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JonathanTrent_2012G-_来自漂浮微藻的能源_
Some years ago, I set out to try to understand if there was a possibility to develop biofuels on a scale that would actually compete with fossil fuels but not compete with agriculture for water, fertilizer or land. 几年前,我试图去了解 是否大规模开发生物燃料是可行的 这种生物燃料会与化石燃料竞争
biofuels:n.[能源]生物燃料;生质燃料;生质能源(biofuel的复数形式); scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; compete:v.竞争;对抗;参加比赛(或竞赛); fossil:n.化石;老人;老古董;adj.从地下发掘出来的;化石的;属于旧时代的;陈腐的; fertilizer:n.[肥料]肥料;受精媒介物;促进发展者;
So here's what I came up with. 这是我想出来的
Imagine that we build an enclosure where we put it just underwater , and we fill it with wastewater and some form of microalgae that produces oil, and we make it out of some kind of flexible material that moves with waves underwater , 以及某些产油的微藻填充它 这个容器是用某种柔韧的材质做的 所以它会在水下随波流动
enclosure:n.附件;围墙;围场; underwater:adj.在水中的;水面下的;adv.在水下;n.水下; wastewater:n.废水,污水; microalgae:n.微藻类; flexible:adj.灵活的;柔韧的;易弯曲的;
and the system that we're going to build, of course, will use solar energy to grow the algae, and they use CO2, which is good, and they produce oxygen as they grow. 当然,我们要造的这个系统 依靠太阳能来使海藻生长 有一点很好,海藻吸收二氧化碳 当海藻生长时,它们产生氧气
The algae that grow are in a container that distributes the heat to the surrounding water, and you can harvest them and make biofuels and cosmetics and fertilizer and animal feed, 生长在容器里的海藻 将热量散发到周围水域 化妆品,肥料和动物饲料
distributes:vt.分配;散布;分开;把…分类; cosmetics:n.[化工]化妆品(cosmetic的复数); v.用化妆品打扮(cosmetic的三单形式);
and of course you'd have to make a large area of this, so you'd have to worry about other stakeholders like fishermen and ships and such things, but hey, we're talking about biofuels, and we know the importance of potentially getting an alternative liquid fuel. 所以你就得考虑其它的利益相关者 譬如渔民和船只,诸如此类,但各位 获得一种的替代液体燃料的重要性
stakeholders:n.利益相关者;赌款保存人(stakeholder的复数); potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地; alternative:adj.供选择的;选择性的;交替的;n.二中择一;供替代的选择;
Why are we talking about microalgae? 可为什么我们一定要用微藻？
Here you see a graph showing you the different types of crops that are being considered for making biofuels, so you can see some things like soybean , which makes 50 gallons per acre per year, 被认为能够制造生物燃料的农作物
soybean:n.大豆;黄豆; gallons:n.加仑;大量(gallon的复数);一加仑的容器;
or sunflower or canola or jatropha or palm , and that tall graph there shows what microalgae can contribute . 那根最高的柱子展示了微藻的贡献
sunflower:n.向日葵; canola:n.一种菜籽油; palm:n.手掌;手心;棕榈树;v.把…藏在手中(尤指玩戏法); contribute:v.贡献,出力;投稿;捐献;
That is to say , microalgae contributes between 2,000 and 5,000 gallons per acre per year, compared to the 50 gallons per acre per year from soy.
That is to say:就是;即;换言之; contributes:[图情]投稿;[经]捐助;[经]捐献(contribute的第三人称单数); compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词)
So what are microalgae? Microalgae are micro -- that is, they're extremely small, as you can see here a picture of those single-celled organisms compared to a human hair. 单细胞生物体——微藻
extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; as you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的; organisms:n.[生物]生物体(organism的复数);[生物]有机体;
Those small organisms have been around for millions of years and there's thousands of different species of microalgae in the world, some of which are the fastest-growing plants on the planet, and produce, as I just showed you, lots and lots of oil. 那些微藻已经在地球上存在几百万年了 不同种类的微藻
have been around:见识(很)多;世故(很)深;遍布全球;世故深;遍布各地; species:n.[生物]物种;种类;
Now, why do we want to do this offshore ?
offshore:adj.离岸的;[海洋]近海的;吹向海面的;adv.向海面,向海;
Well, the reason we're doing this offshore is because if you look at our coastal cities, there isn't a choice, because we're going to use waste water, as I suggested, and if you look at where most of the waste water treatment plants are, they're embedded in the cities. 因为我们要使用废水,正如我刚才说的 它们都在城市里
coastal:adj.沿海的;海岸的; treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论; embedded:adj.嵌入式的;植入的;内含的;v.嵌入(embed的过去式和过去分词形式);
This is the city of San Francisco, which has 900 miles of sewer pipes under the city already, and it releases its waste water offshore. 这些污水管把污水排放到沿海地区
sewer:n.下水道; vt.为…铺设污水管道; vi.清洗污水管; releases:n.释放; vt.释放;
So different cities around the world treat their waste water differently. Some cities process it.
