡回赛;v.巡回;周游;(circuit的第三人称单数和复数)
These are all 2D printing technologies. 这些都是二维印刷技术。
Now, I'm a chemist , a material scientist too, and my co-inventors are also material scientists, one a chemist , one a physicist , and we began to be interested in 3D printing. 我是个化学家,也是材料学家, 我的发明伙伴也都是材料学家, 一个是化学家,一个物理学家, 我们开始对3D打印产生了浓厚的兴趣。
chemist:n.化学家;药剂师;药房;化学师; physicist:n.物理学家;物理学研究者;
And very often, as you know, new ideas are often simple connections between people with different experiences in different communities , and that's our story. 大家知道,新颖的想法往往只是一些 不同机构里跨领域跨背景的人相互沟通后的产物, 而这就是我们的故事。
communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数)
Now, we were inspired by the " Terminator 2" scene for T-1000, and we thought, why couldn't a 3D printer operate in this fashion, where you have an object arise out of a puddle in essentially real time with essentially no waste to make a great object? 我们的灵感来源于 《终结者2》的机器人T-1000出现的一个场景, 而后我们就产生了这样的疑问:为何3D打印机不能通过这样的方式来运行？ 让一个物体从液体中成形, 达到实时完成并 避免造成浪费的目的, 又能制造出很棒的物体。
inspired:adj.受到启发的; v.鼓舞; (inspire的过去分词和过去式) Terminator:n.终结者;终止子;明暗界限; arise out of:起于…; puddle:n.水坑,泥潭; vt.使泥泞,搅浑; vi.搅泥浆; essentially:adv.本质上;本来; real time:adj.实时的;接到指示立即执行的;
Okay, just like the movies. 就像电影中那样。
And could we be inspired by Hollywood and come up with ways to actually try to get this to work? 我们可否取材好莱坞, 找出办法真正尝试实现这一效果？
come up with:提出;想出;赶上;
And that was our challenge. 这就是我们面临的挑战。
And our approach would be, if we could do this, then we could fundamentally address the three issues holding back 3D printing from being a manufacturing process . 而我们的思路是,如果我们能做到, 那我们就可以从根本上解决 阻碍3D打印进入制造工程的三个难题。
approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理; fundamentally:adv.从根本上;基础地;重要地 issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数) process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
One, 3D printing takes forever. 首先,3D打印耗时太长。
There are mushrooms that grow faster than 3D printed parts. (Laughter) 甚至某些蘑菇生长速度都比3D打印制造还快。（笑声）
The layer by layer process leads to defects in mechanical properties, and if we could grow continuously , we could eliminate those defects. 积层叠加的制造工艺 使得机械性能存在缺陷, 如果能实现无间断制造,就可以消除这些缺陷。
layer:n.层,层次; vt.把…分层堆放; vi.形成或分成层次; defects:n.缺点;瑕疵;不合格品(defect的复数);v.叛变(defect的三单形式); mechanical:adj.机械的;力学的;呆板的;无意识的;手工操作的; continuously:adv.连续不断地; eliminate:v.消除;排除;
And in fact, if we could grow really fast, we could also start using materials that are self-curing, and we could have amazing properties. 事实上,如果生产速度够快,也可以开始使用 自凝材料,取得材料特性上的突破。
So if we could pull this off, imitate Hollywood, we could in fact address 3D manufacturing. 如果我们能成功模仿好莱坞, 我们就可以真正解决3D制造问题。
imitate:v.模仿;仿效;模仿(某人的讲话、举止);作滑稽模仿;
Our approach is to use some standard knowledge in polymer chemistry to harness light and oxygen to grow parts continuously. 我们的方法是使用高分子化学领域中的 常识性知识, 通过控制光和氧气来进行无间断制造。
standard:n.标准;水准;旗;度量衡标准;adj.标准的;合规格的;公认为优秀的; polymer:n.[高分子]聚合物; harness:vt.治理; n.马具;
Light and oxygen work in different ways. 光和氧气的作用不同。
Light can take a resin and convert it to a solid, can convert a liquid to a solid. 光可以将液态树脂转换成固体, 即把液体转换为固体。
resin:n.树脂;松香;vt.涂树脂;用树脂处理; convert:v.转换; n.改变宗教(或信仰、观点)的人;
Oxygen inhibits that process. 氧气则可抑制这一过程。
inhibits:抑制;阻止;
So light and oxygen are polar opposites from one another from a chemical point of view , and if we can control spatially the light and oxygen, we could control this process. 所以从化学角度看, 光和氧气的作用彼此对立, 我们要是能立体地控制光和氧气, 我们就可以控制制作过程。
