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JonathanHaidt_2012-_宗教信仰，进化论以及自我超越的狂喜_
I have a question for you: 我有一个问题问下在坐的各位
Are you religious ? 你们有宗教信仰吗？
religious:adj.宗教的;虔诚的;严谨的;修道的;n.修道士;尼姑;
Please raise your hand right now if you think of yourself as a religious person. 请你们举下手 如果你认为自己有宗教信仰
Let's see, I'd say about three or four percent. 让我看下。大概有百分之三或四的人
I had no idea there were so many believers at a TED Conference . 我没料到在TED大会上居然有这么多信教者
believers:n.信徒;相信的人;(believer的复数) Conference:n.会议;研讨会;商讨会;体育协会(或联合会)
(Laughter) 观众大笑
Okay, here's another question: 这里还有一个问题
Do you think of yourself as spiritual in any way, shape or form? Raise your hand. 你们认为自己有精神个体么？ 任何种类,任何形式的。请举手
spiritual:n.圣歌(尤指美国南部黑人的);adj.精神的,心灵的;
Okay, that's the majority . 好的,这次是绝大多数
majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人:
My Talk today is about the main reason, or one of the main reasons, why most people consider themselves to be spiritual in some way, shape or form. 我今天演讲的主题就是关于这个问题 的主要原因,或者说是主要原因之一 就是为什么大多数人认为 自己在某些形式上是超越物质的精神个体
My Talk today is about self-transcendence. 因此,我今天演讲的主题就是关于自我超越
It's just a basic fact about being human that sometimes the self seems to just melt away . 这是一个人类最基本的事实 就是有的时候自我意识似乎消失
melt away:v.消失;融掉;
And when that happens, the feeling is ecstatic and we reach for metaphors of up and down to explain these feelings. 当这种感觉发生的时候 这种感觉就是忘我的欣喜的境界 我们还可以用“上升和下降”作比喻 来解释这些感觉
ecstatic:adj.狂喜的;入迷的;n.狂喜的人; metaphors:n.隐喻(metaphor的复数形式);
We talk about being uplifted or elevated . 我们所说的是一种上升的感觉 或者说是被提升
uplifted:adj.上升的;举起的;v.提高;抬起(uplift的过去分词形式); elevated:adj.提高的;高尚的;欢欣的;v.提高;振奋;提拔;(elevate的过去分词和过去式)
Now it's really hard to think about anything abstract like this without a good concrete metaphor. 现在如果去思考这些抽象的东西对你们来说可能很难 尤其没有一个很好的具体的比喻
abstract:n.摘要; adj.抽象的; vt.摘要; vi.做摘要; concrete:n.混凝土;adj.混凝土制的;确实的,具体的;vt.用混凝土覆盖
So here's the metaphor I'm offering today. 那么今天就让我给大家作个比喻
Think about the mind as being like a house with many rooms, most of which we're very familiar with. 把思维想像成一栋有很多房间的房子 大多数房间我们都很熟悉
familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友;
But sometimes it's as though a doorway appears from out of nowhere and it opens onto a staircase . 但是有时候突然有一个门出现 不知从哪儿冒出来的 打开门在你面前的是一排楼梯
doorway:n.门口;途径; nowhere:v.无处; n.无处; adj.不存在的; staircase:n.楼梯;
We climb the staircase and experience a state of altered consciousness . 我们走上楼梯 并且经历一种意识被改变的过程
altered:adj.改变了的:v.(使)改变,更改,改动:(alter的过去分词和过去式) consciousness:n.意识;知觉;觉悟;感觉;
In 1902, the great American psychologist William James wrote about the many varieties of religious experience. 1902年 伟大的美国心理学家威廉·詹姆斯 写了很多各种不同的宗教信仰里的实践体验
psychologist:n.心理学家,心理学者;
He collected all kinds of case studies. 他搜集了各种案例
He quoted the words of all kinds of people who'd had a variety of these experiences. 并引用了不同人的言语 那些有不同信仰经历的人的言语
quoted:v.引用;引述;举例说明;开价;(quote的过去分词和过去式) variety:n.多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化;
One of the most exciting to me is this young man, Stephen Bradley, had an encounter , he thought, with Jesus in 1820. 其中最令我兴奋的是 有一个名叫史蒂芬·柏圣文的年轻男子 他说他在1820年邂逅了耶稣
encounter:v.遭遇,邂逅;遇到;n.遭遇,偶然碰见; Jesus:int.上帝啊:天哪:n.耶稣:耶稣基督:
And here's what Bradley said about it. 以下是柏圣文所说的话
(Music) （音乐响起）
(Video) Stephen Bradley: I thought I saw the savior in human shape for about one second in the room, with arms extended , appearing to say to me, "Come." （视频）史蒂芬·柏圣文说:我想我看到了救世主, 以人的形式展现出来 大概在我房间呆了有一秒左右 张开双臂 似乎对我说: 来吧
savior:n.救世主;救星;救助者; extended:adj.延长了的;扩展了的;v.使伸长;扩大;扩展;(extend的过去式和过去分词)
The next day I rejoiced with trembling . 第二天我欢呼雀跃
rejoiced:v.非常高兴;深感欣喜;(rejoice的过去分词和过去式) trembling:v.颤抖;极担心;焦虑;恐惧;(tremble的现在分词)
My happiness was so great that I said I wanted to die. 我感到无比幸福以至于我说我愿意去死