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
Some cities just release the water. 一些城市只是排放污水
But in all cases, the water that's released is perfectly adequate for growing microalgae. 但是不管是哪种情况,排放的污水
released:v.释放;使免除;已发布;(release的过去分词和过去式) adequate:adj.充足的;适当的;胜任的;
So let's envision what the system might look like. 让我们设想一下这个系统的样子
envision:v.想象;预想;
We call it OMEGA , which is an acronym for 我们称之为OMEGA
OMEGA:n.最后;终了;希腊字母的最后一个字Ω;n.欧米茄(品牌名称); acronym:n.首字母缩略词;
Offshore Membrane Enclosures for Growing Algae.
Membrane:n.膜;薄膜;羊皮纸; Enclosures:n.附件(enclosure的复数);音箱;[建]围墙;围绕;
At NASA, you have to have good acronyms . 在NASA（美国国家航空航天局）你必须有好的缩写名字
acronyms:首字母缩略词(acronym的复数);
So how does it work? I sort of showed you how it works already. 这个系统怎么运作？我刚才已经透露给你们一些了
We put waste water and some source of CO2 into our floating structure , and the waste water provides nutrients for the algae to grow, and they sequester CO2 that would otherwise go off into the atmosphere as a greenhouse gas . 我们把废水和二氧化碳放入 废水为微藻提供生长所需的营养物质 他们隔绝二氧化碳,阻滞它们
source:n.来源;水源;原始资料; structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造; nutrients:营养盐;[食品]营养素; sequester:v.隔离(避免陪审团与公众接触); atmosphere:n.大气;气氛;气压;风格; greenhouse gas:n.温室气体(尤指二氧化碳);
They of course use solar energy to grow, and the wave energy on the surface provides energy for mixing the algae, and the temperature is controlled by the surrounding water temperature. 混合海藻,温度 被周围水温所控制。
mixing:n.混合;混频;录音;v.混合,掺和,融合;调配;配制;相容;(mix的现在分词)
The algae that grow produce oxygen, as I've mentioned, and they also produce biofuels and fertilizer and food and other bi-algal products of interest. 就像我刚才所说,海藻产生氧气, 以及其它海藻副产品
And the system is contained. What do I mean by that?
It's modular . Let's say something happens that's totally unexpected to one of the modules . 完全出乎意料的假设。
modular:adj.模块化的;模数的;有标准组件的; unexpected:adj.意外的,想不到的; modules:n.[计]模块(module的复数);加载模块列表;
It leaks . It's struck by lightning .
leaks:n.泄漏; v.漏水; (leak的第三人称单数) lightning:n.闪电;adj.闪电般的;飞快的;突然的
The waste water that leaks out is water that already now goes into that coastal environment, and the algae that leak out are biodegradable , and because they're living in waste water, they're fresh water algae, which means they can't live in salt water , so they die. 流出来的废水是 原本就应被排放到海里的, 生活在咸水中,他们就会死去。
biodegradable:adj.生物所能分解的,能进行生物降解的; salt water:海水的;
The plastic we'll build it out of is some kind of well-known plastic that we have good experience with, and we'll rebuild our modules to be able to reuse them again. 为了能使之重复利用,我们会重新构建模型。
well-known:adj.著名的;众所周知的;清楚明白的;
So we may be able to go beyond that when thinking about this system that I'm showing you, and that is to say we need to think in terms of the water, the fresh water, which is also going to be an issue in the future, and we're working on methods now for recovering the waste water. 我们可能要想个更远些,也就是说, 我们现在就在研究开发
issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行;
The other thing to consider is the structure itself.