polar:adj.极地的;南极(或北极)的;n.极线;极面; opposites:n.对立;对立面(opposite的复数);反义词; chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的; point of view:观点;见地;立场; spatially:adv.空间地;存在于空间地;
And we refer to this as CLIP . [Continuous Liquid Interface Production.] 我们将这个过程称为CLIP（无间断液态界面印制法）。
refer:v.参考;涉及;提到;查阅; CLIP:v.剪辑;修剪;削减;固定;n.夹;夹子;速度;钳; Interface:n.接口;人机界面;连接电路;v.连接;
It has three functional components . CLIP有三个功能组件。
functional:adj.功能的; components:n.部件;组件;成份(component复数);
One, it has a reservoir that holds the puddle, just like the T-1000. 第一个是用于存放液体的容器, 就像液态金属机器人T-1000。
reservoir:n.水库;蓄水池;
At the bottom of the reservoir is a special window. 容器的底部有一个特殊窗口。
I'll come back to that. 我等下会谈到。
In addition , it has a stage that will lower into the puddle and pull the object out of the liquid. 组件二是一个平台,可下降至容器, 把物体从溶液中径直拉出。
addition:n.添加;[数]加法;增加物;
The third component is a digital light projection system underneath the reservoir, illuminating with light in the ultraviolet region . 第三部分是数字光投影系统, 位于容器的下方, 可提供紫外光区域的照明。
digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键; projection:n.投射;规划;突出;发射;推测; underneath:prep.在…的下面;在…的支配下;n.下面;底部;adj.下面的;底层的; illuminating:adj.照明的;有启发性的;v.照明,解释;(illuminate的现在分词) ultraviolet:adj.紫外的;紫外线的;n.紫外线辐射,紫外光; region:n.地区;范围;部位;
Now, the key is that this window in the bottom of this reservoir, it's a composite , it's a very special window. 关键就在于容器底部的窗口, 这是一个复合体,一个非常特殊的窗口
composite:n.复合材料;合成物;菊科;adj.复合的;合成的;菊科的;vt.使合成;使混合;
It's not only transparent to light but it's permeable to oxygen. 不仅透光,而且透氧。
transparent:adj.透明的;显然的;坦率的;易懂的; permeable:adj.能透过的;有渗透性的;
It's got characteristics like a contact lens . 性质与隐形眼镜相似。
characteristics:n.特征;特点;品质;(characteristic的复数) contact lens:n.隐形眼镜;
So we can see how the process works. 这里可以看到这个过程是如何进行的。
You can start to see that as you lower a stage in there, in a traditional process, with an oxygen-impermeable window, you make a two-dimensional pattern 大家可以看到,当架台降低到那里, 传统制造使用不透氧窗, 可以制造出二维图案,
two-dimensional:adj.二维的;缺乏深度的;
and you end up gluing that onto the window with a traditional window, and so in order to introduce the next layer, you have to separate it, introduce new resin, reposition it, and do this process over and over again. 并最终用传统的不透气窗口将图案粘合到窗口上, 因此,要形成下一层,你必须将其分开, 重新添加树脂、重新定位, 并重复完成这个过程。
gluing:n.粘合;胶合; reposition:vt.使复位;改变…的位置;使变换阵地;n.复位;贮藏;放回;
But with our very special window, what we're able to do is, with oxygen coming through the bottom as light hits it, that oxygen inhibits the reaction , and we form a dead zone . 但用我们的特殊窗口, 我们可以让氧气从底部进入, 当光线击中氧气, 氧气就会抑制反应, 形成一个无感区。
reaction:n.反应,感应;反动,复古;反作用; dead zone:n.盲区;空白地带;隔离带;死水区(因缺氧而使动物无法生存);
This dead zone is on the order of tens of microns thick, so that's two or three diameters of a red blood cell , right at the window interface that remains a liquid, and we pull this object up, and as we talked about in a Science paper, as we change the oxygen content , we can change the dead zone thickness . 无感区大约有几十微米厚, 大约是红细胞直径的两三倍, 位于窗口接口处依然可以保持液体状, 然后我们把这物体拉出, 正如我们在《科学》杂志中介绍的, 我们只要改变氧含量,就可以改变无感区的厚度。
microns:n.微米(micron的复数); diameters:n.直径(diameter的名词复数);放大率; red blood cell:n.红细胞;红血球; content:n.内容,目录;满足;容量;adj.满意的;vt.使满足; thickness:n.厚度;层;浓度;含混不清;
And so we have a number of key variables that we control: oxygen content, the light, the light intensity , the dose to cure, the viscosity , the geometry , and we use very sophisticated software to control this process. 因此我们控制了一些关键变量:氧含量、 光、光的强度、凝剂剂量、 粘度、形状结构。 我们用非常精密的软件来控制这个过程。
variables:n.[数]变量; intensity:n.强度;强烈;[电子]亮度;紧张; dose:n.剂量;一剂,一服;v.服药;给药;给…服药; viscosity:n.[物]粘性,[物]粘度; geometry:n.几何学;几何结构; sophisticated:adj.复杂的;老练的;见多识广的;水平高的;