This world had no place in my affections . 这个世界没有我感情可寄托的地方
affections:n.喜爱;钟爱;爱情;(affection的复数)
Previous to this time, 在这段时间之前
Previous to:在…以前;
I was very selfish and self-righteous . 我非常自私并且自以为是
self-righteous:adj.自以为是的;
But now I desired the welfare of all mankind and could, with a feeling heart, forgive my worst enemies. 但是我现在渴望整个人类的幸福安康 而且希望怀着一颗赤忱的心 去原谅我最讨厌的敌人
welfare:n.福祉;(政府给予的)福利; mankind:n.人类;男性; forgive:v.原谅;免除(债务,义务等);
JH: So note how Bradley's petty , moralistic self just dies on the way up the staircase. 乔纳森·海特:所以我们不难发现 柏圣文自己的道德观念 是如何在爬上这个楼梯的过程中而消失的
petty:adj.琐碎的;小气的;小规模的; moralistic:adj.说教的;道学的;道德家的;注意道德的;
And on this higher level he becomes loving and forgiving. 在这个较高的精神层次中 他变得怀有仁爱和宽恕之心
The world's many religions have found so many ways to help people climb the staircase. 世界上的很多宗教信仰都找到了很多种 帮助人们爬上楼梯的方法
Some shut down the self using meditation . 有些人用沉思冥想来忘掉自己
meditation:n.冥想;沉思,深思;
Others use psychedelic drugs. 有些人用迷幻药
psychedelic:adj.引起幻觉的;n.迷幻剂;
This is from a 16th century Aztec scroll showing a man about to eat a psilocybin mushroom and at the same moment get yanked up the staircase by a god. 这个是来自于16世纪的阿兹台克滚动 这里正描述了一个男子在吃裸盖草菇（一种能引起幻觉的蘑菇） 与此同时, 他被上帝猛拉着上楼
scroll:n.纸卷;卷轴;涡卷形装饰;v.滚屏;滚动; psilocybin:n.采自蘑菰的一种迷幻药; yanked:v.猛拉;猛拽;(yank的过去分词和过去式)
Others use dancing, spinning and circling to promote self-transcendence. 其他人用跳舞,旋转的方式 来提升自我超越的能力
spinning:n.纺纱(手艺):纺线v.(使)旋转:纺线:纺纱;(spin的现在分词) promote:v.促进;推动;促销;提升;晋升;
But you don't need a religion to get you through the staircase. 但是你并不一定要依靠某个宗教信仰来帮你爬上楼梯
Lots of people find self-transcendence in nature. 很多人在大自然中找到了自我超越的方法
Others overcome their self at raves . 其他人在欢快热舞中找寻自我超越
overcome:vt.克服;胜过;vi.克服;得胜; raves:n.狂欢聚会; v.胡言乱语;
But here's the weirdest place of all: war. 但是有一个最为奇怪的地方就是 在战争中
weirdest:adj.奇异的;不寻常的;离奇的;(weird的最高级)
So many books about war say the same thing, that nothing brings people together like war. 很多有关战争的书籍都提到过同样一件事情 那就是没有任何东西可以像战争一样 把人们紧密联系在一起。
And that bringing them together opens up the possibility of extraordinary self-transcendent experiences. 而这把人们聚集到一起的力量也开启了一种 一种非比寻常的自我超越的经历的可能性
extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的;
I'm going to play for you an excerpt from this book by Glenn Gray. 我给你们放一段视频 来自格伦·格雷的一本书
excerpt:n.摘录,引用;vt.引用,摘录;vi.摘录,引用;
Gray was a soldier in the American army in World War II. 格雷是在二战中服役于美国军队的一名士兵
And after the war he interviewed a lot of other soldiers and wrote about the experience of men in battle. 在战争后,他采访了很多其他士兵 并且写了一本书关于士兵们的所见所闻
interviewed:v.对(某人)进行面试(或面谈); (媒体)采访(interview的过去分词和过去式)
Here's a key passage where he basically describes the staircase. 视频中有一段重要的段落 就是描述这样的楼梯
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; describes:v.描述;形容;把…称为;画出…图形;(describe的第三人称单数)
(Video) Glenn Gray: Many veterans will admit that the experience of communal effort in battle has been the high point of their lives. （视频）格伦·格雷:很多退伍军人会承认 这种在战役中共同奋斗的经历 已经成为他们生活中的重要一部分
veterans:n.老兵;退伍军人(veteran的复数形式); communal:adj.公共的;公社的; high point:n.最有意思(或最令人愉快、最好)的部分;
'"I" passes insensibly into a "we," “我”不知不觉地变成了“我们”
'"my" becomes "our" ”我的 变成了 我们的
and individual faith loses its central importance. 并且个人信仰 也失去了它的核心重要性
individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; faith:n.信心;信任;宗教信仰;
I believe that it is nothing less than the assurance of immortality that makes self-sacrifice at these moments so relatively easy. 我相信这完全不亚于 对永生的信心 而这种信心使自我牺牲在这些场合下 变得相对容易
nothing less than:完全是;不亚于;与…一模一样; assurance:n.保证,担保;(人寿)保险;确信;断言;厚脸皮,无耻; immortality:n.不朽;不朽的声名;不灭; self-sacrifice:n.自我牺牲;献身; relatively:adv.相当程度上;相当地;相对地;
I may fall, but I do not die, for that which is real in me goes forward and lives on in the comrades for whom I gave up my life. 我可以倒下,但不能被毁灭 因为我要继续向前 并且活在战友们的心中 为了他们我牺牲了自己