It provides a surface for things in the ocean, and this surface, which is covered by seaweeds and other organisms in the ocean, will become enhanced marine habitat so it increases biodiversity . 在海洋中,这个被海草和其他生物 所以他会促进生物多样性的发展。
seaweeds:n.[植]海藻(seaweed的复数);海藻类; enhanced:adj.加强的;增大的;v.提高;加强(enhance的过去分词); marine:adj.海的;海产的;海生的;海船的;n.(尤指美国或英国皇家)海军陆战队士兵; habitat:n.[生态]栖息地,产地; biodiversity:n.生物多样性;
And finally , because it's an offshore structure, we can think in terms of how it might contribute to an aquaculture activity offshore. 我们还可以思考它如何促进 海岸边的水产养殖多样性。
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; contribute to:有助于;捐献; aquaculture:n.[水产]水产养殖;水产业;
So you're probably thinking, "Gee, this sounds like a good idea. What can we do to try to see if it's real?" 真是个好主意。而我们又该如何知道它是否成功呢？”
Well, I set up laboratories in Santa Cruz at the California Fish and Game facility , and that facility allowed us to have big seawater tanks to test some of these ideas. 我在圣克鲁斯设立了一个实验室 我的实验室就在加州渔猎局的场地, 那个研究室可以提供给我们大型的海水池 来测试我们的一些想法。
laboratories:n.实验室;(laboratory的复数) facility:n.设施;设备;特别装置;特色;场所;天资; ideas.:思想,意见(idea的复数)
We also set up experiments in San Francisco at one of the three waste water treatment plants, again a facility to test ideas. 实验室就在三个处理废水的工厂之一, 这里也是用来测试我们的想法的。
And finally, we wanted to see where we could look at what the impact of this structure would be in the marine environment, and we set up a field site at a place called Moss Landing Marine Lab in Monterey Bay, where we worked in a harbor to see what impact this would have on marine organisms. 最后,由于我们想知道我们在哪里可以看到 我们在一个叫做斯兰海洋实验室的地方 设立了一个野外基地, 这个基地就在蒙特雷湾,我们在那的一个海港
impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响; site:n.地点;位置;场所;v.设置;为…选址; Moss:n.苔藓;泥沼;vt.使长满苔藓; Monterey:n.蒙特利(美国一座城市); harbor:n.港口;港湾;(比喻)避难所;[军]坦克掩蔽场;v.停泊;包含;隐匿;怀抱(恶意);
The laboratory that we set up in Santa Cruz was our skunkworks.
laboratory:n.实验室,研究室;
It was a place where we were growing algae and welding plastic and building tools and making a lot of mistakes, or, as Edison said, we were finding the 10,000 ways that the system wouldn't work. 我们在那培育藻类, 或者,像爱迪生说的那样,我们
welding:adj.焊接的;n.焊接;v.焊接;锻接(weld的ing形式);
Now, we grew algae in waste water, and we built tools that allowed us to get into the lives of algae so that we could monitor the way they grow, what makes them happy, how do we make sure that we're going to have a culture that will survive and thrive . 现在,我们在废水中培养藻类,制造可以 干预藻类生活的工具, 这样我们就能监控他们的生长方式, 并知道什么使他们快乐和怎样确保
thrive:v.繁荣;茁壮成长;蓬勃发展;兴旺发达;
So the most important feature that we needed to develop were these so-called photobioreactors , or PBRs. 所以,我们需要开发的最重要的设备 就是光生物反应器,简称为PBRs。
so-called:adj.所谓的;号称的; photobioreactors:光生物反应器(photobioreactor的复数);
These were the structures that would be floating at the surface made out of some inexpensive plastic material that'll allow the algae to grow, and we had built lots and lots of designs, most of which were horrible failures, and when we finally got to a design that worked, at about 30 gallons, we scaled it up to 450 gallons in San Francisco. 这些光生物反应器可以漂浮在 由廉价的塑料材料覆盖的水面上, 许多次的设计,但大部分都失败了, 当我们的设计最终成功时 我们按比例增加到了450加仑。
structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式); inexpensive:adj.廉价的;不昂贵的; horrible:可怕的,极讨厌的, scaled:adj.有鳞的; v.刮去鳞片;
So let me show you how the system works. 让我给你们展示这个系统是怎样工作的。
We basically take waste water with algae of our choice in it, and we circulate it through this floating structure, this tubular , flexible plastic structure, and it circulates through this thing, 然后我们让他们循环在这个漂浮着, 废水在这个东西中循环
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; tubular:adj.管状的; circulates:v.(液体或气体)环流,循环;传播;流传;散布;(circulate的第三人称单数)
and there's sunlight of course, it's at the surface, and the algae grow on the nutrients. 这些藻类靠营养物生长。
sunlight:n.日光;
But this is a bit like putting your head in a plastic bag.