The result is pretty staggering . 得出的成果是相当惊人的。
staggering:adj.惊人的; v.蹒跚; (stagger的现在分词)
It's 25 to 100 times faster than traditional 3D printers, which is game-changing. 与传统的3D打印机相比,这要快25到100倍, 这是划时代的变革。
In addition, as our ability to deliver liquid to that interface, we can go 1,000 times faster I believe, and that in fact opens up the opportunity for generating a lot of heat, 另外,随着控制接口液体调节的能力提升, 我相信打印速度可以再快1000倍, 而这同时开启获得大量热量的机会,
generating:v.产生;引起;(generate的现在分词)
and as a chemical engineer, I get very excited at heat transfer and the idea that we might one day have water-cooled 3D printers, because they're going so fast. 而作为一名化学工程师,我热衷于热量的转化, 未来也许会出现水冷式3D打印机, 因为打印的速度太快了。
transfer:n.转移;调任;调离;[体]转会球员;v.调任;调走;转学;转移;
In addition, because we're growing things, we eliminate the layers , and the parts are monolithic . 另外,因为我们生长式的制造方式,摒弃了传统的积层制造, 部件的整体性得到提升,
layers:n.层;表层;层次;阶层;v.把…分层堆放;(layer的第三人称单数和复数) monolithic:adj.整体的;巨石的,庞大的;完全统一的;n.单块集成电路,单片电路;
You don't see the surface structure . 你看不到表层到结构。
surface structure:n.表层结构;
You have molecularly smooth surfaces. 可以得到分子级的平滑表面。
molecularly:adv.分子状态地;成分子状;分子;
And the mechanical properties of most parts made in a 3D printer are notorious for having properties that depend on the orientation with which how you printed it, because of the layer-like structure. 3D打印的大部分部件 并不受欢迎,这是因为层式结构导致其机械特性 取决于你打印时的方向和定位。
notorious:adj.声名狼藉的,臭名昭著的; orientation:n.方向;定向;适应;情况介绍;向东方;
But when you grow objects like this, the properties are invariant with the print direction. 但当你通过生长式的方式打印, 物体的特性不会因打印方向而变。
invariant:adj.不变的;n.[数]不变量;[计]不变式;
These look like injection-molded parts, which is very different than traditional 3D manufacturing. 这些看起来更像浇筑零件, 与传统的3D制造大不一样。
different than:不同于;
In addition, we're able to throw the entire polymer chemistry textbook at this, and we're able to design chemistries that can give rise to the properties you really want in a 3D-printed object. 此外,我们能够利用 整本高分子化学课本的知识, 设计出合适的化学材料,来制造你真正在一个3D打印零件中 所期待的特性。
give rise to:使发生,引起;
(Applause) （掌声）
There it is. That's great. 做好了,非常棒！
You always take the risk that something like this won't work onstage, right? 在台上做这样的事总会担心它不成功,对吧？
But we can have materials with great mechanical properties. 但是我们的材料有强大的机械特性。
For the first time, we can have elastomers that are high elasticity or high dampening . 这是第一次,我们可以制作高弹性 或高阻尼系数的弹性体。
elasticity:n.弹性;弹力;灵活性; dampening:n.回潮,润湿;v.抑制(dampen的ing形式);弄湿;消沉;
Think about vibration control or great sneakers , for example. 试想用它们进行振动控制或者制作优质运动鞋。
vibration:n.振动;犹豫;心灵感应; sneakers:n.胶底运动鞋(sneaker的复数形式);
We can make materials that have incredible strength, high strength-to-weight ratio, really strong materials, really great elastomers, so throw that in the audience there. 我们可以制造出超高强度材料, 具有高强度重量比,真正的超高强度材料, 真正超弹力材料, 那么我抛给在场的观众感受一下。
incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的;
So great material properties. 这些都是伟大的材料特性。
And so the opportunity now, if you actually make a part that has the properties to be a final part, and you do it in game-changing speeds, you can actually transform manufacturing. 眼前的机遇就是:如果制造出的成果 可以成为最终成品, 又能以行业变革的速度进行, 那就可以真正改变制造业的面貌。
transform:v.使改变;使改观;使转换;n.[数]变换式;[化]反式;
Right now, in manufacturing, what happens is, the so-called digital thread in digital manufacturing. 目前在制造业中,数字化制造领域 正在应用的就是所谓的“数字线”。
so-called:adj.所谓的;号称的; thread:n.螺纹;线索;思路;脉络;v.穿过;穿(针);纫(针);(使)穿过;
We go from a CAD drawing, a design, to a prototype to manufacturing. 我们从CAD绘图、设计,到原型,再到制造。