JH: So what all of these cases have in common is that the self seems to thin out, or melt away, and it feels good, it feels really good, in a way totally unlike anything we feel in our normal lives. 乔纳森·海特:所有这些例子的共同特点就是 自我 这个概念似乎淡化了或者消失了 而这种感觉很好, 真得很好 完全不同于我们在普通生活中所经历的感觉
It feels somehow uplifting . 你感觉被提升了
somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地; uplifting:adj.令人振奋的;使人开心的;
This idea that we move up was central in the writing of the great French sociologist Emile Durkheim. 这种精神上的升华也是 伟大法国社会学家爱米尔·涂尔干的核心内容
sociologist:n.社会学家;
Durkheim even called us Homo duplex , or two-level man. 涂尔干又称之为人的双重性 或是人的双层性
Homo:n.人,人类;同性恋者; duplex:adj.二倍的,双重的;n.双工;占两层楼的公寓套房;
The lower level he called the level of the profane . 他把比较低的一个层次称为世俗层
profane:adj.亵渎的;世俗的;异教的;vt.亵渎;玷污;
Now profane is the opposite of sacred. 世俗是神圣的反义词
It just means ordinary or common. 它意味着普通或者平凡
And in our ordinary lives we exist as individuals . 在我们的平常生活中我们以个体存在
individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
We want to satisfy our individual desires. 我们想满足我们的各种个人欲望
satisfy:vt.满足(要求,需要等):使满意:使确信:
We pursue our individual goals. 我们追寻我们的个人目标
pursue:v.继续;从事;追赶;纠缠;
But sometimes something happens that triggers a phase change. 但是有时候有些事情发生了 从而引发了升级
triggers:n.[电子]触发器;触发物(trigger的复数);v.引起(trigger的单三形式);引爆; phase:n.阶段;时期;月相;(月亮的)盈亏;v.分阶段进行;逐步做;
Individuals unite into a team, a movement or a nation, which is far more than the sum of its parts. 个体团结起来 成为一个团队,一个运动团体或者一个国家 这种组织的力量远远超过这些个体的总和
unite:v.联合;团结;统一;n.由奈特;
Durkheim called this level the level of the sacred because he believed that the function of religion was to unite people into a group, into a moral community . 涂尔干称这种层面是神圣的层面 因为他相信宗教的功能 就是团结人们成为一个团体 成为一个精神上高度统一的团体
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
Durkheim believed that anything that unites us takes on an air of sacredness . 涂尔干认为任何使我们团结在一起的东西 都以一种神圣的色彩呈现出来
unites:联合;合并; sacredness:n.神圣;尊崇为神物;受人尊敬;
And once people circle around some sacred object or value, they'll then work as a team and fight to defend it. 一旦人们围在 神圣的有形物品或是无形的价值观念周围 他们便会团结起来一同抵抗外界的势力。
Durkheim wrote about a set of intense collective emotions that accomplish this miracle of E pluribus unum, of making a group out of individuals. 涂尔干曾提到过 一种强烈的集体情感 可以凝聚成神奇的“合众为一 的力量 也就是变成一个强大的集体而非个人
intense:adj.强烈的;紧张的;非常的;热情的; collective:adj.集体的;共同的;集合的;集体主义的;n.集团;集合体;集合名词; emotions:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感;(emotion的复数) accomplish:v.完成;实现;达到; miracle:n.奇迹,奇迹般的人或物;惊人的事例; pluribus:汇集;一种多处理机;
Think of the collective joy in Britain on the day World War II ended. 大家可以回想一下在英国历史上的一次集体快乐感 就是在二次世界大战结束后的那天
Think of the collective anger in Tahrir Square, which brought down a dictator . 再回想下在开罗塔利尔广场上的人们集体的愤怒 从而打倒了独裁者
dictator:n.独裁者;命令者;
And think of the collective grief in the United States that we all felt, that brought us all together, after 9/11. 再回想下一种集体的悲痛 在美国 我们都感觉到的,把我们大家凝聚在一起的 911恐怖袭击
grief:n.悲痛;忧伤;不幸; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
So let me summarize where we are. 所以让我来总结下我们已经讨论的
summarize:v.总结;概述;概括;归纳;
I'm saying that the capacity for self-transcendence is just a basic part of being human. 我说到我们这种自我超越的能力 只是我们人类最基本的一部分
capacity:n.能力;容量;资格,地位;生产力;
I'm offering the metaphor of a staircase in the mind. 我给大家作了一个比喻 就好比是我们头脑中的楼梯
I'm saying we are Homo duplex and this staircase takes us up from the profane level to the level of the sacred. 我又说了我们都是双重人 而且这个楼梯把我们从世俗的层面提升到 神圣的层面
When we climb that staircase, self-interest fades away, we become just much less self-interested , and we feel as though we are better, nobler and somehow uplifted. 当我们在爬上这座楼梯的时候 自我利益的意识慢慢淡化 我们变得不那么自私 而且我们觉得我们似乎变得更好,更高尚 而且不知怎么被提升了