The algae are not going to suffocate because of CO2, as we would. 只是藻类不会像我们一样 由于二氧化碳而窒息。
suffocate:v.受阻,受扼制;窒息;
They suffocate because they produce oxygen, and they don't really suffocate, but the oxygen that they produce is problematic , and they use up all the CO2. 成了他们的问题所在,他们用光了所有的二氧化碳。
problematic:adj.问题的;有疑问的;不确定的;
So the next thing we had to figure out was how we could remove the oxygen, which we did by building this column which circulated some of the water, and put back CO2, which we did by bubbling the system before we recirculated the water. 所以,下一步需要做的是知道 怎样把氧气排除,我们制造了一个圆柱体 我们在水循环之前把气泡打进去 因此CO2就被送了进去。
column:n.栏目,纵队; bubbling:v.起泡;冒泡;洋溢着(某种感情);(bubble的现在分词) recirculated:adj.再循环的;v.再循环(recirculate的过去分词);
And what you see here is the prototype , which was the first attempt at building this type of column. 你们现在看到的这个雏形
prototype:n.原型;雏形;最初形态; attempt:n.企图,试图;攻击;v.企图,试图;尝试;
The larger column that we then installed in San Francisco in the installed system. 后来在旧金山
installed:v.安装;设置;使就职(install的过去分词和过去式)
So the column actually had another very nice feature, and that is the algae settle in the column, and this allowed us to accumulate the algal biomass in a context where we could easily harvest it. 因此,这个圆柱体事实上有一个非常好的特征, 这是圆柱体里沉淀的水藻, 积累在一个容易收获的容器里。
settle:v.定居;结算;停留;确定;n.高背长椅(老式木家具,有扶手,座下多带柜); accumulate:vi.累积;积聚;vt.积攒; algal:adj.海藻的; biomass:n.(单位面积或体积内的)[生态]生物量; context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉;
So we would remove the algaes that concentrated in the bottom of this column, and then we could harvest that by a procedure where you float the algae to the surface and can skim it off with a net. 我们将把集中在底部的 藻类移走,我们就能按照程序 收获漂浮在表面的藻类
concentrated:adj.决心要做的; v.集中(注意力); (concentrate的过去式和过去分词) procedure:n.步骤;手术;(商业、法律或政治上的)程序; skim:v.浏览; n.撇去浮沫; adj.撇去奶油的;
So we wanted to also investigate what would be the impact of this system in the marine environment, and I mentioned we set up this experiment at a field site in Moss Landing Marine Lab. 我们也想调查这个系统 我提到过,我们的野外试验基地是 在Moss Landing海洋试验室。
investigate:v.调查;研究;审查;
Well, we found of course that this material became overgrown with algae, and we needed then to develop a cleaning procedure, and we also looked at how seabirds and marine mammals interacted , and in fact you 当然我们发现这种材料 设计一种清洁的方法, 我们也观察了海鸟类和海洋哺乳类的相互影响,
overgrown:adj.蔓生的;生长过快的;v.生长过度(overgrow的过去分词); seabirds:n.[鸟]海鸟(如海鸥,等于seafowl); mammals:n.哺乳动物;(mammal的复数) interacted:v.交流;沟通;合作;相互影响;(interact的过去分词和过去式)
see here a sea otter that found this incredibly interesting, and would periodically work its way across this little floating water bed, and we wanted to hire this guy or train him to be able to clean the surface of these things, but that's for the future. 这个小小的浮动水床,我们好想雇佣这个小家伙 或训练它能来清洁水面
incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; periodically:adv.定期地;周期性地;偶尔;间歇;
Now really what we were doing, we were working in four areas.
Our research covered the biology of the system, which included studying the way algae grew, but also what eats the algae, and what kills the algae. 我们的研究包括这个系统的生物方面, 包括研究海藻的生长方式,
biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学;
We did engineering to understand what we would need to be able to do to build this structure, not only on the small scale, but how we would build it on this enormous scale that will ultimately be required. 我们用工程学来理解我们需要的东西 并不是个小规模,而是将建造 我们最终需要的大规模的成品。
engineering:n.工程;工程学;v.密谋策划;设计制造;改变…的基因;(engineer的现在分词) enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的; ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究;
I mentioned we looked at birds and marine mammals and looked at basically the environmental impact of the system, and finally we looked at the economics, and what I mean by economics is, what is the energy required to run the system? 我提到过我们观察过鸟类和海洋哺乳类 观察过这个系统对环境的影响 最终,我们也考虑了经济因素, 我所指的经济因素是,
Do you get more energy out of the system than you have to put into the system to be able to make the system run? 你是获得的能量多 还是投入到这个系统的多
And what about operating costs? 那运作成本呢？
And what about capital costs?