CAD:n.无赖,下流人;下流男子,卑鄙的男人; prototype:n.原型;雏形;最初形态;
Often, the digital thread is broken right at prototype, because you can't go all the way to manufacturing because most parts don't have the properties to be a final part. 经常会发生数字线生产在原型制造这一环节卡壳, 因为无法直接生产制造, 因为大部分部件不具备成为最终产品的特性。
We now can connect the digital thread all the way from design to prototyping to manufacturing, and that opportunity really opens up all sorts of things, 现在我们可以把数字化线的每个环节串联起来 从设计、原型设计一直到制造, 这一机遇真正打开了制造各样物品的可能性,
prototyping:n.[计]样机研究;原型设计;
from better fuel-efficient cars dealing with great lattice properties with high strength-to-weight ratio, new turbine blades , all sorts of wonderful things. 例如可以通过使用高强度重量比的网格型材料, 新的涡轮叶片,以及其他很多 性能优越的零件来降低汽车的油耗。
lattice:n.[晶体]晶格;格子;格架;vt.使成格子状; turbine:n.汽轮机;涡轮机; blades:n.刀身;刀片;刀刃;叶片;桨叶;桨身;(blade的复数)
Think about if you need a stent in an emergency situation, instead of the doctor pulling off a stent out of the shelf that was just standard sizes, having a stent that's designed for you, for your own anatomy with your own tributaries , 想想看,如果你在急救中需要一个支架, 相比医生从架子上拿一个 标准尺寸的支架而言, 一个符合你自身结构, 为你量身定做的支架,
stent:n.斯滕特氏印模膏;展伸;adj.扩张的; emergency:n.紧急情况;突发事件;非常时刻;adj.紧急的;备用的; anatomy:n.解剖;解剖学;剖析;解析; tributaries:n.支流(tributary复数形式);
printed in an emergency situation in real time out of the properties such that the stent could go away after 18 months: really-game changing. 在紧急情况下可随时打印获得, 而支架可以在18个月后消失:革命性的改变。
Or digital dentistry , and making these kinds of structures even while you're in the dentist chair. 或者数字化牙科:就在你躺在牙医椅子上时 就可以做出这类结构。
dentistry:n.牙科学;牙医业;
And look at the structures that my students are making at the University of North Carolina . 看看我的学生 在北卡罗莱纳大学所完成的成果。
Carolina:n.卡罗莱纳州(在美国东南部);
These are amazing microscale structures. 这些是令人惊叹的微型结构。
microscale:n.微尺度;微小局部;小规模;小单位;
You know, the world is really good at nano-fabrication. 众所周知,现今世界的纳米制造技术已经非常尖端了。
Moore's Law has driven things from 10 microns and below. 摩尔定律已经让我们可以制作10微米甚至更小的物体,
We're really good at that, but it's actually very hard to make things from 10 microns to 1,000 microns, the mesoscale. 我们这方面做得很好, 但在10到1000微米的范围内制造物体是非常困难的, 在这个中等尺度范围。
And subtractive techniques from the silicon industry can't do that very well. 而硅产业的消减技术 无法胜任此工作。
subtractive:adj.减去的;负的;有负号的; silicon:n.[化学]硅;硅元素;
They can't etch wafers that well. 他们不能理想地蚀刻芯片。
etch:v.蚀刻;凿出;(脸上)流露出;画出…的轮廓;n.腐蚀剂; wafers:n.圆片,晶片(wafer的复数形式);煎饼;
But this process is so gentle, we can grow these objects up from the bottom using additive manufacturing and make amazing things in tens of seconds, opening up new sensor technologies, new drug delivery techniques, new lab-on-a-chip applications, really game-changing stuff . 但我们的制造过程相当精细, 可以从底部向上制作物体, 利用添加制造技术, 在几十秒内达到惊人的效果, 这将带来新的传感技术、 新的药品传输技术、 崭新的”芯片实验室“应用等真正的革命性产物。
opening up:n.解禁;开放;供开发;启用; sensor:n.传感器; delivery:n.[贸易]交付;分娩;递送; stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
So the opportunity of making a part in real time that has the properties to be a final part really opens up 3D manufacturing, and for us, this is very exciting, because this really is owning 因此这种让零件制造成为成品的 实时制造技术, 真正打开了3D制造业的大门, 对我们来说,这非常令人振奋,
the intersection between hardware , software and molecular science, and I can't wait to see what designers and engineers around the world are going to be able to do with this great tool. 因为这真正实现了硬件、软件和分子科学之间的交互, 我迫不及待地想看到世界各地的设计师和工程师们 会用这伟大的工具做出什么成果。
intersection:n.交叉;十字路口;交集;交叉点; hardware:n.计算机硬件;五金器具;
Thanks for listening. 感谢各位的聆听。
(Applause) （掌声）