fades:v.褪色;逝去;[生物]衰老;淡接(fade的第三人称单数形式); self-interested:adj.自私的;利己主义的; nobler:adj.高贵的;华丽的;
So here's the million-dollar question for social scientists like me: 有一个非常重要的问题 尤其对于像我这样的社会学家
Is the staircase a feature of our evolutionary design? 上述所说的楼梯 是我们进化过程中的一个设计吗？
evolutionary:adj.进化的;发展的;渐进的;
Is it a product of natural selection , like our hands? 它是不是像我们的手一样 是自然选择的产物？
natural selection:n.自然选择;物竞天择;
Or is it a bug , a mistake in the system -- this religious stuff is just something that happens when the wires cross in the brain -- 又或者,这是整个体系中的一个小故障 这种宗教信仰就好比 是在大脑血管堵塞时突然发生的
bug:n.臭虫,小虫;故障;窃听器;v.烦扰,打扰;装窃听器; stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
Jill has a stroke and she has this religious experience, it's just a mistake? 吉尔中风时也有过宗教信仰的经历 这仅仅是一个错误吗？
stroke:n.中风;笔画;钟声;抚摩;v.抚摩(动物的毛皮);轻抚;轻挪;轻触;
Well many scientists who study religion take this view. 很多研究宗教学的科学家持有这样的观点
The New Atheists , for example, argue that religion is a set of memes , sort of parasitic memes , that get inside our minds and make us do all kinds of crazy religious stuff, self-destructive stuff, like suicide bombing. 比如新无神论者 认为宗教是一系列模因 一种寄生模因 存在于我们的大脑里面 而且迫使我们做各种各样疯狂的宗教事情 各种自毁的事情比如自杀爆炸事件
Atheists:n.无神论者; memes:模因(meme的复数); parasitic:adj.寄生的(等于parasitical); self-destructive:adj.自毁的;表现自杀欲望的; suicide:n.自杀;自杀行为;自杀者;adj.自杀的;v.自杀;vi.自杀;
And after all, how could it ever be good for us to lose ourselves? 但是最终 “失去自我”又怎么会 对我们有好处呢？
How could it ever be adaptive for any organism to overcome self-interest? 任何有机体 是怎么学会适应 克服自私的？
adaptive:adj.适应的,适合的; organism:n.生物;有机体;有机组织;(尤指)微生物;
Well let me show you. 让我来告诉你们
In "The Descent of Man," 在《人类的起源》一书中
Descent:n.下降;血统;袭击;vt.除去…的气味;使…失去香味;
Charles Darwin wrote a great deal about the evolution of morality -- where did it come from, why do we have it. 查尔斯·达尔文写了很多 关于道德演化的内容 比如道德从何而来,为什么我们会有
morality:n.道德;品行,美德;
Darwin noted that many of our virtues are of very little use to ourselves, but they're of great use to our groups. 达尔文认为我们很多美德 几乎不用在我们自己身上 但是它们用在我们的团体组织中
virtues:n.优点,贞操;美德;
He wrote about the scenario in which two tribes of early humans would have come in contact and competition . 他描述了一个情景 里面有两个早期人类部落 他们互相联系和竞争
scenario:n.方案;情节;剧本; contact:n.接触,联系;v.使接触,联系; competition:n.竞争;比赛,竞赛;
He said, "If the one tribe included a great number of courageous , sympathetic and faithful members who are always ready to aid and defend each other, this tribe would succeed better and conquer the other." 他说:“如果一个部落拥有 足够多的勇气,同情心 以及具有强烈信念的部落成员 他们总是时刻准备着互相帮助互相保卫。 那么这个部落成功的几率就比较大 并最终打败另一方”
tribe:n.部落;族;宗族;一伙; courageous:adj.有胆量的,勇敢的; sympathetic:adj.同情的;赞同的;和谐的;n.交感神经;容易感受的人; faithful:n.信徒;adj.忠于;忠实的;正确的;忠贞的; conquer:v.占领;攻克;征服;击败,战胜;对付,克服,控制;很受欢迎
He went on to say that "Selfish and contentious people will not cohere, and without coherence nothing can be effected." 他接着阐述了:“自私和好辩的人们 不能和谐相处 那么如果缺乏这种凝聚性 就没什么能影响他们”
contentious:adj.诉讼的;有异议的,引起争论的;爱争论的; coherence:n.一致;连贯性;凝聚;
In other words, 换句话说
Charles Darwin believed in group selection. 查尔斯·达尔文相信 这种群体选择理论
Now this idea has been very controversial for the last 40 years, but it's about to make a major comeback this year, especially after E.O. Wilson's book comes out in April, making a very strong case that we, and several other species , are products of group selection. 然而这个观点40多年来一直备受争议 但是这个观念在今年又将“重出江湖” 尤其在生物学家威尔逊的书4月出版发行后 将会是一个强有力的证据 我们以及其他物种 都是群体选择理论的产物
controversial:adj.有争议的;有争论的; comeback:n.恢复;复原; especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; species:n.[生物]物种;种类;
But really the way to think about this is as multilevel selection. 但是正确地思考这个问题的角度 是它是一种多层次的选择
multilevel:adj.多级的;多层的;
So look at it this way: 所以让我们这样来看:
You've got competition going on within groups and across groups. 你们要在群体内部以及群体之间相互竞争
So here's a group of guys on a college crew team. 这是一组大学划艇队