And what about, just, the whole economic structure?
economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的;
So let me tell you that it's not going to be easy, and there's lots more work to do in all four of those areas to be able to really make the system work. 这个可不是容易的, 在这四个领域中有大量的工作要做 才能保证这个系统工作。
But we don't have a lot of time, and I'd like to show you the artist's conception of how this system might look if we find ourselves in a protected bay
conception:n.怀孕;概念;设想;开始;
somewhere in the world, and we have in the background in this image, the waste water treatment plant and a source of flue gas for the CO2, but when you do the economics of this system, you find that in fact it will be difficult to make it work. 污水处理场 和排放CO2的管道,
flue:n.烟道;暖气管;蓬松的东西;钩爪;渔网(等于flew);
Unless you look at the system as a way to treat waste water, sequester carbon , and potentially for photovoltaic panels or wave energy or even wind energy, and if you start thinking in terms of integrating all of these different activities, you could also include in such a facility aquaculture. 固碳,和潜在的太阳能光伏板 或者海潮发电或风力发电的可能性, 如果你开始考虑 你也能把海水养殖算进去。
carbon:n.[化学]碳;碳棒;复写纸;adj.碳的;碳处理的; photovoltaic:adj.[电子]光电伏打的,光电的; panels:n.面板(panel的复数); v.嵌镶(panel的第三人称单数形式); integrating:v.(使)合并,成为一体;(使)加入,融入群体;(integrate的现在分词)
So we would have under this system a shellfish aquaculture where we're growing mussels or scallops .
shellfish:n.甲壳类动物;贝类等有壳的水生动物; mussels:n.[无脊椎]贻贝(mussel的复数);[水产]淡菜;双壳类; scallops:n.扇贝;扇形饰边;v.给…加上扇形饰边;(scallop的第三人称单数和复数)
We'd be growing oysters and things that would be producing high value products and food, and this would be a market driver as we build the system to larger and larger scales so that it becomes, ultimately, competitive with the idea of doing it for fuels. 我们会生产蛎 那我们建造的这个系统将会带动市场 会发展越来越大,
oysters:n.牡蛎:生蚝: scales:n.规模范围; v.攀登; (scale的第三人称单数和复数) competitive:adj.竞争的;比赛的;求胜心切的;
So there's always a big question that comes up, because plastic in the ocean has got a really bad reputation right now, and so we've been thinking cradle to cradle. 所以,总会带来一个大问题,
cradle:n.摇篮;发源地;发祥地;支船架;vt.抚育;把...搁在支架上;把...放在摇篮内;
What are we going to do with all this plastic that we're going to need to use in our marine environment?
Well, I don't know if you know about this, but in California, there's a huge amount of plastic that's used in fields right now as plastic mulch , and this is plastic that's making these tiny little greenhouses 我不清楚你是否知道, 在加州,有大量的塑料 用于地膜,
mulch:n.覆盖物,护盖物;护根;vt.做护根;以护盖物覆盖; greenhouses:n.温室(greenhouse的复数);
right along the surface of the soil, and this provides warming the soil to increase the growing season , it allows us to control weeds, and, of course, it makes the watering much more efficient . 也提供了土地的温暖从而增加了生长季节, 也允许我们控制杂草,
growing season:n.(植物的)生长季节; efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的;
So the OMEGA system will be part of this type of an outcome , and that when we're finished using it in the marine environment, we'll be using it, hopefully, on fields.