Within this team there's competition. 在这组团队中 存在竞争
There are guys competing with each other. 这些人将互相竞争
competing:adj.相互冲突的;相互矛盾的;v.竞争;对抗;参加比赛;(compete的现在分词)
The slowest rowers , the weakest rowers , are going to get cut from the team. 最慢的或是最弱的划手都将被淘汰出局
rowers:n.桨手;
And only a few of these guys are going to go on in the sport. 这些人中只有几个人会入选体育比赛团队
Maybe one of them will make it to the Olympics. 可能他们中只有一个人能进军奥运会
So within the team, their interests are actually pitted against each other. 所以在这个团队中 利益事实上是相互冲突的,从而构成竞争
pitted:adj.表面有小点(或小洞)的; v.使…表面有斑点; (pit的过去分词和过去式)
And sometimes it would be advantageous for one of these guys to try to sabotage the other guys. 但是有时这也有利 因为这些人中的某个人 会尝试努力破坏其他人
advantageous:adj.有利的;有益的; sabotage:v.妨害;对…采取破坏行动;n.破坏;破坏活动;怠工;
Maybe he'll badmouth his chief rival to the coach. 比如可能他会说竞争对手的坏话 向教练打小报告
badmouth:v.诋毁;给…脸上抹黑;严厉批评; rival:v.与…相匹敌;比得上;adj.竞争的;n.竞争对手;
But while that competition is going on within the boat, this competition is going on across boats. 但是当竞争 在自己组内存在的同时 也存在于与其他船队比赛时
And once you put these guys in a boat competing with another boat, now they've got no choice but to cooperate because they're all in the same boat . 一旦把这些人放在一条船上与别的船队竞争 那么他们就别无选择只有合作了 因为他们的利益拴在同一条船上
cooperate:v.合作;配合;协作;结合; in the same boat:处境相同;面临同样的危险;
They can only win if they all pull together as a team. 只有合作他们才能赢 因为他们组成一个团队
pull together:齐心协力;
I mean, these things sound trite , but they are deep evolutionary truths. 这些东西听起来有点陈词滥调 但是他们却是演化论的核心真理
trite:adj.陈腐的;平庸的;老一套的;
The main argument against group selection has always been that, well sure, it would be nice to have a group of cooperators , but as soon as you have a group of cooperators , 反对群体选择的主要论据 一直以来 诚然,鼓励群体合作那是再好不过了 但是一旦有了这么一群合作者
cooperators:n.合作伙伴(cooperator的复数);协办单位; as soon as:一…就;
they're just going to get taken over by free-riders, individuals that are going to exploit the hard work of the others. 就会被一群“爱搭顺风车的人”所利用 这些人喜欢利用别人努力劳动的成果
exploit:v.利用…为自己谋利;剥削;压榨;运用;发挥;
Let me illustrate this for you. 让我来给你们举一个例子
illustrate:v.解释;加插图于;给(书等)做图表;表明…真实;
Suppose we've got a group of little organisms -- they can be bacteria , they can be hamsters; it doesn't matter what -- and let's suppose that this little group here, they evolved to be cooperative . 假如我们有这样一组小小的有机体 可能是细菌,可能是仓鼠的,这都无关紧要 假设这群组织将演化成互相合作的模式
Suppose:v.推断:假定:假设:设想: organisms:n.[生物]生物体(organism的复数);[生物]有机体; bacteria:n.[微]细菌; evolved:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;(evolve的过去分词和过去式) cooperative:adj.合作的;协作的;同心协力的;协助的;n.合作企业;合作社组织;
Well that's great. They graze , they defend each other, they work together, they generate wealth . 那很好。它们会互相磨合,保卫对方 它们一起工作,一起创造财富
graze:vt.放牧;擦伤;vi.吃草;擦伤;n.放牧;轻擦; generate:v.产生;引起; wealth:n.财富;大量;富有;
And as you'll see in this simulation , as they interact they gain points, as it were , they grow, and when they've doubled in size, you'll see them split , and that's how they reproduce and the population grows. 你们可以在模拟中看到 在互相交流中它们都达到目的,迅速成长 当它们长大2倍大的时候,你看见它们分裂 这就是它们如何繁殖,数量是如何增加的
simulation:n.仿真;模拟;模仿;假装; interact:v.互相影响;互相作用;n.幕间剧;幕间休息; as it were:可以说是,似乎就是;好像; split:v.分离;使分离;劈开;离开;分解;n.劈开;裂缝;adj.劈开的; reproduce:v.繁殖;复制;再现;生育;
But suppose then that one of them mutates . 但是假如它们其中一个产生突变
mutates:vi.变化,产生突变;vt.改变,使突变;
There's a mutation in the gene and one of them mutates to follow a selfish strategy . 一种基因突变 而其中的这一个往自私的方向突变
mutation:n.[遗]突变;变化;元音变化; strategy:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略;
It takes advantage of the others. 它总是占别人便宜
And so when a green interacts with a blue, you'll see the green gets larger and the blue gets smaller. 所以当你看到绿色与蓝色交流时 你会发现绿色变的越来越大,蓝色越来越小
interacts:vi.互动;相互作用(interact的三单形式);交互;
So here's how things play out. 这就是事情是如何发展而结束的