outcome:n.结果,结局;成果;
Where are we going to put this, and what will it look like offshore? 我们要把它放哪, 它在近海会象个什么样子呢？
Here's an image of what we could do in San Francisco Bay. 这是我们在旧金山海湾会做的一个图像。
San Francisco produces 65 million gallons a day of waste water. If we imagine a five-day retention time for this system, we'd need 325 million gallons to accomodate, and that would be about 1,280 acres of these OMEGA modules floating in San Francisco Bay. 那将是大约1280英亩的地方
retention:n.保留;扣留,滞留;记忆力;闭尿;
Well, that's less than one percent of the surface area of the bay. 比起整个海湾表面 那只是不到百分之一。
It would produce, at 2,000 gallons per acre per year, it would produce over 2 million gallons of fuel, which is about 20 percent of the biodiesel , or of the diesel that would be required in San Francisco, and that's without doing anything about efficiency . 每年每英亩按生产2000加仑来算, 这是没有算任何的效率。
biodiesel:n.生物柴油;生质柴油; efficiency:n.效率;效能;功效;
Where else could we potentially put this system? 这个系统还能放哪呢?
There's lots of possibilities. 也有很多可能性。
There's, of course, San Francisco Bay, as I mentioned. 当然我提过的旧金山湾。
San Diego Bay is another example, 圣地亚哥湾是另一个例子,
Mobile Bay or Chesapeake Bay, but the reality is, as sea level rises, there's going to be lots and lots of new opportunities to consider. (Laughter) 莫比尔湾或切萨皮克湾,可现实是,
Mobile:n.手机;汽车;移动电话;adj.活跃的;可动的; sea level:海平面;
So what I'm telling you about is a system of integrated activities. 我现在讲的是一个 融合各种活动的系统。
integrated:adj.综合的; v.整合; (integrate的过去式和过去分词)
Biofuels production is integrated with alternative energy is integrated with aquaculture. 生物燃料产品整合了另外的能源 与水产业相融合。
I set out to find a pathway to innovative production of sustainable biofuels, and en route I discovered that what's really required for sustainability is integration more than innovation . 我将寻找一个途径 创新可持续生物燃料的生产,
pathway:n.路,道;途径,路径; innovative:adj.革新的,创新的; sustainable:adj.可以忍受的;足可支撑的;养得起的;可持续的; en route:在途中;在航路上; sustainability:n.持续性;永续性;能维持性; integration:n.集成;综合; innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法;
Long term, I have great faith in our collective and connected ingenuity . 长远来说, 我对我们的集体和连接的独创性很有信心。
faith:n.信心;信任;宗教信仰; collective:adj.集体的;共同的;集合的;集体主义的;n.集团;集合体;集合名词; ingenuity:n.心灵手巧,独创性;精巧;精巧的装置;
I think there is almost no limit to what we can accomplish if we are radically open and we don't care who gets the credit. 如果我们是完全开放的 我们也不介意谁得到了荣誉。
accomplish:v.完成;实现;达到; radically:adv.根本上;彻底地;以激进的方式;
Sustainable solutions for our future problems are going to be diverse and are going to be many. 未来问题的可持续解决方案
diverse:adj.不同的;多种多样的;变化多的;
I think we need to consider everything, everything from alpha to OMEGA.
alpha:n.希腊字母表的第1个字母;
Thank you. (Applause)
(Applause)
Chris Anderson: Just a quick question for you, Jonathan. Chris Anderson:Jonathan,我有个小问题
Can this project continue to move forward within
NASA or do you need some very ambitious green energy fund to come and take it by the throat? 或你需要一些有雄心的绿色能源基金
ambitious:adj.野心勃勃的;有雄心的;热望的;炫耀的; fund:n.基金;资金;存款;v.投资;资助;
Jonathan Trent: So it's really gotten to a stage now in NASA where they would like to spin it out into something which would go offshore, and there are a lot of issues 在美国境内做这个有很多的问题
spin:v.旋转;纺纱;吐丝;纺线;n.头晕;(快速)旋转;常用于英式英语;晕头转向; issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数)
with doing it in the United States because of limited permitting issues and the time required to get permits to do things offshore. 因为很多许可限制
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式)
It really requires, at this point, people on the outside, and we're being radically open with this technology in which we're going to launch it out there for anybody and everybody who's interested to take it on and try to make it real. 现在,真的需要,业外人士 我们将彻底开放这个技术 我们要在外面启动它 对任何对此感兴趣的人
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; launch:v.发射(导弹,火箭等); n.发射;
CA: So that's interesting. You're not patenting it.
patenting:n.线材的拉丝后的退火处理; v.取得...的专利权(patent的ing形式);
You're publishing it.
JT: Absolutely . JT:是的。
Absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地;
CA: All right. Thank you so much. CA:好,非常感谢。
JT: Thank you. (Applause) 谢谢。（鼓掌）