We start with just one green, and as it interacts it gains wealth or points or food. 我们只是从一个小小的绿色开始 当它在与其蓝色互动中 它得到了财富,食物以及其他想要的东西
And in short order , the cooperators are done for. 但是很快,这些合作者就不中用了
in short order:迅速地,立即;
The free-riders have taken over. 而被那些“爱搭便车者”所取代
If a group cannot solve the free-rider problem then it cannot reap the benefits of cooperation and group selection cannot get started. 如果一个群体不能解决这样“搭便车”的问题 那就不能从合作中得到好处 那么群体选择也将不能够进行下去
reap:vt.收获,获得;收割;vi.收割,收获; cooperation:n.合作;配合;
But there are solutions to the free-rider problem. 但是有很多方法可以解决“搭便车”的现象
It's not that hard a problem. 这不是一个很困难的问题
In fact, nature has solved it many, many times. 事实上,自然界已经解决它好多次
And nature's favorite solution is to put everyone in the same boat. 自然界最喜欢用的方法 就是把所有人放在同一条船上
solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答;
For example, why is it that the mitochondria in every cell has its own DNA, totally separate from the DNA in the nucleus ? 比如, 为什么每个细胞内的线粒体 都有它自己的DNA 与核中的DNA完全分开
mitochondria:n.线粒体(mitochondrion的复数); nucleus:n.核,核心;原子核;
It's because they used to be separate free-living bacteria and they came together and became a superorganism . 那是因为它们曾经就一直 是独立的自生细菌 然后它们聚集在一起 变成了超个体
free-living:adj.独立生存的;生活无拘束的; superorganism:n.超个体(指群居昆虫等的群体);
Somehow or other -- maybe one swallowed another; we'll never know exactly why -- but once they got a membrane around them, they were all in the same membrane, now all the wealth-created division of labor, all the greatness created by cooperation, stays locked inside the membrane and we've got a superorganism. 可能一个吞了另一个,我们永不知道为什么 但是一旦它们周围有了一层薄膜 它们就都在同一个薄膜里 现在,所有的劳动财富分配 所有由合作带来的伟大性 都被密封在薄膜里面 于是我们有了这样一个超个体
Somehow or other:设法,想办法;莫名其妙地;以某种方法; swallowed:v.吞下;咽下;吞没;淹没;侵吞(swallow的过去分词和过去式) membrane:n.膜;薄膜;羊皮纸; division:n.师;分配;分开;分歧; greatness:n.伟大;巨大;
And now let's rerun the simulation putting one of these superorganisms into a population of free-riders, of defectors , of cheaters and look what happens. 现在让我们回到这个模型中来 把这些超个体中的一个 放到一个“爱搭便车”的这样一群背叛者群体中 让我们来看一下会发生什么
rerun:vi.再运行; vt.使再运行; n.再开动; defectors:n.叛逃者(defector的复数形式);背叛者;
A superorganism can basically take what it wants. 一个超个体可以索取它们所想的
It's so big and powerful and efficient that it can take resources from the greens, from the defectors, the cheaters. 这是一个如此有强大和高效的个体 它可以利用一切资源 从这些绿色中,欺骗者当中获取所要的
efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的; resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数);
And pretty soon the whole population is actually composed of these new superorganisms. 很快,整个群体数量 事实上由这些新的超个体而组成
composed:adj.由…组成的; v.组成; (compose的过去分词和过去式)
What I've shown you here is sometimes called a major transition in evolutionary history. 我在这里展示给你们的 在演化历史上有时被称为 一次重大的转变
transition:n.过渡;转变;变革;变迁;v.经历转变过程;过渡;
Darwin's laws don't change, but now there's a new kind of player on the field and things begin to look very different. 达尔文的定律没有改变 但是现在有一些新的东西在这个领域产生 并且这些东西看起来非同寻常
Now this transition was not a one-time freak of nature that just happened with some bacteria. 这种自然界的转变不是一次性的,反自然的 或者只发生在一些细菌身上的
one-time:adj.以前的;古时的;adv.一度(等于onetime);从前; freak:n.怪人,怪事;畸形人;反复无常;adj.奇异的,反常的;
It happened again about 120 or a 140 million years ago when some solitary wasps began creating little simple, primitive nests, or hives . 这个大概在 1.2亿或者1.4亿年前就已出现了 当一些孤独的黄蜂 创造他们小小,简单而粗糙的 巢或者说蜂房时就发生了
solitary:adj.孤独的;独居的;n.独居者;隐士; wasps:n.[昆]黄蜂;[昆]胡蜂(wasp的复数形式);马蜂; primitive:adj.原始的,远古的;简单的,粗糙的;n.原始人; hives:n.蜂巢,蜂房(hive的复数); v.使(蜜蜂)入蜂箱(hive的第三人称单数);
Once several wasps were all together in the same hive, they had no choice but to cooperate, because pretty soon they were locked into competition with other hives. 一旦好多个黄蜂在同一个蜂房聚集起来时 它们别无他法只能合作 因为它们很快就要陷入 与别的蜂房竞争的状况下
And the most cohesive hives won, just as Darwin said. 最后最具凝聚力的蜂房获胜 正如达尔文所说的
cohesive:adj.有结合力的;紧密结合的;有粘着力的;
These early wasps gave rise to the bees and the ants that have covered the world and changed the biosphere . 这些早期的黄蜂 最后演变成了蜜蜂和蚂蚁 散落在世界各地 并且改变了生物圈
biosphere:n.生物圈;
And it happened again, even more spectacularly , in the last half-million years when our own ancestors became cultural creatures , they came together around a hearth or a campfire , they divided labor, 而这种状况再次发生 甚至更加壮观 是在最近的50万年间 当我们的祖先 变成了具有文化特征的生物 他们聚集在火炉边或者篝火边 他们分工劳作
spectacularly:adv.壮观地;引人注目地; cultural:adj.与文化有关的;文化的;与艺术、文学、音乐等有关的; creatures:n.生物;动物;(具有某种特征的)人(creature的复数) hearth:n.灶台;炉边;炉床;壁炉地面; campfire:n.营火;营火会;
they began painting their bodies, they spoke their own dialects , and eventually they worshiped their own gods. 他们彩绘自己的身体,说自己的方言 到最后敬拜自己的神
dialects:n.乡土语言,方言; eventually:adv.最后,终于; worshiped:崇拜;尊敬;爱慕;(worship的过去式和过去分词)
Once they were all in the same tribe, they could keep the benefits of cooperation locked inside. 一旦他们在同一个部落 他们就全面合作
And they unlocked the most powerful force ever known on this planet, which is human cooperation -- a force for construction and destruction . 打开一股前所未有的 最强大的力量 这就是人类的合作 一种可以建设世界 同时可以毁坏世界的强大力量
construction:n.建设;建筑物;解释;造句; destruction:n.破坏,毁灭;摧毁;
Of course, human groups are nowhere near as cohesive as beehives . 当然,人类群体的凝聚力 远不如蜂房
beehives:n.蜂房(beehive的复数形式);
Human groups may look like hives for brief moments, but they tend to then break apart. 人类群体像蜂房那样团结的时间很短 很快他们就开始瓦解
We're not locked into cooperation the way bees and ants are. 我们不受困于蜜蜂蚂蚁那样的合作方式
In fact, often, as we've seen happen in a lot of the Arab Spring revolts , often those divisions are along religious lines. 事实上,经常, 我们在阿拉伯起义中发现 这种分裂往往与宗教有关
revolts:vi.反抗;反叛;反感,厌恶;vt.使反感;使恶心;n.反抗;叛乱;反感; divisions:n.分开;分隔;分配;除(法);不和;差异;(division的复数)
Nonetheless , when people do come together and put themselves all into the same movement, they can move mountains. 然而,当人们团结在一起 并把他们都放到同一个活动中 他们的力量大到可以移动一座山
Nonetheless:adv.尽管如此,但是;
Look at the people in these photos I've been showing you. 请看一下这些照片
Do you think they're there pursuing their self-interest? 你觉得他们在那里 是追寻自己的利益吗？
pursuing:v.追求;致力于;贯彻;跟踪;追赶;(pursue的现在分词)
Or are they pursuing communal interest, which requires them to lose themselves and become simply a part of a whole? 还是在追寻共同的利益 并逐渐使他们失去自我利益 变成整体中的一部分？
Okay, so that was my Talk delivered in the standard TED way. 好了,这就是我今天的演讲 以TED最标准的方式告诉大家
standard:n.标准;水准;旗;度量衡标准;adj.标准的;合规格的;公认为优秀的;
And now I'm going to give the whole Talk over again in three minutes in a more full-spectrum sort of way. 现在我将再概括一下我今天演讲的内容 在最后3分钟内 以更完整的角度展现出来
(Music) （音乐响起）
(Video) Jonathan Haidt: We humans have many varieties of religious experience, as William James explained. （视频）乔纳森·海特:我们人类有各种各样 的宗教体验 正如哲学家威廉·詹姆斯所解释的
One of the most common is climbing the secret staircase and losing ourselves. 最常见的就好比我们在攀登精神的秘密楼梯 在攀登过程中我们失去了自我
The staircase takes us from the experience of life as profane or ordinary upwards to the experience of life as sacred, or deeply interconnected . 这个楼梯把我们 从一个世俗的或是普通的底层 带到了一个神圣的高度 或是更深层次相连的高度
upwards:adv.向上;在上部;向上游; interconnected:adj.连通的;有联系的;v.互相连接(interconnect的过去式);
We are Homo duplex, as Durkheim explained. 我们都有双重性 正如涂尔干所说的
And we are Homo duplex because we evolved by multilevel selection, as Darwin explained. 我们具有双重性 是因为我们由多层次的选择中进化过来的 正如达尔文所解释的
I can't be certain if the staircase is an adaptation rather than a bug, but if it is an adaptation, then the implications are profound. 楼梯是一种同化适应的过程 而不是个错误,我并不确定 但是如果是一种同化 那么其含义也是深远的
adaptation:n.适应;改编;改编本,改写本; implications:n.蕴涵式;暗指,暗示;含蓄,含意;卷入(implication的复数);
If it is an adaptation, then we evolved to be religious. 如果这是一个同化适应的过程 那么我们就是进化成具有宗教信仰的人
I don't mean that we evolved to join gigantic organized religions. 我并不是说我们进化 是为了加入一个庞大的的宗教组织
gigantic:adj.巨大的,庞大的; organized:adj.有组织的; v.组织; (organize的过去分词和过去式)
Those things came along too recently . 这些事情是最近才产生的
recently:adv.最近;新近;
I mean that we evolved to see sacredness all around us and to join with others into teams and circle around sacred objects, people and ideas. 我的意思是我们进化 是为了看到圣神的东西围绕在我们身边 然后加入他们变成一个团队 然后围在某个神圣的物品旁 或者圣神的人又或是一些观点想法
This is why politics is so tribal . 这也是为什么政治是如此具有集团意识
politics:n.政治;钩心斗角;政治观点;v.(贬)从事政治活动;(politic的第三人称单数) tribal:adj.部落的;部族的;n.(尤指南亚的)部落成员;
Politics is partly profane, it's partly about self-interest, but politics is also about sacredness. 政治在某中程度上是世俗,是多少与自我利益有关 但是政治也具有神圣性
It's about joining with others to pursue moral ideas. 它是与其他人一起 追求精神上的统一观点
It's about the eternal struggle between good and evil , and we all believe we're on the good team. 也是关于在善与邪恶之间永久的斗争 而且我们都相信我们处在善的一队
eternal:adj.永恒的;不朽的; evil:adj.邪恶的;不幸的;有害的;讨厌的;n.罪恶,邪恶;不幸;
And most importantly , if the staircase is real, it explains the persistent undercurrent of dissatisfaction in modern life. 最重要的是, 如果这个楼梯是真实的 它意味着对现实生活的 对现代社会的不满
And most importantly:最主要的是…; persistent:adj.固执的,坚持的;持久稳固的; undercurrent:n.暗流;潜流; dissatisfaction:n.不满;令人不满的事物;
Because human beings are, to some extent , hivish creatures like bees. 因为人类,在某种程度上说 是类蜂的,也就是像蜜蜂一样的生物
extent:n.程度;范围;长度;
We're bees. We busted out of the hive during the Enlightenment . 对的,我们是蜜蜂。我们在启蒙运动中从蜂房中被解脱出来
busted:adj.被当场逮住;v.打破;突击搜查;(使)降级;(bust的过去分词和过去式) Enlightenment:n.启迪;启蒙运动;教化;
We broke down the old institutions and brought liberty to the oppressed . 我们打破了旧系统 自由取代了原来的压迫
institutions:n.机构;慈善机构;风俗习惯,制度;(institution的复数) liberty:n.自由;许可;冒失; oppressed:adj.受压制的,受压迫的;v.压迫;折磨(oppress的过去分词);
We unleashed Earth-changing creativity and generated vast wealth and comfort. 我们释放出了那些改变地球的想象力 并创造了大量财富和安康的生活
unleashed:v.发泄;突然释放;使爆发(unleash的过去分词和过去式) generated:v.产生;引起;(generate的过去式和过去分词)
Nowadays we fly around like individual bees exulting in our freedom. 如今,我们像一只只独立的个体蜜蜂一样 自由飞翔
But sometimes we wonder: 但是,有时候我们迷茫:
Is this all there is? 这些就是所有我们想要的嘛？
What should I do with my life? 我应该怎样度过我的一生？
What's missing? 我们缺失了些什么？
What's missing is that we are Homo duplex, but modern, secular society was built to satisfy our lower, profane selves. 作为双重性的我们少了些什么？ 但是现代的,世俗的社会 满足了我们较低的世俗的层次
secular:adj.世俗的; n.修道院外的教士,(对宗教家而言的)俗人;
It's really comfortable down here on the lower level. 处在这样较低的层次中会感觉非常安逸舒适
Come, have a seat in my home entertainment center. 就像我们常说的:来我家的娱乐中心玩玩。
One great challenge of modern life is to find the staircase amid all the clutter and then to do something good and noble once you climb to the top. 我们现代生活中的一个重要挑战 就是在纷繁世俗中找到通往更高层次的楼梯 然后做一些善事一些高尚的事情 一旦当你爬到了顶端后
amid:prep.在…过程中;在…中;四周是; clutter:n.杂乱;杂乱的东西;v.凌乱地塞满;乱堆放;
I see this desire in my students at the University of Virginia . 我在弗吉尼亚大学讲学时看到我学生们眼中的这种渴望
Virginia:adj.弗吉尼亚州的;
They all want to find a cause or calling that they can throw themselves into. 他们都想找寻一个诱因或是一个召唤 可以带他们找到这个楼梯
They're all searching for their staircase. 他们都在找寻他们自己的楼梯
And that gives me hope because people are not purely selfish. 这些都给予了我希望 因为人们不完全都是自私的
purely:adv.完全;仅仅;
Most people long to overcome pettiness and become part of something larger. 大多数人渴望克服自己心胸狭窄的气量 成为一个更大组织中的一部分
pettiness:n.琐碎;卑鄙;小气;微小;
And this explains the extraordinary resonance of this simple metaphor conjured up nearly 400 years ago. 而下面这句话用了一个简单的比喻 来解释了我们这种特别的共鸣 大约在400年前就已被召唤出来了
resonance:n.[力]共振;共鸣;反响; conjured:v.变魔术;变戏法(conjure的过去分词和过去式)
'"No man is an island entire of itself. “人不是岛 本身并不完备
Every man is a piece of the continent , a part of the main." 每个人都是大洲的一部分 是大陆的一块”（John Donne的《沉思录》）
continent:n.大陆,洲,陆地;adj.自制的,克制的;
JH: Thank you. 谢谢
(Applause) 掌声响起